3. ‘The Indian Troops at Marseilles’, in The Times (2 October 1914)
4. ‘Stirring Scenes at Marseilles – Indian and British Troops’, in The Times (2 October 1914)
5. ‘The Indian Troops at Marseilles’, in The Times (2 October 1914)
6. Merewether and Smith, p. 15
7. ‘From King George’, in The Times (2 October 1914)
8. Jane Tynan, British Army Uniform and the First World War: Men in Khaki (2013), p. 131
9. Strachan (2001), p. 1006
10. Minutes of War Councils (PRO CAB.42/1/3)
11. Gordon Corrigan, Sepoys in the Trenches: The Indian Corps on the Western Front 1914–1915 (1999), p. 35
12. ‘India and Her Army’, in The Times (31 August 1914)
13. Quoted in Sir Ernest Trevelyan, India and the War (1914), pp. 8–9
14. Ibid., p. 9
15. Hansard (HC Deb 26 November 1914), Vol. 68, cc. 1351–61
16. Santanu Das, ‘Indians at Home, Mesopotamia and France 1914–1918: Towards an Intimate History’, in Das (ed.) (2011), p. 73
17. Hansard (HC Deb 9 September 1914), Vol 66, cc. 574–8
18. Ibid.
19. Bevan, p. 7
20. Killingray, ‘The Idea of a British Imperial Army’, in Journal of African History, Vol. 20, No. 3, p. 421
21. Gavin Rand and Kim A. Wagner, ‘Recruiting the “Martial Races”: Identities and Military Service in Colonial India’, in Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 46, Nos 3–4 (2012), p. 234
22. Bandana Rai, Gorkhas: The Warrior Race (2009), p. 246
23. Kaushik Roy, The Army in British India: From Colonial Warfare to Total War 1857–1947 (2013), p. 80
24. (Major) George MacMunn, The Armies of India (1911), p. 129
25. (Sir) George MacMunn., The Martial Races of India (1933), p. 2
26. MacMunn (1911), p. 130
27. Merewether and Smith, Appendix 1
28. George Morton Jack, ‘The Indian Army on the Western Front, 1914–1915: A Portrait of Collaboration’, in War in History, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2006), p. 357
29. Quoted in David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj (1994), p. 102
30. General Sir James Willcocks, With the Indians in France (1920), p. 14
31. Corrigan, p. 1
32. Ibid., p. 54
33. Willcocks, p. 29
34. Ibid., p. 83
35. Ibid., p. 44
36. Hansard (HC Deb 26 November 1914), Vol. 68, cc. 1351–61
37. Cited in Jack, p. 341
38. Merewether and Smith, p. 49
39. Major Charles Samuel Myers, ‘A Contribution to the Study of Shell Shock’, in The Lancet (13 February 1915), pp. 316–20
40. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails in France: Printed reports and abstracts, with related correspondence (December 1914 to July 1918), British Library Digitised Manuscripts IOR/L/MIL/17347 and IOR/L/MIL/5/828/2; Report of 5–23 January 1915
41. A. Conan Doyle, The British Campaign in France and Flanders, 1914 (1916), quoted in Jack, pp. 329–33
42. Sir Walter Lawrence to Kitchener (27 December 1915) (PRO WO32/5110), cited in Jack
43. Willcocks, p. 44
44. Howell, printed note (23 February 1915)
45. Willcocks, p. 86
46. Willcocks, p. 311
47. Cited in Jack, p. 333
48. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails in France, Report of 19–30 January 1915
49. Ibid., Report of 5–23 January 1915
50. Cited in Gajendra Singh, The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars: Between Self and Sepoy (2014), p. 50
51. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails, Report of 30 January 1915, Letter 12
