by Simon Heffer
extension movement 544
Royal Holloway College 686–9
University Tests 416, 500, 547
University College, Cardiff 3
University College, London 554, 559
University Hall 158, 160, 161, 162
University of London see London University
upper class 9, 83, 130, 131, 143, 160, 234, 379, 428, 442, 464, 478, 482, 507, 593, 596, 617, 669 see also aristocracy; gentry
urbanisation 40–1, 136, 144, 148, 693
utilitarianism 189, 197–8, 413–14, 431, 464, 568, 584, 588, 593–4, 693, 817
utopian farming projects 681–2
vaccinations 696
Vaughan, Charles 3, 6, 19, 26, 26–30
venereal disease 535, 797, 799
Victoria, Queen xiii, 12, 33–4, 127, 402, 506, 722 see also Queen’s Speeches
Albert Hall 332, 335, 336, 350–1
Albertopolis 322, 327
and Burdett-Coutts 638
Cambridge, Duke of 483, 486, 494
charity 75, 76, 132
and Clarendon 446
and Cole 316, 339
and Dickens 652
and Disraeli 403, 771, 772, 804–5, 809–12
free trade 285
and Gladstone 390, 497–8, 770, 809–12
Great Exhibition, the 306–9
and Kingsley 190
and Paxton 303
and Peel 36, 100, 103–4
and Prince Albert 286–7, 297, 312, 319, 346
Prince Albert Memorial 344–6, 350–1, 352, 354, 357, 359–60, 364, 367–70
and Tennyson 191
Victoria and Albert Museum 316, 321, 322
Villiers, Charles 95, 106, 107
voluntary schools 441, 443
votes for women 198, 507, 526–31, 531–6, 546, 550, 559, 623
Wales, Prince of (Albert Edward) 315, 331–3, 335, 338, 342–3, 351, 649
Wallace, Alfred Russell 215
Walpole, Spencer 392, 399, 400, 401, 500, 522, 579
Walter, John 40, 323
War Office 472, 481, 486, 488–9, 736, 738–40
Ward, W.G. 154–5, 158
Warren, Samuel 262, 523
water supply 694, 695, 696, 712
Water-Babies, The 62, 82, 83, 186, 190, 201, 224–6, 467
Waterhouse, Alfred 327, 328, 329, 330, 549, 754, 755, 761
Way of All Flesh, The 211, 212, 234, 248–51, 643
Webb, Beatrice 633, 679
Weir, A. C. 430–1
Wellington, Duke of 38, 126, 275, 341, 394
armed forces 481, 488, 493, 494
Corn Laws 99, 100, 110
and Gladstone 264–5
Great Exhibition, the 296, 302, 308
Westminster School 177, 446, 453, 454, 455, 458, 461
Whewell, William 446, 447, 502
Whigs 13, 61, 97–8, 100, 103, 107–8, 110, 214, 264–5, 275, 381, 391, 393, 596, 810
White, Colonel Charles 489, 490
Wilberforce, Samuel 217–20, 410, 517
Willey, Basil 24, 815
Winchester School 3, 170, 410, 413, 446, 448, 449, 452, 453, 455, 457, 463, 466, 467
Wolverton, Lord 808, 811
women 252, 341, 377
education 217, 433, 434–5, 531, 539–44, 553, 676, 686
emancipation xii, 506, 567–73, 623
employment of 66–7, 68, 70, 508, 533, 779, 794–6
health 778
Mill on 567–73
professions 508, 555–9, 571
property 506, 536–8
votes for 198, 507, 526–31, 531–6, 546, 550, 559, 623
Wood, Sir Charles 253, 276, 277
Woodard, Nathaniel 466
workhouses xiii, 34, 39–41, 47, 54–5, 128, 347, 378, 563, 567, 654–6, 694, 696
schools in 422–3
working class 816
armed forces 482
and Burdett-Coutts 650
comments on 53, 87, 122, 144, 189, 205, 380, 586, 604, 605, 607, 618, 773
education 117, 380, 431, 437, 442, 467, 608, 610, 693
Great Exhibition, the 297, 309
and Northcote 471
organised 114
and Prince Albert 128
reform 380–411
religion 144
trades unions 116
types of 112
women 507
working conditions 61, 710, 791–2, 793–7 see also factory conditions; living conditions
Working Men’s Club and Institute Union 670–1
Working Men’s College 205, 222, 608, 676, 679
Working Women’s College 539
workshops 789, 791, 792, 794
Yeast 187, 189, 378
Young England 54, 56–7, 58, 59, 143, 160, 270, 759
PICTURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Illustrations are reproduced by kind permission of: The Bridgeman Art Library: William Wyld: Manchester from the Cliff, Higher Broughton (Manchester Art Gallery); Peel’s Cheap Bread Shop (Private Collection); Thomas Henry Huxley: Letter to Charles Darwin (Private Collection); Nathan Hughes: Manhood Suffrage Riots in Hyde Park (Private Collection); George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of Cambridge, from The Cabinet Portrait Gallery (London, 1890–1894) (© Universal History Archive / UIG); Sir George Hayter: Portrait of the Hon. Mrs Caroline Norton (© Chatsworth Settlement Trustees); Anna Lea Merritt: Portrait of Sir Gilbert Scott (The Heckscher Museum of Art, Huntington). Mary Evans Picture Library: A Lancashire Cotton-Mill (Pictorial Gallery of Arts and Sciences); Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, sepia photograph by Maull & Co., London; Robert Peel, unattributed portrait (© INTERFOTO / Sammlung Rauch); Chartist demonstration (© Illustrated London News Ltd.); James Anthony Froude, Woodbury photograph; J. C. Armytage: Charles Kingsley; Samuel Wilberforce, sepia photograph by Mowbray, Oxford; Thomas Henry Huxley, unattributed photograph; John Stuart Mill, unattributed photograph (© Everett Collection); William Ewart Gladstone, unattributed photograph; Robert Lowe, unattributed photograph; G. Cook: Richard Assheton, from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company; Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, unattributed photograph (© Alinari Archives); James Tissot: Sir Henry Cole; Edward Viscount Cardwell, from Men of Mark: Contemporary Portraits; William Edward Forster, unattributed photograph; Millicent Garrett Fawcett, photograph by Downey; Newnham College, Cambridge, unattributed photograph (© The Women’s Library, London); General William Booth, unattributed photograph (© Illustrated London News Ltd.); George Edmund Street, unattributed photograph. The National Portrait Gallery: Émile Desmaisons: Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Bt; Samuel Rowse: Arthur Hugh Clough; Samuel Laurence: John Frederick Denison Maurice; Sir George Reid: Samuel Smiles; Sir James Fitzjames Stephen 1st Bt, photograph by the London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company; Henry Gales: The Derby Cabinet of 1867; Elliott & Fry: Matthew Arnold; John Singer Sargent: Octavia Hill; Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, by an unknown artist. St John’s College, University of Cambridge: Samuel Butler: Family Prayers; Samuel Butler: Self-Portrait.
