11. Shibani Mahtani, “Myanmar Mine Disaster Highlights Challenge to Suu Kyi,” Wall Street Journal, November 23, 2015; David Scott Mathieson, “Dispatches: Greed and Death in Burma’s Jade Mines,” Human Rights Watch, December 15, 2015.
12. Huang Jingjing, “Myanmar Border Town Is an Attraction and Trap for Chinese Gamblers,” Global Times, December 19, 2016.
13. US Treasury Department, “Treasury Sanctions the Zhao Wei Transnational Criminal Organization,” press release, January 30, 2018. Zhao denies the allegations: https://calvinayre.com/2018/02/06/casino/laos-king-romans-casino-co-owner-decries-transnational-criminal-tag/.
14. Sun, “China and the Myanmar Peace Process,” 8–9.
15. Timothy McLaughlin, “How Facebook’s Rise Fuelled Chaos and Confusion in Myanmar,” Wired, June 7, 2018.
16. International Crisis Group, “Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar,” September 5, 2017.
17. Aung Kyaw Min, “Religion looms large over poll as NLD, Ma Ba Tha trade words,” Myanmar Times, July 31, 2015.
18. Matthew J. Walton, Melyn McKay, and Ma Khin Mar Mar Kyi, “Why Are Women Supporting Myanmar’s ‘Religious Protection Laws’?,” September 9, 2015.
19. Transnational Institute, “Ethnicity Without Meaning, Data Without Context: The 2014 Census, Identity and Citizenship in Burma/Myanmar,” Burma update, February 13, 2014; International Crisis Group, “Counting the Costs: Myanmar’s Problematic Census,” update briefing, May 15, 2014.
20. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Pillay Calls for Killings in Northern Rakhine to Be Investigated,” January 23, 2014.
21. David Scott Mathieson, “Burma’s Lost Rapport on Rights Protection,” Tea Circle Oxford, April 2, 2018.
22. “Pakistani Taliban Attempts to Recruit Rohingyas to Kill Myanmar’s Rulers,” Sydney Morning Herald, June 19, 2015.
23. Nu Nu Khin, author interview, December 12, 2018.
24. Thin Thin Lei, “Sexism, Racism, Poor Education Condemn Rohingya Women in Western Myanmar,” Thompson Reuters Foundation, July 9, 2014.
25. Nyo Aye, author interview, August 10, 2018.
26. “Bangladesh PM Says Illegal Migrants Taint National Image,” BBC News, May 24, 2015.
27. Ngeginpao Kipgen, “Leaders Face Constitutional Challenges,” Bangkok Post, July 2, 2015.
28. Richard Horsey, “New Religious Legislation in Myanmar,” prepared for the Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum, Social Science Research Council, February 13, 2015.
29. Sui-Lee Wee, “Myanmar Official Accuses China of Meddling in Rebel Peace Talks,” Reuters, October 9, 2015; Sun, “China and the Myanmar Peace Process.”
NINE: UNFINISHED NATION
1. Aung Hla Tun, “Myanmar’s Ex-Dictator Sees Suu Kyi as Country’s ‘Future Leader’: Relative,” Reuters, December 5, 2015.
2. Fergal Keane, “Myanmar Election: Aung San Suu Kyi Positions Herself for Victory,” BBC News, November 10, 2015.
3. Hannah Ellis-Peterson, “From Peace Icon to Pariah: Aung San Suu Kyi’s Fall from Grace,” Guardian, November 23, 2018.
4. Thein Sein, author interview, August 2, 2018.
5. Htoo Thant, “‘State Counsellor’ Bill Approved Despite Military Voting Boycott,” Myanmar Times, April 5, 2016.
6. “Myanmar Finance Minister Nominee Kyaw Win Has Fake Degree,” BBC News, March 23, 2016.
7. Rhodes, The World as It Is, 389–90.
8. China Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Xi Jinping Meets with State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar,” press release, August 19, 2016.
9. Jane Perlez, “China Helps Aung San Suu Kyi with Peace Talks in Myanmar,” New York Times, August 20, 2016.
10. International Crisis Group, “Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State,” December 15, 2016; International Crisis Group, “Myanmar Tips into New Crisis after Rakhine State Attacks,” August 27, 2017.
11. Su Myat Mon and Steve Gleason, “NLD Official Gets Six Month Sentence in Latest Telco Law Case,” Frontier, April 7, 2017.
12. Human Rights Watch, “Burma: Rohingya Recount Killings, Rape, and Arson,” December 21, 2016.
13. Kayleigh Long, “Rohingya Insurgency Takes Lethal Form in Myanmar,” Asia Times, June 20, 2017.
14. Prashant Jha, “Lashkar Militants Inciting Rohingya Refugees, India Warns Myanmar,” Hindustan Times, Feburary 7, 2017.
15. Probir Kumar Sakar, “Wider Support for Rohingya Terrorists Hints at Further Attacks,” Dhaka Tribune, July 3, 2017.
16. Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, “Towards a Peaceful, Fair and Prosperous Future for the People of Rakhine,” final report, http://www.rakhinecommission.org/the-final-report/.