52. Ibid., Report of 17 February 1915
53. Ibid., Report of 3 February 1915, Letter 12
54. Cited in Singh, p. 50
55. Ibid.
56. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails, Report of week ending 27 March 1915
57. Ibid., Report of 17 February 1915
58. Ibid., Report of 10 February 1915
59. Ibid., Report of fortnight ending 23 March 1915, Letter 38
60. Ibid., Letter 58
61. Willcocks, p. 235
62. Edmonds and Wynne, p. 151
63. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails, Report of 9–22 January 1915
64. Ibid., Report of 10–22 January 1915
65. Rozina Visram, Asians in Britain 400 Years of History (2002), p. 181
66. Ibid., p. 184
67. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails, Report of 30 January 1915, Letter 20
68. ‘Wounded Indians at Brighton’, in The Times (28 May 1915)
69. A Short History in English, Gurmukhi & Urdu of the Royal Pavilion Brighton and a Description of It as a Hospital for Indian Soldiers (1915), p. 9
70. Ibid., p. 5
71. ‘The Indian Wounded’ (letter to the editor), in The Times (5 November 1915)
72. Visram, pp. 171–2
73. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails, Report of week ending 22 January 1915, Letter 21
74. ‘Wounded Indians at Brighton’
75. Reports of the Censor of Indian Mails, Report of week ending 17 April 1915, Letter 21
76. Ibid., week ending 3 April 1915
77. Ibid., fortnight ending 23 March 1915
78. Ibid., Report of 30 January 1915, Letter 16
79. Macleod to Sir Walter Lawrence, quoted in Visram, p. 182
80. Visram, p. 183
81. A Short History…, p. 13
82. Ibid., p. 15
83. Howell, printed note (23 February 1915)
84. Supplement to the London Gazette (10 March 1915), p. 2463
85. Paul Walter’s report on the interrogation of the Afridi deserters, Lille, March 6 and 7 1915 (Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amt [PAAA], R21245, f.111), and in Heike Liebau et al. (eds), The World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions and Perspectives from Asia and Africa (2002), p. 162
86. Jack, p. 354
87. John Keegan, The First World War (1998) p. 218
88. Merewether and Smith, p. 458
89. Willcocks, p. 255
Chapter 3: ‘No longer the agents of culture’
1. John Mosier, The Myth of the Great War (2001), p. 63
2. Report of speech by Dernburg in Vienna on 10 December 1915, in New York Times (2 January 1916)
3. Helmuth Stoecker (ed.), German Imperialism in Africa: From the Beginnings until the Second World War (1986), p. 274
4. Quoted in Byron Farwell, The Great War in Africa 1914–1918 (1987), p. 105
5. Malcolm Page, The King’s African Rifles: A History (1998), p. 25
6. Hew Strachan, The First World War in Africa (2004), p. 102
7. Strachan (2004), p. 116
8. Geoffrey Hodges, Kariakor: The Carrier Corps (1999), p. 23
9. Parliamentary Papers: Africa. No. 7 (HC Deb 14 February 1901), Vol. 89 cc. 67–9
10. Thomas R. Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920 (2008), pp. 182–3
11. Cited in Mark Cocker, Richard Meinertzhagen: Soldier, Scientist and Spy (1989), p. 76
12. Edward Paice, Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa (2007), p. 40
13. Farwell, p. 163
14. Strachan (2004), p. 108
15. Farwell, p. 171
16. Ibid., p. 170
17. Cited in Cocker, p. 76
18. Farwell, p. 179
19. Leonard Mosley, Duel for Kilimanjaro: An Account of the East African Campaign 1914–1918 (1963), p. 84
20. Strachan (2004), p. 108
21. Robert Dolbey, quoted in Farwell, p. 256
22. Strachan (2004), p. 143
23. Ibid., p. 149
24. Farwell, p. 295
25. Richard Meinterzhagen, Army Diary: 1899–1926 (1960), p. 200
26. Strachan (2004), p. 143
27. Quoted in Paice, p. 260
28. Richard Smith, Ja
maican Volunteers in the First World War: Race, Masculinity and the Development of National Consciousness (2010), p. 90
29. Page, p. 28
30. John Starling and Ivor Lee, No Labour, No Battle: Military Labour During the First World War, (2009), pp. 236–7
31. Douglas Hay and Paul Craven (eds), Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire 1562–1955 (2014), p. 505
32. Paice, p. 286
33. Quoted in Paice, p. 394
34. Cited by Michèle Barrett, ‘Afterword: Death and the Afterlife: Britain’s Colonies and Dominions’, in Das (ed.), p. 303
35. Michèle Barrett, ‘Subalterns at War: First World War Colonial Forces and the Politics of the Imperial War Graves Commission’, in Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, (2007), pp. 451–74
36. See Wolfgang U. Eckart, ‘The Colony as Laboratory: German Sleeping Sickness Campaigns in German East Africa and in Togo 1900–1914’, in History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2002) pp. 69–89
