by Lynn Schler
24. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
25. PRO-British National Archives CO 859/76/14, J. L. Keith, 1 December 1942.
26. PRO-British National Archives CO 876/45, Jewell, 12 March 1942.
27. PRO-British National Archives CO 859/76/14, Labour Officer’s Memorandum, 24 May 1941.
28. PRO-British National Archives CO 859/76/14, J. L. Keith, 26 January 1942.
29. Quoted in Frost, Work and Community, 101.
30. Tabili, “Maritime Race,” 178.
31. Clement A. Griscom, “How Steamship Operations Are Organized—Job Descriptions and Departments,” Gjenvick-Gjonvik Archives, http://www.gjenvick.com/SteamshipArticles/SteamshipCrew/1904-02-HowSteamshipOperationsAreOrganized.html#ixzz2LzRfFAiv.
32. Interview with Peter Obeze, 24 January 2011.
33. Quoted in Frost, Work and Community, 52.
34. Frost, Work and Community, 48–49.
35. Winthrop Packard, “Stewards of an Ocean Liner Above and Below Decks,” Gjenvick-Gjonvik Archives, http://www.gjenvick.com/SteamshipArticles/SteamshipCrew/1904-05-StewardsOfAnOceanLiner.html#ixzz2M1B30Wnh.
36. David Simpson et al., “Firemen, Trimmers and Stokers,” Barry Merchant Seamen, http://www.barrymerchantseamen.org.uk/articles/BMSfiretrim.html.
37. Tabili, “Maritime Race,” 179.
38. John C. Hoyt, “Ship Facts,” in Old Ocean’s Ferry: The Log of the Modern Mariner, the Trans-Atlantic Traveler, and Quaint Facts of Neptune’s Realm, ed. John C. Hoyt (New York: Bonnell, Silver, 1900), 121.
39. Simpson et al., “Firemen, Trimmers and Stokers.”
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Frost, Work and Community, 53.
43. Ibid., 54.
44. Ibid., 57.
45. Ibid., 56.
46. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 17 December 2007.
47. Frost, Work and Community, 62.
48. Ibid., 55.
49. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
50. Interview with Muritala Olayinka alli-Balogun, 15 December 2007.
51. Interview with Rita Anomorisa, 20 January 2011.
52. Interview with Bolaji Akintade, 24 December 2007.
53. Interview with Victoria Emonaye, 15 September 2011.
54. Interview with Margaret Bessan, 3 July 2011.
55. Interview with Catherine Akpan, 20 September 2011.
56. Interview with Rita Anomorisa, 20 January 2011.
57. Interview with Catherine Akpan, 20 September 2011; interview with Essien Ben-Efang, 20 January 2011.
58. Frost, Work and Community, 59.
59. Quoted in Frost, Work and Community, 59.
60. Interview with Abiola Falola, 20 September 2011.
61. Interview with Stella Mojisola Ogundare, 20 September 2011.
62. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union 1959–1962, Memorandum presented by the Nigerian Union of Seamen to Elder Dempster Shipping Lines, 10 January 1959.
63. Ibid.
64. Interview with Chief Charles Oloma Kose Kroseide, 17 January 2008.
65. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union 1959–1962, Memorandum presented by the Nigerian Union of Seamen to Elder Dempster Shipping Lines, 1 October 1959.
66. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union 1959–1962, General Secretary Monday to Elder Dempster Shipping Lines, 15 October 1958.
67. Frost, Work and Community, 65.
68. Interview with Adebowale Adeleye, 16 December 2007.
69. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union 1959–1962, Letter of Ekore to M. B. Glasier at Elder Dempster Shipping Lines, 11 October 1958.
70. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union 1959–1962, Letter of Accra Crew to Elder Dempster Shipping Lines, 21 January 1959.
