The Habsburg Empire (1790-1918)
Page 138
Staatskonferenz, 1, 2
Stadion, Count Franciz, 1
Stadion, Count Philipp, 1 f., 2 ff., 3 f., 4, 5 f., 6, 7, 8 ff., 9, 10 f., 11, 12 ff., 13, 14, 15 ff., 16 ff., 17
Stadion, Count Rudolph, 1, 2, 3, 4
Stadion Constitution, see Constitutions (1849)
Stadler, Mgr, 1, 2
Stahl, Frh. von, 1
Stanislavov, 1
Starčević, A., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Starhemberg, Count Georg, 1
Status Catolicus, 1
Steed, H. Wickham, 1, 2, 3; quoted, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Stein, Karl Frh. von, 1
Steinbach, Emil, 1 f., 2
Steinwender, Otto, 1 ff., 2
Stephanie of Belgium, Princess, 1
Stephen, Archduke, 1, 2, 3 ff., 4
Sternberg, Count Kaspar, 1, 2
Steuerverein, 1
Steyr, 1, 2
Stift, A. von, 1, 2
Što dialect, 1
Stojalowski, J., 1, 2
Stöller, F., 1
Stolypin, P., 1
Stratimirovics, Georg, 1 f., 2, 3, 4, 5
Stratimirovics, Stepan, Patriarch, 1, 2 f., 3, 4 f., 5, 6, 7, 8
Strauss, Johann, 1, 2
Strauss, Johann, jun., 1
Strauss, Richard, 1
Streymayr, Dr Carl, 1, 2, 3 f., 4 f., 5, 6, 7
Stribny, Georg, 1
Strobach, Josef, 1
Strossmayer, J. C., Bishop, 1, 2, 3, 4
Students, in Vormärz, 1, 2 f.; in 1848, 1 ff., 2, 3, 4;
see Academic Legion
Stur, Ljudevit, 1, 2
Sturdza, Demeter, 1
Stürgkh, Count Karl, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Styria, 1 f., 2 f., 3 f., 4 f., 5, 6 ff., 7, 8 ff., 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 ff.
Subjects’ Patent, 1
‘Südland’, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 f.
Suffrage Reform (Hungary), 1, 2, 3, 4
Supilo, František, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 f., 6, 7
Suplyikać, Col. Stephen, 1, 2 ff.
Supplex Libellus Valachorum, 1, 2, 3
Sutter, B., 1, 2, 3
Swabians, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Swoboda, L. E., 1
‘Sylvester Patent’, 1, 2 f., 3, 4
Szabadka, 1
Szabó, Deszö, 1
Szabó, E., 1
Szalay, László, 1, 2, 3
Szapáry, Gyula, 1 f., 2
Szatmár, County, 1
Szatmár, Peace of, 1
Széchenyi, Count Ferencz, 1
Széchenyi, Count István, 1, 2, 3 ff., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ff., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
Szécsen, Count A., 1, 2 f., 3, 4, 5
Szeged, 1, 2
Szekels, 1, 2, 3, 4 ff., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Széll, Kálmán, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 f., 7
Szemere, Berthalan, 1, 2 f., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Szent Endre, 1
Szeptycki, Archbishop Count, 1
Szilágyi, Dezsö, 1
Szinnyey-Merse, P., 1
Szögyény, L., 1, 2
Szrem, 1
‘Sztanczyks’, 1
Szterényi, József, 1
Taaffe, Count Eduard, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ff., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ff., 11, 12
Taaffe, Count Ludwig, 1, 2, 3
Tancsics, M., 1
Târgoviste, 1
Tariffs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; internal Austro-Hungarian, 1, 2, 3, 4 f.;
abolished, 1, 2;
1867–,
see Compromise
Tarnow, 1 f., 2
Tatars, 1
Tauernbahn, 1
Taxation, see Finance, national
‘Tebeldi’, 1 ff., 2
Tegetthof, Admiral, 1
Teleki, Count L., 1, 2, 3
Thalia Society, 1
Thály, Kálmán, 1
Theresianum, 1, 2 f.