37. Stoecker (ed.), p. 277
38. Paice, p. 288
39. Strachan (2001), p. 571
40. William Kelleher Storey, The First World War: A Concise Global History (2002), p. 163
Chapter 4: ‘La Force Noire’
1. Jos Hanou, Albert Bettanier: The Black Stain (1887)
2. Richard Tomlinson, ‘The “Disappearance” of France, 1896–1940: French Politics and the Birth Rate’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2 (June 1985), pp. 405–15
3. Richard Tombs, France 1814–1914 (1996), p. 321
4. Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916 (1962), p. 232
5. René Maunier, The Sociology of Colonies I: An Introduction to the Study of Race Contact, translated by E.O. Lorimer (1949; reprinted 1998, 2007), pp. 207–8
6. Edward Berenson, Heroes of Empire: Five Charismatic Men and the Conquest of Africa (2012), p. 251
7. Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, Les Morts qui parlent (1899), pp. 225–6
8. C.M. Andrew and A.S. Kanya-Forstner, ‘France, Africa, and the First World War’, in World War I and Africa, special edition of Journal of African History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1978), pp. 11–23
9. Myron Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Sénégalais in French West Africa, 1857–1960 (1993), p. 28
10. Joe Lunn, ‘Les Races Guerrières: Racial Preconceptions in the French Military About West African Soldiers during the First World War’, in Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 34, No. 4 (1999a), p. 521
11. Charles Mangin, La Force Noire (1910), p. 343; quoted in Lunn (1999a), p. 521.
12. Ibid, p. 258; quoted in Lunn (1999a), p. 523.
13. Ruth Ginio, ‘French Officers, African Officers, and the Violent Image of African Colonial Soldiers’, in Historical Reflections, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Summer 2010), p. 63
14. Killingray, p. 422
15. Ginio, p. 63
16. Echenberg, p. 33
17. Joe Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom: A Senegalese Oral History of the First World War (1999b), p. 34
18. Cited in Richard Fogarty, Race and War in France: Colonial Subjects in the French Army 1914–1918 (2008), p. 28
19. Fogarty, p. 29
20. Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilise: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930 (1997), p. 146
21. Fogarty, p. 30
22. Ibid., p.115, and Lunn (1999b), pp. 45–7
23. Lunn (1999b), p. 38
24. Cited in Koller (2008), pp. 116–17, and in Marc Michel, Les Africains et la Grande Guerre: l’Appel à l’Afrique 1914–1918 (2003), p. 132.
25. See also Roger Chickering and Stig Forster (eds), Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front 1914–1918 (2006), and Hew Strachan, The First World War (2003)
26. Manfred Berg and Geoffrey Cocks (eds), Medicine and Modernity: Public Health and Medical Care in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Germany (2002), pp. 74–5
27. Erich von Falkenhayn, ‘Christmas Memorandum’ (December 1915), in Die oberste Heeresleitung 1915–1916 in ihren wichtigsten Entschliessungen [The Most Important Resolutions of the Supreme Military Command, 1915–1916] (1920), pp. 176 ff. The original of the Christmas Memorandum has never been found, leading some historians to question its authenticity.
28. Chickering and Forster (eds), pp. 121–3
29. For a very brief overview of Falkenhayn’s wider strategy, see Strachan (2003), pp. 182–3
30. Lunn (1999b), p. 137
31. Le Rire Rouge (1 January 1917)
32. Phillip Mason, A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, Its Officers and Men (1986), p. 319; also cited in Killingray, p. 421
33. P.A. Silburn, The Colonies and Imperial Defence (1909), p. 174
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., p. 192
36. Ibid.
37. Adelaide Advertiser (9 October 1911)
38. J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, third edition (1902), p. 194
39. Deborah Ann Schmitt, The Bechuanaland Pioneers and Gunners (2005), p. 22
40. Major Darnley Stuart-Stephens, ‘Our Million Black Army’, in English Review (October 1916); quoted in Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1919), p. 210
41. Ibid.
42. Parliamentary Debates, 5th series, Vol. 82, 2023–5.
43. Koller (2008), p. 119
44. Lunn (1999a), p. 529
45. Alison Fell, ‘Beyond the Bonhomme Banania: Lucie Cousturier’s Encounters with Black African Soldiers During the First World War’, made available to author; subsequently published in James E. Kitchen, Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe (eds), Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War (2011)
