Book Read Free

Nation on Board

Page 33

by Lynn Schler


  Nwaubani, Ebere. “Constitution-Making and the Nigerian Identity, 1914–1960.” In Oyebade, Transformation of Nigeria, 73–112.

  Nwoke, Chibuzo N. “Towards Authentic Economic Nationalism in Nigeria.” Africa Today 33, no. 4 (1986): 51–69.

  Ogbuagu, Chibuzo S. A. “The Nigerian Indigenization Policy: Nationalism or Pragmatism?” African Affairs 82, no. 327 (1983): 241–66.

  Ojedokun, Olasupo. “The Changing Pattern of Nigeria’s International Economic Relations: The Decline of the Colonial Nexus, 1960–1966.” Journal of Developing Areas 6, no. 4 (1972): 535–54.

  Olukoju, Ayodeji. “A ‘Truly Nigerian Project’? The Politics of the Establishment of the Nigerian National Shipping Line (NNSL), 1957–1959.” International Journal of Maritime History 15, no. 1 (2003): 69–90.

  Osaghae, Eghosa E. Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.

  Oyebade, Adebayo, ed. The Transformation of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2002.

  Packard, Winthrop. “Stewards of an Ocean Liner Above and Below Decks.” Gjenvick-Gjonvik Archives. http://www.gjenvick.com/SteamshipArticles/SteamshipCrew/1904-05-StewardsOfAnOceanLiner.html#ixzz2M1B30Wnh.

  Peace, Adrian J. Choice, Class and Conflict: A Study of Southern Nigerian Factory Workers. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1979.

  . “The Lagos Proletariat: Labour Aristocrats or Populist Militants?” In Sandbrook and Cohen, Development of an African Working Class, 281–302.

  Pieri, Elisa. “Contested Cosmopolitanism.” Collegium 15 (2014): 14–38.

  Ray, Carina E. “‘The White Wife Problem’: Sex, Race and the Contested Politics of Repatriation to Interwar British West Africa.” Gender and History 21, no. 3 (2009): 628–46.

  Report of the Board of Enquiry into the Trade Dispute between the Elder Dempster Lines Limited and the Nigerian Union of Seamen. Lagos: Federal Government Printer, 1959.

  Roberts, Richard. “History and Memory: The Power of Statist Narratives.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 33, no. 3 (2000): 513–22.

  Rood, Leslie L. “Nationalisation and Indigenisation in Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 14, no. 3 (1976): 427–47.

  Sandbrook, Richard. Proletarians and African Capitalism: The Kenyan Case, 1960–1972. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

  Sandbrook, Richard, and Robin Cohen, eds. The Development of an African Working Class: Studies in Class Formation and Action. London: Longman, 1975.

  Schler, Lynn. “Historicizing the Undisclosed: Questions of Authority and Authenticity in Writing the History of Birth in Colonial Cameroon.” Lagos Notes and Records 13 (2008): 1–34.

  Sewell, William H., Jr. “Toward a Post-Materialist Rhetoric for Labor History.” In Rethinking Labor History: Essays on Discourse and Class Analysis, edited by Lenard R. Belanstein, 15–38. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

  Sherwood, Marika. “Elder Dempster and West Africa, 1891–c. 1940: The Genesis of Underdevelopment?” International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 2 (1997): 253–76.

  . Pastor Daniels Ekarte and the African Churches Mission, Liverpool, 1931–64. London: Savannah Press, 1994.

  . “Strikes! African Seamen, Elder Dempster and the Government 1940–42.” In Frost, Ethnic Labour and British Imperial Trade, 130–45.

  Silver, Beverly J. Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

  Simpson, David, et al. “Firemen, Trimmers and Stokers.” Barry Merchant Seamen. http://www.barrymerchantseamen.org.uk/articles/BMSfiretrim.html.

  Smith, Daniel J. A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.