Thierry, Baron, 1
Thiers, 1
Thinnfield, Ferdinand von, 1 f., 2
Thirring, G., 1
Thirty Years War, 1, 2 ff.
Thodorovics, C., 1
Thököly, Imre, 1
Thugut, Baron J. A. F., 1, 2 f., 3
Thun, Count Franz Anton, 1 ff., 2, 3, 4, 5
Thun-Hohenstein, Count Leo, 1, 2 ff., 3 f., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 f., 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Thurn und Taxis, Prince, 1
Thurócz Szent Martón memorandum, 1 f., 2
Tiefen, G. W., 1 f., 2 f., 3
Tietze, H., 1, 2
Till, A., 1
Tilsit, Peace of, 1
Tirol, 1 f., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ff., 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ff., 21 ff., 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
Tisza, Count István, 1, 2, 3 ff., 4 f., 5, 6, 7, 8 ff., 9
Tisza, Kálmán, 1, 2, 3, 4 ff., 5, 6, 7, 8 f., 9
Tisza, R., regulations of, 1, 2, 3
Tithe (Church), 1, 2, 3; (Seigneural), 1
Tittoni, 1, 2
Toggenburg, A., 1
Toldy, F., 1
Toleration Patent (1781), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Tolna, County, 1
Tolstoy, Leo, 1
Tomasics, Prof. M., 1
Tommaseo, Nicolo, 1
Trade Unions: Austria, 1, 2, 3 f., 4, 5; Christian Unions, 1;
Hungary, 1, 2
Trans-Leithania, 1, 2
Transylvania, 1, 2 f., 3, 4, 5 f., 6, 7 f., 8, 9, 10 ff., 11 f., 12 ff., 13 ff., 14 f., 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 f., 22, 23, 24, 25 ff., 26, 27 f., 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 ff., 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 ff., 39 f., 40
Trautenau (Teplice), 1
Trautmannsdorf, Count F., 1
Trent, 1 f., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Trentino, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 f.
Tribuna, 1
Trieste, 1 f., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Triple Alliance, 1 ff., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Triple Entente, 1
Tripoli, 1
Trojan, A. D., 1
Troppau, Protocol of, 1
Trumbić, Anton, 1, 2, 3
Tschirschky, von, 1
Tschuppik, K., 1, 2, 3
Tunisia, 1
Turin, 1
Turkey, see Ottoman Empire
Turnbull, P. E., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 f., 7 f.
Turopolje, 1, 2, 3, 4 ff.
Turopolje, Count of, 1, 2
Tuscany, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Uebersberger, N., 1
Ugarte, Count Alois, 1
‘Ugron Group’, 1
Ugro-Rusin language, 1
Uhlfeld, Count A., 1
Uhlirz, A., 1, 2, 3
Ujvidék, 1 f., 2
Ukrainians, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 f.; Ukraine, 1, 2
Umberto, King of Italy, 1, 2
Unger, Dr J., 1
Uniate Church, see Churches
Union of Brest Litovsk, 1
Unionists (German-Austrian), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Unitarians, see Churches
‘United Christians’, 1
United German Left, 1, 2, 3, 4
United Netherlands, 1, 2
‘United Opposition’ (Hungary), 1; (Croatia), 1
United States of America, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Universalkommerzdirektorium, 1
Upper Austria, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 f., 7, 8 f., 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
Upper Lusatia, 1, 2
Urban, Dr Karl, 1 f.
Urbaria, 1
Utrecht, Treaty of, 1
Vajda-Voevode, Dr A., 1, 2
Vakanović, A., 1, 2
Valkó, County, 1
Vambéry, R., 1
Van Sweiten, Gerhardt, 1
Várasd, 1, 2, 3
Várkonyi, Istvan, 1 f.
