A Companion to Assyria

by Eckart Frahm

  Altaweel, M. 2008. The Imperial Landscape of Ashur: Settlement and Land Use in the Assyrian Heartland, Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 11, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.

  Bachmann, W. 1927. Felsreliefs in Assyrien: Bawian, Maltai und Gundük, Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient‐Gesellschaft 52, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

  Bagg, A.M. 2000. Assyrische Wasserbauten: Landwirtschaftliche Wasserbauten im Kernland Assyriens zwischen der 2. Hälfte des 2. und der 1. Hälfte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr., Baghdader Forschungen Band 24, Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

  Bernbeck, R. 1993. Steppe als Kulturlandschaft, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.

  Brinkman, J.A. 1995. “Reflections on the Geography of Babylonia (1000–600 B.C.),” in: M. Liverani (ed.), Neo‐Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5, Rome: Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 19–29.

  Buringh, P. 1960. Soils and Soil Conditions in Iraq, Baghdad: Republic of Iraq Ministry of Agriculture.

  Charles, M. and Bogaard, A. 2001.“Third‐millennium BC charred plant remains from Tell Brak,” in: D. Oates, J. Oates, and H. McDonald (eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium BC, Cambridge and London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 301–26.

  Courty, M.A. 1994. “Le cadre paléographique des occupations humaines dans le bassin du Haut‐Khabur (Syrie du Nord‐Est). Premiers Résultats,” Paléorient 20, 21–59.

  Danti, M. 2010. “Late Middle Holocene Climate and Northern Mesopotamia: Varying Cultural Responses to the 5.2 and 4.2 ka Aridification Events,” in: A.B. Mainwaring, R. Giegengack, and C. Vita‐Finzi (eds.), Climate Crises in Human History, American Philosophical Society, 139–72.

  Davey, C.J. 1985. “The Negub Tunnel,” Iraq 47, 49–56.

  Deckers, K. and Pessin, H. 2010. “Vegetation Development in the Middle Euphrates and Upper Jazirah (Syria/Turkey) During the Bronze Age,” Quaternary Research 74, 216–26.

  Dittmann, R. 1990. “Ausgrabungen der Freien Universität Berlin in Assur und Kār‐Tukultī‐Ninurta in den Jahren 1986–89,” Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient‐Gesellschaft zu Berlin 122, 157–71.

  Durand, J.‐M. 2004. “Peuplement et sociétés à l’époque amorrite: (1) les clans bensim’alites,” in: C. Nicolle (ed.), Nomades et sédentaires dans le Proche‐Orient ancien, Amurru 3, Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations, 111–97.

  Ergenzinger, P.J., Frey, W., Kühne, H., and Kürschner, H. 1988. “The Reconstruction of Environment, Irrigation and Development of Settlement in the Habur in North‐east Syria,” in: J. Bintliff, D.A. Davidson, and E. Grant (eds.), Conceptual Issues in Environmental Archaeology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 108–28.

  Fales, F.M. 1990. “The Rural Landscape of the Neo‐Assyrian Empire: A Survey,” State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 4, 81–142.

  Fales, F.M. and del Fabbro, R. 2012–13. “Ritorno a Gerwan: Nuove indagini su un acquedotto imperiale assiro (ca. 690 a.C.)., Atti dell’Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere e Arti 171, 1–38.

  Fleming, D.E. 2004. Democracy’s Ancient Ancestors: Mari and Early Collective Governance, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

  Graf, D.F. 1994. “The Persian Royal Road System,” in: H. Sancisi‐Weerdenberg, A. Kuhrt, and M.C. Root (eds.), Achaemenid History 8: Continuity and Change, Leiden: NINO, 167–89.

  Guest, E. (ed.) 1966. Flora of Iraq, Volume One: Introduction, Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture.

  Hole, F. and Kouchoukos, N. (in press). “Preliminary Report on an Archaeological Survey in the Western Khabur Basin, 1994,” Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes.

  Ibrahim, J.K. 1986. Pre‐Islamic Settlement in the Jazirah, Baghdad: State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Republic of Iraq.

  Jacobsen, T. and Lloyd, S. 1935. Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan, OIP 24, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Jones, F. 1855. Vestiges of Assyria, London: John Walker.

  Kessler, K. 1997. “Royal Roads and other Questions of the Neo‐Assyrian Communication System,” in: S. Parpola and R.M. Whiting (eds.), Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo‐Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 129–36.

  Kopanias, K. and MacGinnis, J. (eds.) 2016. The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions, Oxford: Archaeopress.

  Kühne, H. 1995. “The Assyrians on the Middle Euphrates and the Habur,” in: M. Liverani (ed.), Neo‐Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5, Rome: Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 69–85.