  Stanley, Jo. “And after the Cross-Dressed Cabin Boys and Whaling Wives? Possible Futures for Women’s Maritime Historiography.” Journal of Transport History 23, no. 1 (2002): 9–22.

  Sturmey, S. G. British Shipping and World Competition. London: Athlone, 1962.

  Suberu, Rotimi. T. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Washington: US Institute of Peace Press, 2001.

  Tabili, Laura. “The Construction of Racial Difference in Twentieth-Century Britain: The Special Restriction (Coloured Alien Seamen) Order, 1925.” Journal of British Studies 33, no. 1 (January 1994): 54–98.

  . “‘A Maritime Race’: Masculinity and the Racial Division of Labor in British Merchant Ships, 1900–1939.” In Creighton and Norling, Iron Men, Wooden Women, 169–88.

  . We Ask for British Justice: Workers and Racial Difference in Late Imperial Britain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.

  Taylor, Charles. “Modern Social Imaginaries.” Public Culture 14, no. 1 (2002): 91–124.

  Terretta, Meredith. Petitioning for Our Rights, Fighting for Our Nation: The History of the Democratic Union of Cameroonian Women, 1949–1960. Mankon: Langaa, 2013.

  Thomas, Deborah A., and Kamari M. Clarke. “Introduction: Globalization and the Transformations of Race.” In Globalization and Race: Transformations in the Cultural Production of Blackness, edited by Kamari M. Clarke and Deborah A. Thomas, 1–34. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.

  Tignor, Robert L. Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, 1945–1963. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.

  Tijani, Hakeem I. Union Education in Nigeria: Labor, Empire, and Decolonization since 1945. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

  Uwazurike, Chudi. “Ethnicity, Power and Prebendalism: The Persistent Triad as the Unsolvable Crisis of Nigerian Politics.” Dialectical Anthropology 21, no. 1 (1996): 1–20.

  Van Beusekom, Monica M. “From Underpopulation to Overpopulation: French Perceptions of Population, Environment, and Agricultural Development in French Soudan (Mali), 1900–1960.” Environmental History 4, no. 2 (1999): 198–221.

  Vaughan, Olufemi. Nigerian Chiefs: Traditional Power in Modern Politics, 1890s–1990s. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora 7. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2006.

  Vertovec, Steven, and Robin Cohen. “Introduction: Conceiving Cosmopolitanism.” In Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context, and Practice, edited by Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen, 1–22. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

  Warren, W. M. “Urban Real Wages and the Nigerian Trade Union Movement, 1939–60.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 15, no. 1 (1966): 21–36.

  Waterman, Peter. Division and Unity amongst Nigerian Workers: Lagos Port Unionism, 1940s–60s. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1982.

  Weeks, John F. “A Comment on Peter Kilby: Industrial Relations and Wage Determination.” Journal of Developing Areas 3 no. 1 (1968): 7–18.

  . “Further Comment on the Kilby/Weeks Debate: An Empirical Rejoinder.” Journal of Developing Areas 5, no. 2 (1971): 165–74.

  Wilson, Ernest J., III. “Strategies of State Control of the Economy: Nationalization and Indigenization in Africa.” Comparative Politics 22, no. 4 (1990): 401–19.

  Wood, Paul. “The History of Elder Dempster.” http://www.rakaia.co.uk/elder-dempster-history.html.

  Yesufu, Tijani M. An Introduction to Industrial Relations in Nigeria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.

  Zachernuk, Philip S. Colonial Subjects: An African Intelligentsia and Atlantic Ideas. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.

  Zimmerman, Sarah J. “Living beyond Boundaries: West African Servicemen in French Colonial Conflicts, 1908–1962.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2011.

  NEWSPAPERS

  Daily Telegraph

  Daily Times

  Daily Service

  Lloyd’s

  West African Pilot

  INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR

  (All interviews took place in Lagos, Nigeria, unless noted otherwise.)

