30. E.E. Evans-Pritchard, The Sanusi of Cyrenaica (1954), p. 127
31. I.W.T. Massey, The Desert Campaigns (1918), p. 150
32. McMeekin, p. 212
33. John Buchan, Greenmantle (1916), p. 6
34. Ibid., p. 7
35. David Harvey, Monuments to Courage: Victoria Cross Headstones and Memorials, Vol. 1 (1999), p. 324
36. Das (ed.), p. 1
37. Hurgronje, p. 69
38. Strachan (2004), p. i.
Chapter 6: ‘Our Enemies’
1. Max von Oppenheim, cited in Britta Lange, ‘South Asian Soldiers and German Academics: Anthropological, Linguistics and Musicological Field Studies in Prison Camps’, in Roy, Liebau and Ahuja (eds), p. 152
2. Heather Jones, ‘Colonial Prisoners in Germany and the Ottoman Empire’, in Das (ed.), p. 176
3. Dietrich Schindler and Jiří Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents, third edition (1988), p. 70
4. Jones, p. 179
5. Timothy L. Schroer, ‘The Emergence and Early Demise of Codified Racial Segregation of Prisoners of War under the Geneva Conventions of 1929 and 1949’, in Journal of the History of International Law (online journal), Vol. 15, No. 1 (January 2013), p. 58
6. Hedin, p. 39
7. Schroer, p. 59
8. Rudolf Martin, ‘Anthropologische Untersuchungen an Kriegsgefangenen’, in Die Umschau, Vol. 19 (1915), p. 1017; cited by Britta Lange in Dendooven and Chielens (eds), p. 153
9. Graf von Schweinitz et al., Deutschland und seine Kolonien im Jahre 1896: Amtlicher Bericht über die erste deutsche Kolonial-Ausstellung (1897); G. Meinerke (ed.). Deutsche Kolonialzeitung: Organ der Deutschen Kollonialgesellschaft (Compendium Vol. 9) (1896); Felix von Luschan, Beiträge zur Völkerkunde der deutschen Schutzgebiete: Erweiterte Sonderausgabe aus dem ‘Amtlichen Bericht über die erste deutsche Kolonial-Ausstellung’ in Treptow 1896 (1897); J. Zeller, ‘Friedrich Maharero: Ein Herero in Berlin’, in U. van der Heyde and J. Zeller (eds) Kolonialmetropole Berlin: Eine Spurensuche (2002), pp. 206–11
10. Berliner Lokalanzeiger (1 May 1915), citied in Roy, Liebau and Ahuja (eds), p. 32.
11. Andrew D. Evans, Anthropology at War: World War 1 and the Science of Race in Germany (2010), p. 1
12. Ibid, p. 99
13. ‘Die farbige Hilfsvölker unserer Feinde’, in Deutsche Kriegnachrichten (4 September 1918); cited in ibid., p. 99
14. Ibid., p. 136
15. Lange, in Dendooven and Chielens (eds), p. 154
16. Roy, Liebau and Ahuja (eds), p. 190
Chapter 7: ‘Bablyon of races’
1. Albert Grundlingh, ‘Mutating Memories and the Making of a Myth: Remembering the SS Mendi Disaster 1917–2007’, in South African Historical Journal, Vol. 63, Issue 1 (2011)
2. Nigel Thomas, The German Army of World War I, Vol. 1, 1914–15 (2003), p. 5
3. Aviel Roshwalh, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–23 (2002), pp. 91–2
4. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Chapter IV ‘Munich’ (37th Jaico edition, 2007), p. 80
5. See David French, Raising Churchill’s Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945 (2000), p. 64. At its maximum size in the summer of 1945, the British Army remained slightly under 3 million.