Vatican, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Vay, Baron M., 1, 2, 3, 4
Vázsonyi, V., 1
Venetia, 1 f., 2, 3, 4, 5 f., 6
Venice, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Vereinigte Hofkanzlei, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Vernewerte Landesord
ungen, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 f., 7, 8
Veröcze, 1
Verona, 1, 2, 3
Verwirkungstheorie, 1
Vetsera, Baroness Marie, 1
Vicenza, battle of, 1
Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont, 1, 2, 3
Vidov Dan, 1
Vienna, 1 ff., 2 ff., 3 ff., 4 ff., 5 f., 6, 7, 8, 9 ff., 10 ff., 11, 12 f., 13, 14, 15, 16 ff., 17 ff., 18 ff., 19 f., 20, 21 ff., 22 ff., 23 ff., 24 ff., 25 ff., 26, 27 ff., 28 ff., 29 ff., 30 ff., 31 ff., 32 ff., 33, 34 ff., 35, 36 ff., 37, 38, 39
Vienna, Congress of, 1, 2 3 f., 4
Vienna, Treaty of (1606), 1
Vienna, Treaty of (1809), 1
Viennese Radicals, 1, 2
Viennese Revolution (1848), 1 ff., 2 ff.
Viertel unter dem Wienerwald, 1
Vigevano, Armistice of, 1
Világos, battle of, 1, 2, 3
Villafranca, Peace of, 1, 2, 3, 4
Village towns, 1, 2, 3
Violand, E., 1, 2, 3 f., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
‘Virilists’, 1, 2, 3, 4
Visconti-Venosta, 1
Vittorio Veneto, battle of, 1
Vlachs, 1, 2 f., 3, 4, 5 f., 6, 7, 8; see also Roumanians
Vladicharina, 1
Vlastenci, 1
Vodnik, Mgr, 1
Voivodina, Voivody, 1, 2, 3 f., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Vogelsang, Frh. von, 1 ff.
Volhynia, 1
Vorarlberg, 1 f., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Vorlande, 1, 2 f., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 f.
Vörösmarty, Mihály, 1
Vorparlament (Frankfurt), 1 ff., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Wagner, A., 1
Wagner, Bishop, 1, 2
Wagram, battle of, 1
Wahrmund, Dr L., 1
Waldmüller, 1
Waldstein (Wallenstein), family, 1
Wallachia, 1, 2, 3, 4
Wallis, Count Joseph, 1 f., 2, 3 f.
Walloons, 1, 2
Walter, F., 1, 2, 3, 4 ff., 5 f., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
Wandruschka, A., 1, 2, 3, 4
Warburg, Baron Adrian, 1
Weimar, 1
Weinzierl-Fischer, E., 1, 2
Wekerle, S., 1, 2 f., 3, 4 f., 5 f., 6 f., 7 ff.
Welden, General, 1 f.
Welfersheimb, Count Walter von, 1, 2 f., 3
Wels, 1
Wendel, H., 1, 2
Wenkheim, Baron Béla, 1, 2
Wenzelsbad Committee, 1, 2
Werner, K. H., 1
Wertheimer, G., 1, 2, 3
Wesselényi, Baron Miklós, 1, 2, 3 f., 4 f., 5
Wessenberg, J. F., Frh. von, 1, 2, 3 ff., 4, 5, 6
Westphalia, Peace of, 1, 2
Wetzlau, 1
White Hand Society, 1
White Mountain, battle of, 1
Wiener Neustadt, 1, 2, 3
Wiener Scala, 1 f.
Wiener Stadtbank, 1
Wiener, Währung, 1, 2
Wiesner, Sektionsrat F. von, 1, 2 f.
Wilde, A. A., 1, 2
Wilhelm I, German Emperor, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Willner, 1
Wilson, Woodrow, 1, 2, 3 ff.