  Achilefu, Benneth: 7 February 2011

 
Adeleye, Adebowale: 16 December 2007

  Ademola, Anthony: 15 December 2007

  Adeyemo, Capt. Niyi: 24 and 25 January 2011

  Adigun, Joseph Kehinde: 17 December 2007 and 21 January 2011

  Agbaosi, Pa: 15 December 2007

  Agbodobiri, Gold: 24 January 2011

  Agoro, Ganui: 15 December 2007

  Akinsoji, Olukayode: 25 January 2011

  Akintade, Bolaji: 24 December 2007

  Akintade, Festus Adekunle: 24 December 2007

  Akpan, Catherine: 20 September 2011

  alli-Balogun, Muritala Olayinka: 15 and 16 December 2007; 17 January 2011

  Anomorisa, Rita: 20 January 2011

  Ben-Efang, Essien: 20 January 2011

  Bessan, Jimmy: 3 July 2011

  Bezi, Isaac T. A.: 26 January 2011

  Birch, Kenneth: Liverpool, England, 8 June 2009; and e-mail correspondence, 7 June 2013

  Dediara, Alex: 18 and 20 January 2011

  Emonaye, Victoria: 15 September 2011

  Eros, Anthony Davies: 15 December 2007

  Falola, Abiola: 20 September 2011

  Festus, Ari: 24 December 2007 and 24 January 2011

  George, Kojo: 27 December 2007

  Johnson, Anomorisa: 22 January 2011

  Kroseide, Chief Charles Oloma Kose: 17 January 2008

  Larry, John: 17 and 20 January 2008

  Lawal, Adeola: 21 December 2007, and 20 January 2011

  Lazarus, Modupe: 17 January 2011

  Lazarus, Reuben: 16 December 2007; 17 January 2011

  Mensah, T. T.: 25 January 2007

  Miekumo, Evelyn: 27 December 2007

  Miekumo, Lawrence: 27 December 2007

  Moore, Alhadja Bisi: 20 September 2011

  Niagwan, Cosmos: 27 January 2011

  Nwachukwu, Sunday: 17 and 24 December 2007

  Obeze, Peter: 24 January 2011

  Ofudje, Daniel: 14 January 2008

  Ogundare, Stella Mojisola: 20 September 2011

  Omoteso, Capt. S. A.: 20 January 2011

  Pereira, Patric: 24 January 2011

  Rafaal, John: 24 January 2011

  Tajudeen, Capt. Alao: 23 January 2011

  Zeinebro, France: 1 January 2011

  Index

  Abacha, Sani, 165

  Abubakar, Dauda, 178

  Action Group, 106

  Adebayo, Akanmu, 106

  Adejugbe, Michael, 110

  African Defense Association, 90

  African seamen: as cheap labor, 2, 3–4, 23, 24–25, 28, 32–33, 136–37, 194–95; diaspora and, 10; exploitation of slaves by, 24; mortality rate, 23; recruitment of, 2, 3–4; wives and families, 19, 33–35, 46; work hours, 32. See also Nigerian seamen and seafaring

  Afrian Steamship Company, 27

  agency, 48, 53–54, 57

  Ahmadu Bekki, 150

  Ahmadu Tijani, 150

  Akinola, Bolaji, 129

  Akinsoji, Olukayode, 162–63

  Akintayo, Joseph, 38

  Akinyemi, J. A., 130

  Akpan (union officer), 42, 86

  Alao, Tajudeen, 198–99

  Albert, Isaac, 164

  Allman, Jean, 11

  Apapa strike. See MV Apapa strike (1959)