6. Quoted in John Starling and Ivor Lee, No Labour, No Battle: Military Labour During the First World War (2009), p. 264
7. Ibid., pp. 264–5
8. Marcus Franke, War and Nationalism in South Asia: The Indian State and the Nagas (2009), p. 59
9. Radhika Singha, ‘Finding Labor from India for the War in Iraq: The Jail Porter and Labor Corps 1916–1920’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 49, No. 2 (April 2007), pp. 412–45
10. Tyler Stovall, ‘The Color Line Behind the Lines: Racial Violence in France During the Great War’, in American Historical Review, Vol. 103, No. 3 (June 1998), pp. 737–69
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 747
13. Dominiek Dendooven, ‘Living Apart Together: Belgian Civilians and Non-white Troops and Workers in Wartime Flanders’, in Das (ed.), p. 148
14. The Diary of Pastor Van Walleghem, translations kindly provided by Dominiek Dendooven; entry for Monday 28 August 1916
15. Ibid., entry for Wednesday 9 December 1914
16. Ibid., entry for Sunday 6 June 1916
17. Jozef Ghesquiere, Veurne tijdens de wereldoorlog 1914–1918; quoted in Dendooven and Chielens (eds), p. 179
18. Quoted in ibid., p. 178
19. Dendooven, in Das (ed.), p. 146
20. Private papers of Brigadier General L. Maxwell (private letter No. 29, extract from Indian soldier’s letter, early 1915), National Army Museum, London, 7402–30; quoted in Jack, p. 360
21. Richard Smith, Jamaican Volunteers in the First World War: Race, Masculinity and the Development of a National Consciousness (2004), p. 42
22. Guy Grannum, Tracing Your Caribbean Ancestors: A National Archives Guide (2012), p. 76
23. Van Walleghem, entry for Saturday 26 May 1917
24. Ibid., entry for Thursday 29 November 1917
25. Ibid., entry for Sunday 27 May 1917
26. Phil Vasili, Walter Tull (1888–1918), Officer, Footballer: ‘All the Guns in France Couldn’t Wake Me’ (2009), p. 139
27. Short Guide to Obtaining a Commission in the Special Reserve of Officers (1912), p. 8
28. Quoted in Vasili, p. 139
29. Xu Guoqi, China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization (2005), p. 91
30. Wilson, Trevor, The Political Diaries of C.P. Scott, 1911–1928 (1970)
31. IWM Documents, 11906; quoted in Xu Guoqi, Strangers on the Western Front (2011), p. 89
32. Quoted in Xu (2011), pp. 89–90
33. ‘Notes on Chinese Labour, August, 1918, Labour Report’: PRO /WO 107/37 (The National Archives, Kew)
34. Xu (2011), p. 89
35. ‘Labour Report, Appendix to Notes for Officers of Labour Companies; Chinese Labour’, Directorate of Labour (1917)’: PRO WO 107/37 (The National Archives, Kew)
36. Van Walleghem, entry for Monday 5 November 1917
37. Ibid., entry for Sunday 6 January 1918
38. Ibid., entry for Monday 3 December 1917
39. Ibid., entry for 25 December 1917
40. Xu (2011), p. 142
41. The Times (27 December 1917)
42. Quoted in Sol T. Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa: Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (1991), p. 282, and Timothy C. Winegard, Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War (2011), p. 1
43. Killingray, p. 421
44. J.G. Keyter, quoted in Winegard (2011), p. 138
45. Merriman to Smuts (22 November 1916); quoted in B.P. Willan, ‘The South African Native Labour Contingent 1916–1918’, in Journal of African History, Vol. 19, No. 1, special edition on ‘World War I and Africa’ (1978), pp. 61–86
46. Ibid. (Willan)
47. Stimela Jason Jingoes, A Chief is a Chief by the People (1975), p. 72
48. Ibid., p. 73
49. Winegard (2011), p. 168
50. Quoted in Willan, p. 68
51. Ibid, p. 72
52. Albert Grundlingh, Fighting Their Own War: South African Blacks and the First World War (1987), p. ix
53. Winegard (2011), p. 176
54. Jingoes, p. 89
55. Winegard (2011), p. 178
56. The Times (27 December 1917)
Chapter 8: ‘What are you doing over here?’
1. ‘Siam an Ally: Why She Declared War on Germany. Neutrality Impossible’, in Straits Times (30 July 1917), p. 10
2. Ibid.
3. Quoted in Walter F. Vella, with Dorothy B. Vella, Chaiyo King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism (1979), p. 112
4. Ibid., p. 111
5. The Spectactor (31 Au
gust 1917), p. 15
6. Julius Lester (ed.), The Seventh Son: The Thought and Writings of W.E.B. Du Bois (1971), p. 130
7. Peter Nelson, A More Unbending Battle: The Harlem Hellfighters’ Struggle for Freedom in WWI and Equality at Home (2009), p. 20
8. Arthur E. Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: African-American Troops in World War I (1996), p. 11
9. New York Times (15 July 1917)
10. Richard Lacayo, ‘Blood at the Root’, in Time (2 April 2000)
11. Paul Boyer, Clifford E. Clark Jr, Joseph F. Kett, Neal Salisbury and Harvard Sitkoff, The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, sixth edition (2007), p. 443
12. Colonel E.D. Anderson, ‘Disposal of the Colored Drafted Men, 16th May 1918’ (US National Archives R.G.165, item 8142–50); cited in Barbeau and Henri, Appendix p. 191
