by Lynn Schler
91. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, meeting notes on new ships for NNSL, 27 January 1961.
92. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Chairman NNSL to Minister of Transport, 1961.
93. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Accounts and Control, 30 January 1961.
94. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Hoffman to Muirhead, 18 January 1961.
95. Chidi, “Nigerian National Shipping Lines.”
96. Bolaji Akinola, Arrested Development: A Journalist’s Account of How the Growth of Nigeria’s Shipping Sector Is Impaired by Politics and Inconsistent Policies (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2012).
97. Dele Aderibigbe, “How Bureaucracy Led to the NNSL Demise—Chidi,” Nigerian Tribune, 25 July 2012.
98. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Passage to Joyce, 8 April 1960.
99. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Passage to Joyce, 7 April 1960.
CHAPTER 5: NIGERIANIZING THE SEA
1. Ships Nostalgia, http://www.shipsnostalgia.com/newreply.php?do=newreply&p=26643.
2. Ibid.
3. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Minister of Transport Njoku, House of Representatives Debates, 17 August 1959.
4. See, for example, Leslie L. Rood, “Nationalisation and Indigenisation in Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies 14, no. 3 (1976): 427–47; Stephanie Decker, “Building Up Goodwill: British Business, Development and Economic Nationalism in Ghana and Nigeria, 1945–1977,” Enterprise and Society 9, no. 4 (2008): 602–13; Ernest J. Wilson III, “Strategies of State Control of the Economy: Nationalization and Indigenization in Africa,” Comparative Politics 22, no. 4 (1990): 401–19; Adeoye A. Akinsanya, The Expropriation of Multinational Property in the Third World (New York: Praeger, 1980).
5. See, for example, Chibuzo S. A. Ogbuagu, “The Nigerian Indigenization Policy: Nationalism or Pragmatism?” African Affairs 82, no. 327 (1983): 241–66; Paul Collins, “Public Policy and the Development of Indigenous Capitalism: The Nigerian Experience,” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 15, no. 2 (1977): 127–50; Adeoye A. Akinsanya, “The Power Structure in Nigeria and the Indigenization of the Economy,” Pakistan Horizon 47, no. 2 (1994): 63–79; Fiona C. Beveridge, “Taking Control of Foreign Investment: A Case Study of Indigenisation in Nigeria,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 40, no. 2 (1991): 302–33; Michael Adejugbe, “The Myths and Realities of Nigeria’s Business Indigenization,” Development and Change 15, no. 4 (1984): 577–92.
6. Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, mss/292/9663/1, Conditions of Service for West African Seamen, 1960.
7. For example, see interview with Lawrence Miekumo, 27 December 2007; interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007; interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008.
8. Interview with Muritala Olayinka alli-Balogun, 15 December 2007.
9. Interview with Festus Adekunle Akintade, 24 December 2007.
10. Interview with Anomorisa Johnson, 22 January 2011.
11. Interview with Jimmy Bessan, 3 July 2011.
12. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
13. Craig J. Calhoun, “‘Belonging’ in the Cosmopolitan Imaginary,” Ethnicities 3, no. 4 (2003): 543.
14. Interview with Kojo George, 27 December 2007.
15. Interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008.
16. Interview with Patric Pereira, 24 January 2011.
17. Interview with Muritala Olayinka all-Balogun, 15 December 2007.
18. Interview with Muritala Olayinka all-Balogun, 16 December 2007.
19. Interview with Anthony Eros, 15 December 2007.
20. Interview with Gold Agbodobiri, 24 January 2011.
21. Interview with Anomorisa Johnson, 22 January 2011.
22. Interview with John Larry, 20 January 2008.
23. Interview with Adebowale Adeleye, 16 December 2007.
24. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, notes of meeting on Nigerian crew matters, 4 September 1959.
25. Ibid.
26. Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, mss/292/966.3/1, report on the m.v. Dan Fodio crisis, 12 August 1960.
27. Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, mss/292D/966.3/1, Comprehensive Report—m.v. Dan Fodio crisis, 1960.
28. Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, mss/292/966.3/1, report on the m.v. Dan Fodio crisis, 12 August 1960.
29. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2273 Muirhead inward 1962–1964/5, Operational Agent’s Report, December quarter, 1959.
30. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Minister of Transport Njoku, House of Representatives Debates, 17 August 1959.
31. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, NNSL board meeting notes, 27 October 1959.
32. Bassey U. Ekong, “Survival Opportunities and Strategies of a Marginal Firm in a Cartelized Oligopoly: Case Study of the Nigerian National Shipping Line” (PhD diss., Michigan State University), 328.
33. Ibid., 329.
34. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2273 Muirhead inward 1962–1964/5, NNSL Board of Directors Meeting, 28 September 1960.
35. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2273 Muirhead inward 1962–1964/5, NNSL Board of Directors Meeting, 26 February 1960.
36. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 1908, Khayam to Crews Manager, 27 October 1959.
37. Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, mss/292D/966.3/1, Comprehensive Report—m.v. Dan Fodio crisis, 1960.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Interview with Adebowale Adeleye, 16 December 2007.
43. Interview with Capt. Alao Tajudeen, 23 January 2011.
44. Interview with Jimmy Bessan, 3 July 2011.
45. Ship’s logbook: River Ogun, 25.9.80, entry: 4.4.81 at sea: 5.4.81.
46. Ship’s logbook: King Jaja, 31.10.73, entry: 26.3.74 Liverpool.
47. Ship’s logbook: Oduduwa, 20.8.73, entry: 16.9.73 N.A.: 17.9.73.
48. Ship’s logbook: River Majidum, 30.9.82, entry: 5.4.83.
49. Ship’s logbook: River Benue, 25.5.74, entry: 31.7.74 at sea: 1.8.74.
50. Ship’s logbook: River Adada, 24.7.82, entry: 14.12.82 Singapore.
51. Ship’s logbook: River Ogun, n.d. entry: 21.1.78.
52. Bailey, http://www.shipsnostalgia.com/showthread.php?t=3654.
53. Ships Nostalgia, http://www.shipsnostalgia.com/showthread.php?t=3154&highlight=biafra.
54. Ship’s logbook: Yinka Folawiyo, 24.5.76, entry: date and place n/a.
55. Ship’s logbook: River Ogun, 2.4.70, entry: 17.7.70 Calabar.
56. Ship’s logbook: Oranyan, 4.4.74, entry: 27.12.74 Lagos Bar.
57. Ship’s logbook: King Jaja, 1.4.75, entry: 6.6.75 Lagos.
58. Ship’s logbook: King Jaja, N/A, entry: 3.1.69 Avonmouth.
59. Ship’s logbook: Ahmadu Tijani 14.2.78, entry: 31.5.78 Antwerp.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ship’s logbook: Ahmadu Tijani 14.2.78, entry: 21.6.78 at sea.
63. Ship’s logbook: Ahmadu Tijani, 14.2.78, entry: 28.7.78 Lagos Bar.
64. Ship’s logbook: River Ogun, n.d. entry: 1.4.78.
65. Ship’s logbook: River Benue; 21.7.76, entry: 22.12.76.
66. Ship’s logbook: King Jaja, 31.10.73, entry: 10.5.74 N/A.
67. Ship’s logbook: River Ngada, 5.11.80.
68. Ship’s logbook: River Ethiope, 19.8.1980, entry: 4.10.80.
69. Ship’s logbook: River Oshun, 12.12.80, entry: 14.4.81 Hamburg.
70. Ship’s logbook: River Benue, 25.5.74, entry: 25.7.74 Lagos: 26.7.73.
71. Ship’s logbook: Oduduwa, 20.8.73, entry: 23.9.73 Sapele: 24.9.73.
72. Ship’s logbook: River Oji, 11.12.80, entry: 20.4.81 Port of Abidjan.
73. Ship’s logbook: River Niger, 13.6.71, entry: 7.7.71 Hamburg.
74. Eghosa E. Osaghae, Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 19.
75. Isaac O. Albert, “Problems of Democratic Governance in Nigeria: The Past in the Present” (paper prepared for presentation at the Triennial History Workshop on Democracy, “Popular Precedents, Popular Practice and Popular Culture,” University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 13–16 July, 1994).
76. Augustine Ikelegbe, “The Perverse Manifestation of Civil Society: Evidence from Nigeria,” Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (2001): 7.
77. Osaghae, Crippled Giant, 313.
78. Interview with Reuben Lazarus, 17 January 2011.
79. Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, mss/292D/966.3/1, Conditions of Service for West African Seamen, 1960.
80. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
81. Interview with John Rafaal, 24 January 2011.
82. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 January 2011.
83. Ibid.
84. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007.
85. Ship’s logbook: King Jaja, N/A, entry: 10.6.72 Rotterdam.
86. Interview with Lawrence Miekumo, 27 December 2007.
87. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 21 January 2011.
88. Interview with Adebowale Adeleye, 16 December 2007.
89. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007.
CHAPTER 6: SEAMEN IN THE SHADOW OF THE NNSL DECLINE AND DEMISE
1. Interview with Kenneth Birch, Liverpool, England, 8 June 2009.
2. Interview with Olukayode Akinsoji, 25 January 2011.
3. Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
4. Alois S. Mlambo, “Western Social Sciences and Africa: The Domination and Marginalisation of a Continent,” African Sociological Review 10, no. 1 (2006): 170.
5. Eghosa E. Osaghae, Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 12.
6. Abonyi N. Nnaemeka, “Towards an Alternative Development Paradigm for Africa,” Journal of Social Science 21, no. 1 (2009): 39–48.
7. Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).
8. Richard A. Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic, African Studies Series 56 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 67. See also Olufemi Vaughan, Nigerian Chiefs: Traditional Power in Modern Politics, 1890s–1990s, Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora 7 (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2006), 156.
9. Chudi Uwazurike, “Ethnicity, Power and Prebendalism: The Persistent Triad as the Unsolvable Crisis of Nigerian Politics,” Dialectical Anthropology 21, no. 1 (1996): 1–20.
10. Isaac O. Albert, “Explaining ‘Godfatherism’ in Nigerian Politics,” African Sociological Review 9, no. 2 (2005): 79–105; Albert, “Problems of Democratic Governance in Nigeria: The Past in the Present” (paper prepared for presentation at the Triennial History Workshop on Democracy, “Popular Precedents, Popular Practice and Popular Culture,” University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 13–16 July 1994).
11. Daniel J. Smith, A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 5.
12. Gerald Chidi, “Nigerian National Shipping Lines, the Beginning and the End,” Vanguard, 1 November 2011, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/nigerian-national-shipping-lines-the-beginning-and-the-end.
13. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Nigeria ED Manager, 3 October 1962.
14. Lloyd’s, 3 October 1962.
15. Bassey U. Ekong, “Survival Opportunities and Strategies of a Marginal Firm in a Cartelized Oligopoly: Case Study of the Nigerian National Shipping Line” (PhD diss., Michigan State University, 1974), 194.
16. Okechukwu C. Iheduru, The Political Economy of International Shipping in Developing Countries (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1996), 214.
17. “How Bureaucracy Led to NNSL Demise,” Nigerian Tribune, 27 July 2012.
18. Ibid.
19. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 21 January 2011.
20. Iheduru, Political Economy of International Shipping, 237.
21. Ekong, “Survival Opportunities and Strategies,” 196.
22. Ibid., 193.
23. Ibid., 197.
24. Ibid., 195.
25. Bolaji Akinola, Arrested Development: A Journalist’s Account of How the Growth of Nigeria’s Shipping Sector Is Impaired by Politics and Inconsistent Policies (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2012); see also Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2273 Muirhead inward 1962–1964/5, Muirhead to Oyesiku, 2 October 1964.
26. Quoted in Iheduru, Political Economy of International Shipping, 212.
27. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2247 J. Joyce 1959–1961, Joyce to Tod, 2 July 1960.
28. Interview with Capt. Niyi Adeyemo, 25 January 2011.
29. Interview with Olukayode Akinsoji, 25 January 2011.
30. Ships Nostalgia, http://www.shipsnostalgia.com/archive/index.php?t-3154.html.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ismaila Mohammed, “The Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decrees (1972 and 1977) and Indigenisation in Nigeria” (PhD diss., University of Warwick, 1985), 269.
34. “How Bureaucracy Led to NNSL Demise.”
35. Ibid.
36. Mohammed, “Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decrees,” 269.
37. Iheduru, Political Economy of International Shipping, 165.
38. S. G. Sturmey, British Shipping and World Competition (London: Athlone, 1962), 3.
39. Ekong, “Survival Opportunities and Strategies,” 234.
40. Ibid., 238.
41. Ibid., 242.
42. Iheduru, Political Economy of International Shipping, 230–32.
43. Ekong, “Survival Opportunities and Strategies,” 121.
44. Ibid., 160.
45. Iheduru, Political Economy of International Shipping, 234.
46. Ibid., 231.
47. Ibid., 134.
48. Ibid., 214.
49. Interview with Pa Agbaosi, 15 December 2007.
50. “Seamen Protest over Sack Move,” Daily Times, 19 May 1966.
51. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2273 Muirhead inward 1962–1964/5, NNSL Board of Directors Meeting, 28 September 1960.
52. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 1909 Nigerian Shipping Federation, Commander Shelbourn, Williams to Duncan, 25 June 1964.
53. Interview with Isaac T. A. Bezi, 26 January 2011.
54. Daily Times, 19 May 1966.
55. Merseyside Maritime Museum, 2047, M. Glasier 1951–1961, “Notes on a visit to West Africa 1969.”
56. Ibid.
57. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007.
58. Bruce J. Berman, “Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism,” African Affairs 97, no. 388 (1998): 331.
59. Julius O. Ihonvbere, “The ‘Irrelevant’ State, Ethnicity, and the Quest for Nationhood in Africa,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 17, no. 1 (1994): 42–60; Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 130–31.
60. Dauda Abubakar, “Ethnic Identity, Democratization, and the Future of the African State: Lessons from Nigeria,” African Issues 29, nos. 1–2 (2001): 32.
61. Abu Bakarr Bah, Breakdown and Reconstitution: Democracy, the Nation-State, and Ethnicity in Nigeria (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005), 5.
62. Interview with Lawrence Miekumo, 27 December 2007.
63. Interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008.
64. Interview with Adeola Lawal, 20 January 2011.
65. Interview with Anthony Davies Eros, 15 December 2007.
66. Ship’s logbook: Ebani, 22.1.76 e
ntry: 1.6.76 Tema.
67. Interview with Capt. Alao Tajudeen, 23 January 2011.
68. Interview with Benneth Achilefu, 7 February 2011.
69. Interview with Adeola Lawal, 20 January 2011.
70. Ibid.
71. See Ayodeji Olukojo, “A ‘Truly Nigerian Project’?: The Politics of the Establishment of the Nigerian National Shipping Line (NNSL), 1957–1959,” International Journal of Maritime History 15, no. 1 (June 2003): 69–90. Also, interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 17 December 2007; interview with John Larry, 17 January 2008.
72. Interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008.
73. Interview with France Zeinebro, 1 January 2011.
74. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007; interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 17 December 2007; interview with Sunday Nwahukwu, 17 December 2007; interview with Daniel Ofudje, 14 January 2008; interview with Adeola Lawal, 21 December 2007.
75. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 21 January 2011.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 January 2011.
79. Interview with Ari Festus, 24 December 2007.
80. Interview with Alex Dediara, 18 January 2011.
81. Interview with Capt. Cosmos Niagwan, 27 January 2011.
82. Interview with Olukayode Akinsoji, 25 January 2011.
83. Ibid.
84. Ship’s logbook: Bareeb, 12.3.72, posted message, no date.
85. Ship’s logbook: River Benue, 30.3.80, entry: 31.5.81 Freetown.
86. Ship’s logbook: Ileoluji, 28.9.79, entry: 22.11.76 Santos.
87. Ship’s logbook: River Benue, 8.11.70, entry: 30.12.70.
88. Ship’s logbook: Salamat Ambi, 29.10.76, entry: 9.2.77 Hull.
89. Ship’s logbook: River Benue, 7.11.80, entry: 4.2.81 Middlesbrough.
90. Ship’s logbook: River Oji, 22.6.81 entry: 4.6.81 Apapa.
91. Ship’s logbook: River Niger, 22.11.73, entry: 9.12.73 Sapele.
92. Ship’s logbook: Oduduwa, 31.8.68, entry: 8.11.68 Tilbury: 14.11.68.
93. Ship’s logbook: Oduduwa, 20.8.73, entry: 26.9.73 at sea.
94. Interview with Joseph Kehinde Adigun, 21 January 2011.
95. Ship’s logbook: King Jaja, 1.4.75, entry: 11.6.75 Lagos.
96. Ship’s logbook: River Ogun, 30.4.81 entry: 18.5.81 at sea.
97. Ship’s logbook: King Jaja, 18.8.71, entry: 8.12.71 at sea.