71. PRO-British National Archives, CO 876/45, Trade Unions Registered in Nigeria, February 1942.
72. Report of the Board of Enquiry into the Trade Dispute between the Elder Dempster Lines Limited and the Nigerian Union of Seamen (Lagos: Federal Government Printer, 1959).
73. Hakeem I. Tijani, Union Education in Nigeria: Labor, Empire, and Decolonization since 1945 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
74. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Nigerian Union of Seamen and the Apapa Strike 1959, Precis on the view of Elder Dempster Lines, 1954.
75. Cooper, Decolonization and African Society, 3.
76. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Nigerian Union of Seamen and the Apapa Strike, Agent’s Department, Lagos, Elder Dempster Lines, 7 October 1952.
77. Merseyside Maritime Museum, Nigerian Union of Seamen and the Apapa Strike, letter from Franco Olugbake to Elder Dempster Lines, 22 October 1956.
78. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, letter from the Shipping Federation to M. B. Glasier, 25 June 1959.
79. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, Nigerian Union of Seamen: Rules, 1959.
80. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, meeting notes from R. H. Chalcroft, 13 January 1959.
81. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, Nigerian Union of Seamen: Rules, 1959.
82. Interview with Adeola Lawal, 20 January 2011.
83. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, letter from Akpan Monday to M. B. Glasier, 15 October 1958.
84. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, letter from Sidi Khayam to M. B. Glasier, 1 October 1959.
85. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, meeting notes, 1 November 1959.
86. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, meeting notes, 1 November 1959.
87. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, meeting notes, 3 November 1959.
88. Tijani, Union Education in Nigeria, 88.
89. Report of the Board of Enquiry, 4–5.
90. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, Mr. Dyson to Mr. Glasier, 23 December 1958.
91. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, Presidential Address by S. M. Ekore, 15 May 1959.
92. Ibid.
93. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union of Seamen 1959–1962, letter of Chief Steward of the m.v. Aureol to Mr. Boswell, 28 May 1959.
CHAPTER 2: SEAMEN AND THE COSMOPOLITAN IMAGINARY
* Epigraph: Charles Taylor, “Modern Social Imaginaries,” Public Culture 14, no. 1 (2002): 91.
1. Interview with Capt. Cosmos Niagwan, 27 January 2011.
2. Taylor, “Modern Social Imaginaries,” 106.
3. Alberta Arthurs, “Social Imaginaries and Global Realities,” Public Culture 15, no. 3 (2003): 580.
4. Elisa Pieri, “Contested Cosmopolitanism,” Collegium 15 (2014): 14.
5. Stuart Hall, “Political Belonging in a World of Multiple Identities,” in Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context and Practice, ed. Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 26.
6. Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen, “Introduction: Conceiving Cosmopolitanism,” in Vertovec and Cohen, Conceiving Cosmopolitanism, 2.
7. Jacqueline N. Brown, Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 20–21. See also Roy May and Robin Cohen, “The Interaction between Race and Colonialism: A Case Study of the Liverpool Race Riots of 1919,” Race and Class 16, no. 2 (1974): 111–26; Laura Tabili, We Ask for British Justice: Workers and Racial Difference in Late Imperial Britain (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
8. Romain Garbaye, “British Cities and Ethnic Minorities in the Post-War Era: From Xenophobic Agitation to Multi-Ethnic Government,” Immigrants and Minorities 22, nos. 2–3 (2003): 298–315.
9. Laura Tabili, �
��The Construction of Racial Difference in Twentieth Century Britain: The Special Restriction of (Coloured Alien Seamen) Order, 1925,” Journal of British Studies 33, no. 1 (1994): 84.
10. Carina E. Ray, “The White Wife Problem: Sex, Race and the Contested Politics of Repatriation to Interwar British West Africa,” Gender and History 21, no. 3 (2009): 628–46.
11. Ibid., 633–34.
12. Ibid., 630, 639.
13. Muriel Fletcher, “Report on an Investigation into the Colour Problem in Liverpool and Other Ports,” pp. 14, 19, quoted in Brown, Dropping Anchor, 28.