13. Ibid.
14. Quoted in Chad L. Williams, Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era (2010), p. 109
15. Ibid.
16. Walter L. Haight, Racine County in the World War (1920), p. 292; cited in Barbeau and Florette, Appendix p. 191
17. Addie W. Hunton and Kathryn M. Johnson, Two Colored Women with the American Expeditionary Forces (1920), p. 31
18. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Freedom Struggles: African Americans and World War I (2009), p. 124
19. Quoted in Williams, p. 113
20. Lentz-Smith, p. 111
21. William H. Kenney III, ‘Le Hot: The Assimilation of American Jazz in France 1917–1940’, in American Studies (1984), pp. 5–24
22. John H. Morrow, Jr, The Great War: An Imperial History (2004), p. 244
23. Barbeau and Henri, p. 112
24. Quoted, ibid.
25. Quoted in Colin Grant, Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and His Dream of Mother Africa (2008), p. 112
26. Ibid, p. 113
27. Erich Ludendorff, Meine Kriegserinnerungen 1914–1918 (1919), p. 206; cited in Christian Koller, Representing Otherness: African, Indian, and European Soldiers’ Letters and Memoirs (2011), p. 130
28. Hunton and Johnson, p. 14
29. Cited in Ulysses Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops (1990), p. 15
30. Morrow Jr, p. 253
31. To the Colored Soldiers of the US Army (1917)
32. Emmett J. Scott, Scott’s Official History of the American Negro in the World War (1919)
33. Dendooven and Chielens (eds), p. 135
34. Russel Lawrence Barsh, ‘American Indians in the Great War’, in Ethnohistory, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Summer 1991), pp. 276–303
35. Thomas A. Britten, Amerians Indians in World War I: At Home and at War (1997), p. 75
36. Cited, ibid., p. 99
37. Cited in Barsh, p. 277
38. Washington Sunday Star (25 August 1918); cited in Barsh, p. 280
39. Britten, p. 105
40. Ibid., p. 82
41. Barsh, p. 278
42. Citied in Britten, p. 105
43. Cited in Timothy Charles Winegard, For King and Kanata: Canadian Indians and the First World War (2012), p. 196
44. Barsh, p. 287
45. Brockton Times (14 September 1918), cited in Barsh, p. 291
46. Robert W. Rydell and Rob Kroes, Buffalo Bill in Bologna (2005), p. 115
47. Quoted in Winegard (2012), p. 111
Chapter 9: ‘Your sons will remember your name’
1. Cited in Farwell, p. 350
2. David G. Williamson, The British in Germany 1918–1930: The Reluctant Occupiers (1991), p. 11
3. Quoted in Helen McPhail, Long Silence: Civilian Life under the German Occupation of Northern France (1999), p. 193
4. G.J. Meyer, A World Undone (2006), p. 608
5. Clarence Lusane, Hitler’s Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era (2003), p. 72
6. Bill Schwarz, West Indian Intellectuals in Britain (2003), p. 80
7. Cited in Philip Mason, A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, Its Officers and Men (1986), p. 319
8. Vella and Vella, p. 112
9. Cited in Lusane, p. 69
10. Dendooven and Chielens (eds), p. 81
11. E.D. Morel, The Horror on the Rhine, eighth edition (April 1921)
12. Cited in Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain (1984), p. 317
13. Cited in Schwarz, p. 81
14. Ibid., p. 80
15. Dendooven and Chielens (eds), p. 81
16. ‘The Horror on the Rhine’, in The Spectator (1 October 1920), p. 12
17. The Spectator (22 October 1920), p. 13
18. Price, pp. 57–8
19. Cited in Lusane, p. 74
20. See Julia Roos, ‘Women’s Rights, Nationalist Anxiety and the “Moral” Agenda in the Early Weimar Republic: Revisiting the “Black Horror” Campaign against France’s African Occupation Troops’, in Central European History, Vol. 42 (2009), pp. 473–508
21. Cited in Roos, p. 480
22. See Roos for an extremely insightful exploration of the interplay between racism, defeat and German paternalism in the Rhineland debates.