  Kühne, H. 2010. “The Rural Hinterland of Dur‐Katlimmu,” in: H. Kühne (ed.), Dur‐Katlimmu and Beyond, Studia Chaburensia 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 115–28.

  Kühne, H. 2011. “Urbanism in the Assyrian Homeland,” in: B. Düring, A. Wossink, and P. Akkermans (eds.), Correlates of Complexity: Essays in Archaeology and Assyriology Dedicated to Diederik J. W. Meijer in Honour of his 65th Birthday, PIHANS 116, Leiden: NINO, 143–52.

  Kühne, H. 2012.“Water for Assyria,” in: R. Matthews and J. Curtis (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 12–16 April 2010, the British Museum and UCL, London, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 559–72.

  Kuzucuoğlu, C. and Marro, C. (eds.) 2007. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire: une crise a‐t‐elle eu lieu en haute Mésopotamie? Varia Anatolica 19, Istanbul: Institut Français d’études anatoliennes Georges‐Dumézil.

  Larsen, M.T. 1996. The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, London and New York: Routledge.

  Layard, A.H. 1853. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon; with travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the desert, London: John Murray.

  Liverani, M. 1988. “The Growth of the Assyrian Empire in the Habur/Middle Euphrates Area: a New Paradigm,” State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 2, 81–98.

  Lloyd, S. 1938. “Some Ancient Sites in the Sinjar District,” Iraq 123–42.

  Lovelock, P. 1984. “A Review of the Tectonics of the Northern Middle East region,” Geological Magazine 121, 577–87.

  Lyonnet, B. 1996. “La prospection archéologique de la partie occidentale du Haut‐Khabur (Syrie du nord‐est): Méthodes, résultats et questions autour de l'occupation aux IIIe et IIe millénaires Av. N. È.,” Amurru 1, 363–76.

  Matney, T. 2012. “Bronze Age Cities of Northern Mesopotamia,” in: D.T. Potts (ed.), Blackwell Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Oxford: Blackwell, 556–74.

  Matney, T. et al. 2011. “Exavations at Ziyaret Tepe, Diyarbakir Province, Turkey, 2009–2010 Seasons,” Anatolica 37, 67–114.

  Menze, B.H. and Ur, J.A. 2012. “Mapping Patterns of Long‐Term Settlement in Northern Mesopotamia at a Large Scale,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, E778–E787.

  Menze, B.H., Ur, J.A., and Sherratt, A.G. 2006. “Detection of Ancient Settlement Mounds: Archaeological Survey Based on the SRTM Terrain Model,” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 72, 321–7.

  Morandi Bonacossi, D. 1996. “‘Landscapes of Power’: The Political Organization of Space in the Lower Habur Valley in the Neo‐Assyrian Period,” State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 10, 15–49.

  Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2000. “The Syrian Jazireh in the Late Assyrian Period: A View from the Countryside,” in: G. Bunnens (ed.), Essays on Syria in the Iron Age, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 7, Leuven: Peeters, 349–96.

  Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2012–13.“Il paesaggio archeologico nel centro dell’impero assiro: Insedimento e uso del territorio nella ‘Terra di Ninive’,” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere e Arti 171, 181–223.

  Morandi Bonacossi, D. and Iamoni, M. 2015. “Landscape and Settlement in the Eastern Upper Iraqi Tigris and Navkur Plains (Northern Kurdistan Region, Iraq). The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project, Seasons 2012–2013,” Iraq 77, 9–3
9.

  Mühl, S. 2010. “Durchs wilde Kurdistan: Neue Forschungen in der Provinz Sulaimaniya, Irak,” Agora 1, 48–53.

  Neumann, J. and Parpola, S. 1987. “Climatic Change and the Eleventh‐Tenth‐Century Eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 46, 161–82.

  Oates, D. 1968. Studies in the Ancient History of Northern Iraq, London: Oxford University Press.

  Oates, D. and Oates, J. 2001. Nimrud: An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.

  Oded, B. 1979. Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo‐Assyrian Empire, Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.

  Page, S. 1968. “A Stela of Adad‐nirari III and Nergal‐ereš from Tell al Rimah,” Iraq 30, 139–53.

  Parker, B.J. 2001. The Mechanics of Empire: The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case Study in Imperial Dynamics, Helsinki: The Neo‐Assyrian Text Corpus Project.

  Postgate, J.N. 1974. “Some Remarks on Conditions in the Assyrian Countryside,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17, 225–43.

  Postgate, J.N. 1992. “The Land of Assur and the Yoke of Assur,” World Archaeology 23, 247–63.

  Postgate, J.N. 1994. “How Many Sumerians Per Hectare? Probing the Anatomy of an Early City,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4, 47–65.