  apartheid, 62–63

  Asante National Labor Movement, 11

  Awolowo, Obafemi, 105–6, 108

  Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 166

  Bailey, Derek, 132, 148

  Balewa, Tafawa, 90, 105

  Balogun, Kolawole, 166–67, 169

  “Battle for Cargo” (Balogun), 167, 169

  Bayart, Jean-François, 15

  Beckman, Björn, 97, 109–10

  belonging, 55, 60–61, 148

  Berg, Elliot, 7

  Berman, Bruce, 178

  Bezi, Isaac, 198

  Birch, Kenneth, 162

  Black Atlantic, use of term, 10, 70, 193

  black diaspora, 10, 77; and Apapa strike, 90, 95; and identity, 193; and nationalism, 55, 78; and Nigerian seamen, 56, 79, 80–83, 98, 194–95; and protest movements, 79; social clubs, 56; and transnational trade, 64, 69

  black markets, 68

  Black Star Line, 111, 113, 117, 121, 122

  Bob-Foues (officer), 152–53

  Bolster, Jeffrey, 24, 80, 194

  Bonner, Philip, 10

  borders vs. regional solidarities, 10, 78, 105–7

  Borha, L. L., 92

  British National Archives, 17

  Brown, Carolyn, 9

  Brown, Jacqueline, 52

  Buhlungu, Sakhela, 97

  Burke, Timothy, 15

  Burns, Alan, 28, 39

  Bush, Barbara, 55

  Butler, Jeffrey, 7

  Calhoun, Craig, 136, 196–97

  cargo share, 121–22, 169, 172, 218n62

  cargo ships, 19, 27, 29–30, 32, 33, 66, 71, 74, 167, 174

  catering crews, 24, 30, 32, 133, 138–39

  Chabal, Patrick, 15, 164

  Chidi, Gerald, 126–27, 129–30, 166, 169, 172

  citizenship, 13, 53

  Cohen, Robin, 8

  colonialism: economic and political interests, 108–9, 163; exploitation of resources, 163–64; idealization of, 2; inequality of, 15; labor movements and, 6; racism of, 52–53. See also decolonization; postcolonialism

  Coloured Alien Seamen Order (1925), 51

  Commonwealth borders, 53

  Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962), 53

  Communist Party, 90

  containerization, 29, 66, 172

  Cooper, Fred, 12, 13–14, 26–27, 39, 77, 92, 93

  cosmopolitanism, 5, 10; defined, 49, 195; imaginaries, 49–50, 135, 194; vs. nationalism, 134, 136; role of, 49, 50, 55

  Daily Service (newspaper), 118, 119

  Daily Times (newspaper), 118, 176

  Daloz, Jean-Pascal, 15, 164

  deckhands, 26, 29–30, 74

  decolonization, 3, 10–11, 13, 77, 78, 109, 195. See also postcolonialism

  Department of Commerce and Industries (Nigeria), 109

  Diamond, Larry, 124

  diaspora. See black diaspora

  discipline: actions against seamen, 18, 45, 88, 145–47, 150, 152, 182, 186–87, 190–91; decline of, 150, 153, 159–60, 161, 176, 182, 186; due to race, 35–36, 82

  Dosunnui, 150–51

  drug trafficking, 16, 68–69, 165, 180–81, 186–87, 188–90

  Eastern Region, 46, 106, 113, 114, 127

  Ebani, 180

  Ekarte, Daniels, 83

  Ekeh, Peter, 107

  Ekong, Bassey, 169, 173

  Ekore, S. M., 44, 45, 84, 86

  Elder Dempster Lines, 4, 16, 27–29, 37, 158; cargo regulation, 66; on Khayam, 95–96; as NNSL partner, 113–17, 118–19, 122, 123, 128–30; on unions, 39–41; in WALCON, 122. See also MV Apapa strike (1959); specific ships

  Electricity Corporation, 130

  ethnic chauvinism, 77, 78, 107

  ethnicity, study of, 9–10

  European crews, 42–43, 91, 133; officers and captains, 26, 36–38, 84–85, 133, 135–36, 139–41, 143, 144–45, 147–48, 152, 158, 175, 183; Nigerian officers and captains’ relationship to, 36–37, 133, 143, 144–45, 175; Nigerian seamen’s relationship to, 2, 3–4, 25–26, 28, 30, 32–33, 35–36, 38, 88–89, 137–41, 143–44, 147, 148–49, 151–52, 158, 175, 183