A dark satanic mill: cotton manufacturing in the 1830s.
The romance of Manchester, seen from the Cliff, Higher Broughton.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, the operative’s friend.
Sir Robert Peel, the great repealer.
Sir James Graham, the hard man of Peel’s Cabinet.
Chartism’s damp squib: the revolution that never was, Kennington Common, 10 April 1848.
Cobden, the driving force of Corn Law repeal; his statue at Mornington Crescent, London.
Peel puts bread in the public’s mouths, 1846.
Family Prayers, by Samuel Butler: the joy of Victorian religious life.
Butterfield’s masterpiece: the interior of All Saints, Margaret Street, London.
James Anthony Froude, who made his own nemesis.
Arthur Hugh Clough, for whom the struggle naught availed.
The Revd Charles Kingsley: Christian Socialist, Darwinist,
chain-smoker and father of The Water Babies.
Frederick Denison Maurice, inventor of Christian Socialism.
Letter from T. H. Huxley to Darwin, 20 July 1868, with Darwin enthroned as a bishop.
Bishop Wilberforce, or Soapy Sam, himself descended from apes.
Thomas Henry Huxley, Darwin’s bulldog and one-man Enlightenment.
Samuel Butler, a self-portrait of the artist as a difficult man.
John Stuart Mill, sometimes more logical than practical.
Samuel Smiles, who helped others to help themselves.
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, the nemesis of Mill.
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, and Carlyle’s ‘superlative Hebrew Conjuror’.
William Ewart Gladstone, the rising hope of those stern and unbending Liberals.
Robert Lowe, a Utilitarian in the Cave of Adullam.
Richard Assheton Cross, driving force of Disraeli’s second government.
Victoria and Albert in typically upbeat mood.
Henry Cole, inventor of the Christmas card and the dynamo of Albertopolis.
The Albert Memorial, by George Gilbert Scott but a work of many hands.
A symphony in terracotta: Alfred Waterhouse’s riot of decoration over the main entrance to the Natural History Museum.
The Hyde Park Riots, July 1866: even the flower beds were trampled.
The Tory Cabinet of 1867, which brought in reform. Derby addresses the group from one end of the table, Disraeli reads a newspaper at the other.
The Foreign Office, Whitehall, as Scott was forced to build it.
George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of Cambridge, cousin of the Queen and Commander-in-Chief of her Army.
Edward Cardwell, who by defeating the Duke in a battle of ideas modernised the Army.
A Ragged School in Smithfield, London: at the sharp end of the civilising process.
Matthew Arnold, in pursuit of perfection.
William Edward Forster, father of universal education.
Caroline Norton, campaigner for divorce.
Millicent Garrett Fawcett, pursuing women’s equality.
The ladies of Newnham shortly after its foundation, in the era of Mrs Sidgwick and Miss Clough.
William Booth, shining a light in darkest England.
Thomas Holloway and his wife, in the courtyard of his College.
A ‘before and after’ of a Barnardo’s boy, dressed down for the occasion and depicting the Doctor’s difficult relationship with the truth.
Octavia Hill, who taught the poor to live respectably.
Angela Burdett-Coutts, Queen of the Costermongers and much else besides.
One of George Peabody’s estates in Blackfriars Road, London, showing the success of private charity.
Sir George Gilbert Scott, who built not least his own titanic ego.
George Edmund Street, who eventually built the Law Courts.
Scott’s masterpiece, the Midland Hotel at St Pancras, London, saved from the wrecking-ball and now a great enduring symbol of Victorian achievement.
This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted inwriting by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
Epub ISBN: 9781446473825
Version 1.0
www.randomhouse.co.uk
Published by Random House Books 2013
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Copyright © Simon Heffer 2013
Simon Heffer has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work
First published in Great Britain in 2013 by
Random House
Random House, 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road,
London SW1V 2SA
www.randomhouse.co.uk
Addresses for companies within The Random House Group Limited can be found at: www.randomhouse.co.uk/offices.htm
The Random House Group Limited Reg. No. 954009
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 9781847946775