  Postgate, J.N. 1995. “Assyria: The Home Provinces,” in: M. Liverani (ed.), Neo‐Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5, Rome: Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” 1–17.

  Radner, K. 2000. “How Did the Neo‐Assyrian King Perceive his Land and its Resources?,” in: R. Jas (ed.), Rainfall and Agriculture in Northern Mesopotamia, PIHANS 88, Leiden: NINO, 233–46.

  Radner, K. 2006. “Provinz. C. Assyrien,” Reallexikon der Assyriologie 11, 42–68.

  Reade, J.E. 1968. “Tell Taya (1967): Summary Report,” Iraq 30, 234–64.

  Reade, J.E. 1978. “Studies in Assyrian Geography, Part I: Sennacherib and the Waters of Nineveh,” Revue d’Assyriologie et d’Archéologie Orientale 72, 47–72, 157–80.

  Reade, J.E. 2000. “Ninive (Nineveh),” Reallexikon der Assyriologie 9, 388–433.

  Reade, J.E. 2002. “Shiru Maliktha and the Bandwai Canal System,” in: L. Werr, J. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, J. Oates, and J. Reade (eds.), Of Pots and Plans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria Presented to David Oates in Honour of his 75th Birthday, Nabu Publications, 309–18.

  Ristvet, L. 2008. “Legal and Archaeological Territories of the Second Millennium BC in Northern Mesopotamia,” Antiquity 82, 585–99.

  Rosen, A.M. 1986. Cities of Clay: The Geoarchaeology of Tells, London and Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Safar, F. 1947. “Sennacherib's Project for Supplying Erbil with Water,” Sumer 3, 23–5.

  Sallaberger, W. and Ur, J.A. 2004. “Tell Beydar/Nabada in its Regional Setting,” in: L. Milano, W. Sallaberger, P. Talon, and K.V. Lerberghe (eds.), Third Millennium Cuneiform Texts from Tell Beydar (Seasons 1996–2002), Subartu 12, Turnhout: Brepols, 51–71.

  Staubwasser, M. and Weiss, H. 2006. “Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric‐Early Historic West Asia,” Quaternary Research 66, 372–87.

  Stein, G.J. 2004. “Structural Parameters and Sociocultural Factors in the Economic Organization of North Mesopotamian Urbanism in the Third Millennium BC,” in: G.M. Feinman and L.M. Nicholas (eds.), Archaeological Perspectives on Political Economies, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 61–78.

  Stronach, D. 1994. “Village to Metropolis: Nineveh and the Beginnings of Urbanism in Northern Mesopotamia,” in: S. Mazzoni (ed.), Nuove fondazioni nel Vicino Oriente antico: Realtà e ideologia, Pisa: Giardini, 85–114.

  Szuchman, J. 2009. “Revisiting Hanigalbat: Settlement in the Western Provinces of the Middle Assyrian Kingdom,” in: G. Wilhelm (ed.), General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 11/2, Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians Vol. 18, Bethseda: CDL Press, 531–44.

  Thomason, A.K. 2001. “Representations of the North Syrian Landscape in Neo‐Assyrian Art,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 323, 63–96.

  Ur, J.A. 2003. “CORONA Satellite Photography and Ancient Road Networks: A Northern Mesopotamian Case Study,” Antiquity 77, 102–15.

  Ur, J.A. 2005. “Sennacherib’s Northern Assyrian Canals: New Insights from Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photography,” Iraq 67, 317–45.

  Ur, J.A. 2009. “Emergent Landscapes of Movement in Early Bronze Age Northern Mesopotamia,” in: J.E. Snead, C. Erickson, and W.A. Darling (eds.), Landscapes of Movement: Paths, Trails, and Roads in Anthropological Perspective, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum Press, 180–203.

  Ur, J.A. 2010a. “Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC,” Journal of Archaeological Research 18, 387–431.

  Ur, J.A. 2010b. Urbanism and Cultural Landscapes in Northeastern Syria: The Tell Hamoukar Survey, 1999–2001, OIP 137, Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute.

  Ur, J.A. 2013. “Patterns of Settlement in Sumer and Akkad,” in: H. Crawford (ed.), The Sumerian World, London: Routledge.

  Ur, J.A. 2015. “Urban Adaptations to Climate Change in Northern Mesopotamia,” in: S. Kerner, R.J. Dann, and P. Bangsgaard (eds.), Climate Ancient Societies, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 69–95.

  Ur, J.A. and Colantoni, C. 2010. “The Cycle of Production, Preparation, and Consumption in a Northern Mesopotamian City,” in: E. Klarich (ed.), Inside Ancient Kitchens: New Directions in the Study of Daily Meals and Feasts, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 55–82.