Windisch-Graetz, Prince Alfred, 1, 2, 3 ff., 4, 5, 6 f., 7 ff, 8 f., 9 f., 10, 11, 12 ff., 13, 14 f., 15 ff., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
Windisch-Graetz, Prince Alfred (grandson of above), 1
Wirkner, L. von, 1
Wiskemann, Professor E., 1
Wittek, Ritter von, 1, 2
Wlassics, General, 1
Wohlgemuth, F.M.L. L. von, 1, 2 f.
Wolf, Karl Herman, 1, 2 f., 3
Wolf-Schneider, A., 1
Wolfsgruber, C., 1
Workers’ Educational Association, 1 f.
Wscherd, Victorin Cornelius, 1
Wurmbrand, Count Gundaker, 1
Württemburg, 1, 2, 3
Würzburg, 1, 2
Young Bosnia Society, 1
Young Czech Party, 1 ff., 2, 3 f., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Young Ruthenes, 1 f., 2
Young Slovenes, 1
Young Turks, 1
Yugoslavs, 1, 2, 3
Zagreb, 1, 2 f., 3, 4, 5, 6 f., 7
Zalán Futása, 1
Zaleski, Frh. Wenzel von, 1, 2, 3
Zanardelli, G., 1
Zanini, F.M.L. P., 1, 2, 3
Zápolya, John, 1, 2
Zara, 1
Zarand, 1
Zator, 1
Zay, Count Károly, 1 f.
Zeman, Z., 1 f., 2
Zenker, A., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Zichy, Countess Julie, 1
Zichy, Count Imre, 1, 2
Zichy, Count Károly, 1, 2, 3 f., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Zichy-Ferraris, Countess Melanie, 1
Ziemalkowski, Dr F., 1, 2, 3, 4
Zillertal Protestants, 1
Zinzendorf, Count, 1
Zionist movement, 1
Zipser Saxons, 1
Zirc, 1
Živnostenska Banka, 1, 2
Zöllner, E., 1 f., 2, 3
Zollverein, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Zsedényi, E., 1
Zseller, defined, 1; see Land distribution, labour, agrarian
Zsigmond, Móricz, 1
Zurich, Peace of (1858), 1
Appendix 1
TITLES
The Habsburgs used ‘Great’, ‘Middle’ and ‘Small’ titles. The ‘Great Title’ assumed by Francis under his Patent of 4 August 1806 ran:
Wir, Franz der Erste, von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oesterreich, König von Jerusalem, Hungarn, Boheim, Dalmatien, Croatien, Slavonien, Galizien und Lodomerien, Erzherzog zu Oesterreich, Herzog zu Lothringen, zu Salzburg, zu Würzburg und in Franken, zu Steyer, Kärnthen und Krain, Grossherzog zu Krakow; Grossfürst zu Siebenbürgen, Markgraf in Mähren, Herzog zu Sandomir, Massovien, Lublin, Ober und Niederschlesien, zu Ausschwitz und Zator, zu Teschen und zu Friaul, Fürst von Berchtesgaden und Mergentheim, gefürsteter Graf zu Habsburg, Görz und Gradisca; Markgraf zu Ober und Niederlausitz und in Istrien, Herr des Landes Wolhynien, Podlachien und Brzesz, zu Trieste, zu Freudenthal und Eulenburg und auf der Windischen Mark, usw., usw.
Ferdinand’s accession diploma added the Kingdoms of Rama, Servia, Cumania and Bulgaria, and in 1840 the following were added: the Kingdoms of Lombardy, Venetia and Illyria, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchies of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, Ragusa and Zara; the Principalities of Trient and Brixen and the Countships of Hohenembs, Feldkirchen, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc. This list remembered to call the Kingship of Hungary Apostolic.
By 1867 Francis Joseph had added the Bukovina and Cattaro, but dropped Lombardy, Venetia, Würzburg, Franconia, Freudenthal and Eulenburg, and some of the Polish titles.