46. Ibid.
47. Cited in Echenberg, p. 38
48. Several sources refer to German claims of war crimes committed by Gurkhas with the kukri.
49. Christian Koller, ‘German Perceptions of Enemy Colonial Troops, 1914–1918’, in Franziska Roy, Heike Liebau and Ravi Ahuja (eds), When the War Began We Heard of Several Kings: South Asian Prisoners in World War I Germany (2011), p. 139
50. Koller (2008), pp. 111–33
51. Dominiek Dendooven and Piet Chielens, World War I: Five Continents in Flanders (2008), p. 19, and Koller (2008), p. 123
52. Hedin, p. 250
53. German Foreign Office, Employment, Contrary to International Law, of Colored Troops upon the European Arena of War by England and France (30 July 1915)
54. Ibid.
55. Philip Knightley, The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist and Myth Maker (1982), p. 67
56. Ibid.
57. Cited in Roy, Liebau and Ahuja (eds), p.21.
58. German Foreign Office
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., Appendix 1
61. Julius M. Price, On the Path of Adventure: Illustrated with Jottings from the Author’s Sketch Book and a Map (1919), pp. 57–8
62. Simon Harrison, Dark Trophies: Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War (2012), p. 121
63. Raffael Scheck, Hitler’s African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940 (2006), p. 93
64. Koller (2008), p. 124
65. Harrison, p. 117
66. Echenberg, p. 36
67. Reinhold Eichacker, ‘The Blacks Attack’; cited in Sandra Mass, Weisse Helden, Schwarze Krieger: Zur Geschichte kolonialer Männlichkeit in Deutschland 1918–1964 (2006), p. 172
68. Keegan (1999), p. 329
69. Cited in Lunn (1999b), p. 139
70. Ibid., pp.139–40
71. C.R. Ageron, Clemenceau et la question coloniale (1983), p. 80
72. Fogarty, p. 51
73. Ibid, p. 53
74. Koller (2008), pp. 111–33
75. Ibid, p. 64
76. Ibid, p. 65
77. Ibid., p. 64
78. Lunn (1999a), p. 534
79. Lunn, Echenberg, F
ogarty, Marc Michel and Charles Balesi have all analysed the casualty figures among the Tirailleurs Sénégalais.
80. Lunn (1999a), p. 534
81. Koller (2008), pp. 111–33
82. Scheck, p. 39
83. Ibid., pp. 9–10
Chapter 5: ‘Inflame the whole Mohammedan world’
1. Altay Atı, www.turkeyswar.com
2. Ibid.
3. For the historical debate on this topic, see M. Aksakal, ‘“Holy War Made in Germany”? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad’, in War in History (online journal), Vol. 18, No. 2 (April 2011), pp. 184–199
4. Peter Hopkirk, On Secret Service East of Constantinople: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire (1994), p. 22
5. Welt am Montag (21 November 1898), cited in Gottfried Hagen, ‘German Heralds of Holy War: Orientalists and Applied Oriental Studies’, in Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2004), p. 148
6. Tilman Ludke, Jihad Made in Germany: Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War (2005), p. 27
7. Black, p. 103
8. Ludke, p.52
9. Charles F. Horne (ed.), Source Records of the Great War III (1923)
10. C. Snouck Hurgronje, The Holy War, Made in Germany (1915), p. 49
11. Ibid.
12. Lionel Gossman, The Passion of Max von Oppenheim: Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East, from Wilhelm II to Hitler (2013), p. 87
13. Gerhard Höpp, Muslime in der Mark: Als Kriegsgefangene und Internierte in Wünsdorf und Zossen (1997)
14. Anna Grosser-Rilke, Nieverwehte Klänge (1937), p. 23; quoted in Hagen
15. Hurgronje, p. 50
16. Sean McMeekin, The Berlin–Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s Bid for World Power 1898–1918 (2010), p. 126
17. Ibid., p. 127
18. Henry Morgenthau Sr, Secrets of the Bosphorous (1918a), p. 111
19. Henry Morgenthau Sr, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (1918b), pp. 101–4
20. Ludke, p. 53
21. Morgenthau Sr (1918b), p. 112
22. McMeekin, p. 124
23. Cited in Gossman, p. 41n
24. BBC interview with Sean McMeekin
25. ‘Unsere Feinde’, in Berliner Tageblatt (2 November 1914); quoted in John Frank William, Corporal Hitler and the Great War 1914–1918: The List Regiment (2005), pp. 77–9
26. Oppenheim, cited in Gossman, p. 84
27. Strachan (2001), p. 696
28. McMeekin, p. 91
29. Cited in Ludke, p. 88
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