  Ewald, Janet, 27

  exclusion, 48, 50–54

  Falola, Toyin, 106, 107–8

  Fanon, Frantz, 78

  Federal Ministry of Transport, 169

  firemen, 24, 26, 29, 30–31, 32–33, 133

  First Republic, demise of, 156

  Fletcher, Muriel, 52

  foreign investment, 110

  Foucault, Michel, 194

  Fox, Jon, 196

  freedom, 1–2, 5, 48, 50, 180, 182

  Freund, Bill, 6

  Frost, Diane, 28, 29, 30, 32–33

  Geiger, Susan, 11–12

  General Strike (Nigeria, 1964), 7, 98

  Ghanaian-Israeli shipping partnership, 113


  Gilroy, Paul, 10, 70

  Glasier, Malcolm, 43–44, 89–90, 176–77

  globalization, 70

  Gomez, Michael, 80–81

  Goodluck, Wahab, 98

  Guinea Gulf Line, 122

  Hall, Stuart, 49, 195

  Hansen, Randall, 53

  Harneit-Sievers, Axel, 108, 109

  Hawthorne, Walter, 24

  Heaton, Matthew, 106, 107–8

  Herbert Macauley, 172

  heterotopias, use of term, 194

  Hoegh Line, 122

  Hoffman, Albert, 129

  Holland West Africa Line, 133

  holystoning, 30

  housekeeping crews, 24, 29, 30

  Hyslop, Jonathan, 10

  identity, Nigerian, 13, 62

  Igbo: anti-Igbo sentiment, 179; miners, study of, 9; NCNC, 106

  Iheduru, Okechukwu, 102, 103, 104, 111, 169, 170, 174

  Ikelegbe, Augustine, 156

  Immigration Act (1971), 53

  immigration policies, British, 49–50

  Imoudu, Michael, 98

  imperialism, 10, 81, 82, 109–10. See also colonialism

  indigenization: and economic autonomy, 110; and nationalization, 134–35; of shipping, 5, 16, 111

  International Bank, 112

  International Institute of Social History, 18

  International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF), 195–96

  interracial relations, 51–52

  Israeli shipping. See Ghanaian-Israeli shipping partnership

  Iyer, Pico, 194

  Jones, Alfred, 27

  Joseph, Richard, 164

  Khayam, Sidi Omar, 84–88; and Apapa strike, 88–91; Communist accusations against, 85–86; Dan Fodio investigation, 94, 140, 143; Elder Dempster on, 95–96; on Nigerianization, 97, 143; and NNU, 95–101; on race relations, 42–43, 86, 94–95, 143–44; recruitment/appointment of, 79, 84–85, 86–87; Salubi report on, 92–95; seaman’s criticism of, 98–99; on seamen’s working conditions, 84–85

  Kilby, Peter, 7

  Kru seamen, 4; as expert boatmen, 25–26; Krooboys, 30, 72–73; on labor organizing, 97; labor recruitment system, 26–29

  labor history, African, 6–11

  labor organizing, 38–44, 78–79, 98

  Labour Department (Lagos), 40, 85

  Leif Hoegh and Company, 121–22

  Lindop, F. J., 35

  Lindsay, Lisa, 9

  Linebaugh, Peter, 24, 194

  Liverpool: African seamen in, 28–29, 33, 52, 60–61, 83, 95–96; African seamen’s wages, 4, 32; and Apapa strike, 79–80, 89–90, 91–92, 95; archives, 17–18; mixed-race community in, 52; Pan-Africanism in, 83; social scene, 55–56, 69; wives and families of seamen, 57–59, 62. See also Elder Dempster Lines; Palm Line

 

‹ Prev