14. Mark Christian, “The Fletcher Report 1930: A Historical Case Study of Contested Black Mixed Heritage Britishness,” Journal of Historical Sociology 21, nos. 2–3 (2008): 238.
15. Brown, Dropping Anchor, 28.
16. Christian, “Fletcher Report 1930,” 238.
17. Randall Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration in Post-War Britain: The Institutional Origins of a Multicultural Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 55.
18. Roxanne L. Doty, “Immigration and National Identity: Constructing the Nation,” Review of International Studies 22, no. 3 (1996): 243–45.
19. Brown, Dropping Anchor, 61.
20. Many of the Nigerian seamen’s complaints concerning discrimination on board Elder Dempster ships can be found in the archives of the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool. See, for example, Report of the Board of Enquiry into the Trade Dispute between the Elder Dempster Lines Limited and the Nigerian Union of Seamen (Merseyside Maritime Museum 1959a).
21. Interview with Adeola Lawal, 21 December 2007.
22. Interview with Reuben Lazarus, 16 December 2007.
23. Interview with Niyi Adeyemo, 24 January 2011.
24. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
25. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, December 15, 2007.
26. Interview with Lawrence Miekumo, 27 December 2007.
27. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 21 January 2011.
28. Interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008.
29. For an explanation of the term “Liverpoool-born blacks,” see Brown, Dropping Anchor, 94.
30. Of course, narrower ethnic and national ties were significant, as identification as a Yoruban or Nigerian, for example, often formed the basis of ties to other communities and individuals outside of Nigeria. But seamen insisted that ethnic and national affiliations were less prominent than race as a signifier of community and loyalty. Particularly with regard to the prenationalist era, seamen described themselves as African or black seamen, and characterized relations with others of African descent in familial terms.
31. Barbara Bush, Imperialism, Race and Resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919–1945 (London: Routledge, 2002), 14.
32. Lissoni and Suriano have invoked the term “lived pan-Africanism” in describing relationships between South African ANC exiles and Tanzanian women. See Arianna Lissoni and Maria Suriano, “Married to the ANC: Tanzanian Women’s Entanglement in South Africa’s Liberation Struggle,” Journal of Southern African Studies 40, no. 1 (2014): 129–50.
33. Interview with John Larry, 17 January 2008.
34. Ibid.
35. Brown, Dropping Anchor, 221.
36. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
37. Interview with Adeola Lawal, 21 December 2007; interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 17 December 2007.
38. Sarah J. Zimmerman noted a similar dynamic among tirailleurs sénégalais of the colonial and postcolonial eras. These Senegalese soldiers recruited to the French military sought out romantic and social companionship with foreign women while on duty in Europe and Asia. See Zimmerman, Living beyond Boundaries: West African Servicemen in French Colonial Conflicts, 1908–1962 (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2011).
39. Interview with Adeola Lawal Andrew, 20 January 2011.
40. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
41. Interview with Ganui Agoro, 15 December 2007.
42. Interview with Capt. S. A. Omoteso, 20 January 2011.
43. Interview with Lawrence Miekumo, 27 December 2007.
44. Interview with John Larry, 17 January 2008; interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007. On the relationships between black seamen and Irish women in Liverpool, see Brown, Dropping Anchor.
45. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007; interview with Reuben Lazarus, 16 December 2007.
46. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 17 December 2007.
47. Interview with Anthony Ademola, 15 December 2007.
48. Interview with Ganui Agoro, 15 December 2007.
49. Interview with Lawrence Miekumo, 27 December 2007.
50. Interview with Alhadja Bisi Moore, 20 September 2011.
51. Interview with Adeola Lawal Andrew, 20 January 2011.
52. Interview with Modupe Lazarus, 17 January 2011.
53. Interview with Kojo George, 27 December 2007.
54. Interview with Muritala Olayinka alli-Balogun, 15 December 2007; interview with Ari Festus, December 2007.
55. Interview with Adebowale Adeleye, 16 December 2007.
56. Interview with Adeola Lawal, 21 December 2007.
57. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007.
58. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
59. Interview with Ganui Agoro, 15 December 2007.
60. Interview with Anthony Ademola, 15 December 2007.
61. Interview with Alex Dediara, 20 January 2011.
62. Racial segregation in Liverpool has been well documented by several historians and sociologists. See, for example, Ferdinand Dennis, Behind the Frontlines: Journey into Afro-Britain (London: Gollancz, 1988); and Brown, Dropping Anchor.
63. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
64. Interview with Muritala Olayinka alli-Balogun, 15 December 2007.
65. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
66. Interview with Reuben Lazarus, 16 December 2007; interview with Muritala Olayinka alli-Balogun, 15 December 2007.
67. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 21 January 2011.
68. Interview with Adeola Lawal Andrew, 20 January 2011.
69. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 4C 1908 Nigerian Union 1959–1962, letter from A. Monday to M. B. Glasier, 10 October 1958.
70. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
71. Ibid.
72. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 17 December 2007.
73. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
74. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007.
75. Interview with Bolaji Akintade, 24 December 2007; interview with Evelyn Miekumo, 27 December 2007.
76. Interview with Bolaji Akintade, 24 December 2007.
77. Interview with Evelyn Miekumo, 27 December 2007; interview with Theresa Obezi, 28 July 2011.
78. Interview with Theresa Obezi, 28 July 2011.
79. Interview with Ganui Agoro, 15 December 2007; interview with Adebowale Adeleye, 16 December 2007; interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
80. Interview with Margaret Bessan, 3 July 2011.
81. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007; interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
82. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
83. Interview with Kojo George, 27 December 2007.
84. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
85. As one informant explained, “You cannot use two fridges if you already have one.” Interview with Ganui Agoro, 15 December 2007.
86. Interview with Margaret Bessan, 3 July 2011.
87. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
88. Interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008.
89. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
90. Peter N. Davies, The Trade Makers: Elder Dempster in West Africa, 1
852–1972, 1973–1989, Research in Maritime History 19 (St. John’s, Newfoundland: IMEHA, 2000), 306, 346.
91. Interview with Kojo George, 27 December 2007.
92. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
93. Interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008.
94. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
95. Interview with Muritala Olayinka alli-Balogun, 17 January 2011.
96. Interview with Alex Dediara, 20 January 2011.
97. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
98. Interview with Chief Charles Oloma Kose Kroseide, 14 January 2008; interview with John Larry, 17 January 2008; interview with T. T. Mensah, 25 January 2007.
99. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007; interview with John Larry, 17 January 2008.
100. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
101. Interview with Adeola Lawal, 21 December 2007.
102. Ibid.
103. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
104. Ibid.
105. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
106. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007.
107. See, for example, Deborah A. Thomas and Kamari M. Clarke, “Introduction: Globalization and the Transformations of Race,” in Globalization and Race: Transformations in the Cultural Production of Blackness, ed. Kamari M. Clarke and Deborah A. Thomas (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 1–34.
CHAPTER 3: FROM CITIZENS OF THE WORLD TO CITIZENS OF NIGERIA
1. Frederick Cooper, “Possibility and Constraint: African Independence in Historical Perspective,” Journal of African History 49, no. 2 (2008): 167–96.
2. Philip S. Zachernuk, Colonial Subjects: An African Intelligentsia and Atlantic Ideas (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 141.
3. Ibid., 163.
4. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Ferrington (London: Penguin, 1990), 126.
5. Michael Neocosmos, The Contradictory Position of “Tradition” in African Nationalist Discourse: Some Analytical and Political Reflections (Durban: Centre for Civil Society, 2004), 6.