23. Lusane, p. 74
24. ‘Finds Negro Troops Orderly on Rhine; General Allen Reports Charges Are German Propaganda, Especially for America – Commissioner Dreisel’s Cablegram to the State Department’, in New York Times (20 February 1921)
25. Cited in Roos, p. 485
26. ‘Finds Negro Troops…’
27. Erika Kuhlman, ‘The Rhineland Horror Campaign and the Aftermath of War’, in Ingrid Sharp and Matthew Stibbe (eds), Aftermaths of War: Women’s Movements and Female Activists 1918–1923 (2011), p. 101
28. Lusane, pp. 75–6
29. New York Times (19 March 1921)
30. Tina Marie Campt, Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich (2009), p. 36
31. Hitler, pp. 253–4
32. Ibid., p. 624
33. Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe (ed.), Mixed Race Studies: A Reader (2004), p. 84
34. Hunton and Johnson, p. 191
35. See US Senate, Alleged Executions Without Trial In France: Hearings Before a Special Committee on Alleged Executions Without Trial in France, United States Senate, 67th Congress, Relative to Charges That Members of the American Expeditionary Forces Abroad Were Executed Without Trial or Court-Martial (1923)
36. Hunton and Johnson, p. 191
37. W.E.B. Du Bois, ‘An Essay Towards a History of the Black Man in the Great War’, in The Crisis (June 1919), p. 63
38. W.E.B. Du Bois, ‘Returning Soldier’, in The Crisis (May 1919), p. 1
39. James K. Vardaman, in The Issue (14 November 1918); cited in Vincent P. Mikkelsen, Coming from Battle to Face a War: The Lynching of Black Soldiers in the World War I Era (2007), p. 59
40. Vardaman’s Weekly (15 May 1919); cited in Lentz-Smith, p. 83
41. ‘Nate Shaw’ (i.e. Nedd Cobb), as told to Thomas Rosengarten, All God’s Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw (1975), p. 161
42. Chicago Defender (5 April 1919)
43. Grant, p. 113
44. Herbert Shapiro, White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery (1988), p. 146
45. Barbeau and Henri, p. 176
46. Vardaman’s Weekly (8 May 1919); cited in Mikkelsen, p. 123
47. Barbeau and Henri, p. 178
48. Vardaman’s Weekly (8 May 1919); cited in Mikkelsen, p. 95
49. Charleston Messenger, cited in Barbeau and Henri, p. 185.
50. Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Denkwürdigkeiten; cited in Strachan (2003), p. 123
51. Published April 1920; Preface dated ‘February 28, 1920’
52. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920), Preface, p. vi
53. Ibid., p. 204
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., p. 209
56. J.C. Smuts, Compilati
on of Public Utterances in Great Britain By Lieut.-Gen. the Rt Hon. J.C. Smuts, P.C., K.C., MX.A. In Connection with the Session of the Imperial War Cabinet and Imperial War Conference (1917)
57. Captain W.D. Downes, With the Nigerians in German East Africa (1919), p. 298
58. Harry Golding, Wonder Book of Empire (1919), p. 219
59. James K. Matthews, ‘World War I and the Rise of African Nationalism: Nigerian Veterans as Catalysts of Change’, in Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3 (September 1982), pp. 493–502
60. Victor Allen, in West Africa (11 October 1919); cited Matthews, p. 502
61. Van Walleghem, entry for Saturday 11 January 1919
62. Ibid., entry for Wednesday 17 May 1919
63. Das (ed.), p. 151
64. Ibid., p. 152
65. Van Walleghem, entry for July 1919
66. Reynolds, p. xix
67. Mark Levitch, Panthéon de la Guerre: Reconfiguring a Panorama of the Great War (2006)
68. Official Guide: Chicago Book of the Fair (1933)
69. Levitch, p. 50.
70. Ibid., p .50
71. Ibid., p. 64
72. Xu (2011), p. 8
73. Levitch, p. 65
74. Paice, p. 398
75. Ibid., p. 390
76. George L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers Reshaping the Memory of the World War (1990), p. 45
77. London Observer (18 November 1822); cited in David Simpson, 9/11: The Culture of Commemoration (2006) pp. 26–7; also in Christopher Coker, The Future of War: The Re-Enchantment of War in the Twenty-First Century (2004), p. 15, and Samuel Lynn Hynes, The Soldiers’ Tale: Bearing Witness to a Modern War (1998), p. 17
78. British Dental Association, ‘Waterloo Teeth’, online at: www.bda./org/museum/collections/teeth-and-dentures/waterloo-teeth.aspx
79. Dendooven and Chielens (eds), p. 79
80. Daniel Sherman, The Construction of Memory in Interwar France (2001), p. 101
81. CWGC website: www.cwgc.org/about-us/our-organisation.aspx
82. Barrett, in Das (ed.), p. 303
83. Cited in Barrett (2007), p. 470
84. Ibid., p. 468
85. Ibid., p. 467
86. Corrigan, p. 126
Further Reading
The following selection, while by no means comprehensive, is intended to be useful and accessible to non-specialist readers, and it embraces many of the books that informed The World’s War. It includes a number of publications from the era of 1914–18, quite a number of which are nowadays available online, as well as core works in the historical literature and some of the most striking and relevant recent assessments.
The World's War Page 50