  Ur, J.A., De Jong, L., Giraud, J., Osborne, J.F., and MacGinnis, J. 2013. “Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season,” Iraq 75, 89–117.

  Ur, J.A., Karsgaard, P., and Oates, J. 2007. “Urban Development in the Ancient Near East,” Science 317, 11–88.

  Ur, J.A., Karsgaard, P., and Oates, J. 2011. “The Spatial Dimensions of Early Mesopotamian Urbanism: The Tell Brak Suburban Survey, 2003–2006,” Iraq 73, 1–19.

  Ur, J.A. and Osborne, J.F. 2016.“The Rural Landscape of the Assyrian Heartland: Recent Results from Arbail and Kilizu Provinces,” in: J. MacGinnis, D. Wicke, and T. Greenfield (eds.), The Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 163–74.

  Ur, J.A. and Reade, J. 2015. “The Hydraulic Landscape of Nimrud,” Mesopotamia 50, 25–51.

  Ur, J.A. and Wilkinson, T.J. 2008. “Settlement and Economic Landscapes of Tell Beydar and its Hinterland,” in: M. Lebeau and A. Suleiman (eds.), Beydar Studies I, Turnhout: Brepols, 305–27.

  Weiss, H. 1986. “The Origins of Tell Leilan and the Conquest of Space in Third Millennium Mesopotamia,” in: H. Weiss (ed.), The Origins of Cities in Dry‐Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B.C., Guilford: Four Quarters, 71–108.

  Weiss, H., Courty, M.A., Wetterstrom, W., Guichard, F., Senior, L., Meadow, R., and Curnow, A. 1993. “The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization,” Science 261, 995–1004.

  Wilkinson, T.J. 1993. “Linear Hollows in the Jazira, Upper Mesopotamia,” Antiquity 67, 548–62.

  Wilkinson, T.J. 1994. “The Structure and Dynamics of Dry‐Farming States in Upper Mesopotamia,” Current Anthropology 35, 483–520.

  Wilkinson, T.J. 1995. “Late‐Assyrian Settlement Geography in Upper Mesopotamia,” in: M. Liverani (eds), in Neo‐Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5, Rome: Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 139–60.

  Wilkinson, T.J. 2000. “Regional Approaches to Mesopotamian Archaeology: The Contribution of Archaeological Surveys,” Journal of Archaeological Research 8, 219–67.

  Wilkinson, T.J. 2002. “The Settlement Transition of the Second Millennium BC in the Western Khabur,” in: L. Werr, J. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, J. Oates, and J. Reade (eds.), Of Pots and Plans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Meso
potamia and Syria Presented to David Oates in Honour of his 75th Birthday, Nabu Publications, 361–72.

  Wilkinson, T.J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.

  Wilkinson, T.J. and Barbanes, E. 2000. “Settlement Patterns in the Syrian Jazira During the Iron Age,” in: G. Bunnens (ed.), Essays on Syria in the Iron Age, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 7, Leuven: Peeters, 397–422.

  Wilkinson, T.J., Christiansen, J., Ur, J.A., Widell, M., and Altaweel, M. 2007. “Urbanization within a Dynamic Environment: Modelling Bronze Age Communities in Upper Mesopotamia,” American Anthropologist 109, 52–68.

  Wilkinson, T.J. and Rayne, L. 2010. “Hydraulic Landscapes and Imperial Power in the Near East,” Water History 2, 115–44.

  Wilkinson, T.J. and Tucker, D.J. 1995. Settlement Development in the North Jazira, Iraq, Warminster: Aris & Phillips, Ltd.

  Wilkinson, T.J., Ur, J.A., and Casana, J. 2004. “From Nucleation to Dispersal: Trends in Settlement Pattern in the Northern Fertile Crescent,” in: J. Cherry and S. Alcock (eds.), Side‐by‐Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 198–205.

  Wilkinson, T.J., Wilkinson, E., Ur, J.A., and Altaweel, M. 2005. “Landscape and Settlement in the Neo‐Assyrian Empire,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 340, 23–56.

  Winter, I.J. 2003. “Ornament and the ‘Rhetoric of Abundance’ in Assyria,” Eretz‐Israel 27, 252–64.

  Wossink, A. 2009. Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1600 BC), Leiden: Sidestone Press.

  Wright, H.T., Rupley, E., Ur, J.A., Oates, J., and Ganem, E. 2007–07. “Preliminary Report on the 2002 and 2003 Seasons of the Tell Brak Sustaining Area Survey,” Les Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes 49–50, 7–21.

  Yoffee, N. 1988. “The Collapse of Ancient Mesopotamian States and Civilization,” in: N. Yoffee and G.L. Cowgill (eds.), The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 44–68.