Appendix 2
CURRENCY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Currency. The basic Austrian coin, during nearly the whole period covered by this history, was the Gulden (H., fórint), stabilized in 1773 at a rate of 20 Gulden to one fine Cologne Mark with a content of 23·39 gr. silver. It was known as a ‘Conventionsmünze’, the standard having been agreed in a Convention between Austria and certain other German States. Two Gulden were equal to one Thaler, while the Gulden was divided into 60 (after 1856, 100) Kreuzer (H. krájcár) and the Kreuzer into 4 Groschen (H. garas). 20-Kreuzer pieces (Zwanziger, H. huszás) were also minted. The Thaler soon went out of common use, except in Abyssinia, where it remained legal currency up to modern times; in the inter-war period the Austrian mint was still striking Maria Theresa Thaler for that country. The other coins remained in common use, although during the Napoleonic Wars all the silver and most of the copper was called in, and replaced by paper currency, which depreciated very largely in value. The reforms of 1818 re-established the old values, and the new paper again bore the inscription C.M. (Conventionsmünze), although for a time there existed side by side with it another paper currency, the Wiener Währung (W.W.), worth only forty per cent of the C.M. of the same nominal value. In 1892 Austria went over to the gold standard, and
the Gulden was replaced by the Krone (H. korona) at the rate of 1 Gulden = 2 Kronen. A Krone now consisted of 100 Heller (H. fillér).
Linear Measures. 1 Klafter = 2·07 feet. 1 Austrian Meile = 4·9782 English miles.
Square Measures. 1 Joch (yoke) = 1,600 square Klafter = 0·576 hectares = 1·43 English acres. The Hungarian ‘cadastral hold’ was the same as the Austrian Joch, but there existed also an older ‘Magyar hold’, the size of which varied slightly from place to place, but was usually in the region of 0·43 ha. or 1·07 acres. 1 Austrian square Meile = 22·239 English square miles.
Weights and Dry Measures. The usual Metzen (H. merö) equalled 1·74 English bushels, but there were many variants. 1 Pfund (H. font) = 1·235 English pounds avoirdupois. 1 Zentner (H. mázsa) contained 100 Pfund, or 123·48 lb. Weights were often calculated in Doppelzentner, ten to a ton.
Liquid Measure. 40 Mass = 1 Eimer = 14·95 gallons.
Appendix 3
PLACE NAMES
G German; H Hungarian; I Italian; Cz Czech; R Roumanian; P Polish; Slk Slovak; Slo Slovene; S Serb Ru Ruthene; Cr Croat.
Bácska H. Bačka S.
Balázsfalva H. Blasendorf G. Blaj R.
Besztercze H. Besztercze-Bánya H. Bistritz G. Bistriţe R. Banska Bistriţa Slk.
Bjelovar Cr. Bélovár-Körös H. Kreuz G.
Brassó H. Kronstadt G. Braşov R.
Brixen G. Bressanone I.
Brünn G. Brno Cz.
Buccari I. Bokor S.
Buda H. Ofen G.
Budweiss G. Budowice Cz.
Cattaro I & G. Kotor S.
Cilli I. Cilje Slov.
Czernowitz G. Cernauţi Ro.
Fiume I & H. Rijeka Cr.
Göttschee G. Gočej Slo.
Györ H. Raab G.
Gyulafehérvár H. Weissenburg G. Alba Julia R.
Karlóca H. Karlowitz G. Karlovci (Sremski) S.
Karlovac Cr. Karlstadt G. Károlyváros H.
Kassa H. Kaschau G. Košice Slk.
Kolozsvár H. Klausenburg G. Cluj R.
Komárom H. Komorn G. Komarnó Slk.
Komotau-Aussig G. Ušti Chamutov Cz.
Königgrätz G. Sadova Cz.
Kremsier G. Kromeřiž Cz.
Laibach G. Ljubljana Slo.