17. Amnesty International, “Briefing: Attacks by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) on Hindus in Northern Rakhine State,” May 10, 2018.
18. Amnesty International, “‘We Will Destroy Everything’: Military Responsibility for Crimes Against Humanity in Rakhine State,” June 27, 2018, 47.
19. Amnesty International, “‘We Will Destroy Everything,’” 1.
20. Associated Press, “‘Everything Is Gone’: Satellite Images in Myanmar Show Dozens of Rohingya Villages Bulldozed,” Feburary 24, 2018.
21. Médecins Sans Frontières, “MSF Surveys Estimate that at Least 6,700 Rohingya Were Killed during the Attacks in Myanmar,” December 12, 2017.
22. Amnesty International, “‘We Will Destroy Everything,’” 59–61.
23. Amnesty International, “‘We Will Destroy Everything,’” 72; Human Rights Watch, “Burma: Methodical Massacre at Rohingya Village,” December 19, 2017.
24. Wa Lone, Kyaw Soe Oo, Simon Lewis, and Antoni Slodkowski, “How Myanmar Forces Burned, Looted and Killed in a Remote Village,” Reuters Special Report, Feburary 8, 2018.
25. Rick Gladstone and Megan Specia, “Pressure Rises at U.N. on Myanmar Over Rohingya Crisis,” New York Times, September 28, 2017.
26. Reuters, “Al Qaeda Warns Myanmar of ‘Punishment’ over Rohingya,” September 13, 2017.
27. Naaman Zhou and Michael Safi, “Desmond Tutu Condemns Aung San Suu Kyi: ‘Silence is too high a price,’” Guardian, September 8, 2017.
28. “He Admits Giving It Up Is ‘a PR Stunt’, but What Happens Now to Bob Geldof’s Freedom of Dublin?,” The Journal, November 13, 2017.
29. Aye Aye Soe, author interview, August 10, 2018.
30. Joe Freeman and Annie Gowen, “Burma’s Aung San Suu Kyi Under Fire as Alleged Military Abuse Follows Militant Attack,” Washington Post, November 4, 2018.
31. Tim McLaughlin, “How Facebook’s Rise Fueled Chaos and Confusion in Myanmar,” Wired, June 7, 2018.
32. United Nations Human Rights Council, “Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar,” August 27, 2018.
33. UN News, Myanmar Military Leaders Must Face Genocide Charges – UN report,” August 27, 2018.
34. Toby Sterling, “International Criminal Court Says It Has Jurisdiction over Alleged Crimes Against Rohingya,” Reuters, September 6, 2018.
35. Owen Bowcott, “John Bolton Threatens War Crimes Court with Sanctions in Virulent Attack,” Guardian, September 10, 2018.
36. Agence France Presse, “Facebook Bans Min Aung Hlaing, Army Top Brass after UN Genocide Allegations,” August 27, 2018.
37. Zhang Hui, “FM Proposes China–Myanmar Economic Corridor,” Global Times, November 20, 2017.
38. Kyaw Lin Htoon, “Tough Money: Central Bank Steers Painful Reforms,” Frontier, May 7, 2018.
EPILOGUE
1. Pe Thet Htet Khin, “Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s Fetching Friend,” The Irrawaddy, May 17, 2017.
2. John Geddie and Fathin Ungku, “Myanmar’s Suu Kyi Says Relations with Military ‘Not That Bad,’” Reuters, August 21, 2018.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Adams, Brad, 233
Alb
right, Madeleine, 46–47
All Burma Students’ Democratic Front (ABSDF), 39, 124–25
Al-Qaeda, 207–8
Amarapura, 8, 69
Amherst, Lord, 14
Amnesty International, 156, 238
ancient history of Burma, 7–8
Anglo-Burmese Wars, 14–16
Aniston, Jennifer, 81
Annan, Kofi, 73–74, 74–75, 231, 235, 237
Ansar al-Islam, 235
Arakan
invasion of, 13–14
kingdom of, 9–10
Mujahid Party in, 30
Muslims of, 26–27, 109
nationalism, tied to identity, 35–36
under Ne Win, 36–37
as part of new British Burma, 14–15
as province district, 17
recent fighting and tensions in, 248
See also Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army; Rohingya people
Arakan Army, 244, 248
Arakanese Buddhists, 244, 248
Arakanese people
ethnic identity of, 35–36
Muslim minority of (see Rohingya people)
Arakan National Party, 244
Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA)
civilians killed by, 235, 236–37
as new militant outfit, 1–2, 231–32
seen as Islamic threat, 237
See also army-ARSA conflict
Armenian community, 20
army-ARSA conflict
Arakanese Buddhist demonstrators attacked, 243–44
attacks and massacres, 237–40
Aung San Suu Kyi response to, 240–41
changed landscape following, 243
crisis views, differing, 241
international reaction to, 240, 241
journalists prosecuted, 243
massacre allegations disbelieved, 242
Min Aung Hlaing speeches related to, 241–42
response to ARSA attacks, 238–39
Western bias of, criticized, 242
ARSA. See Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army
Asian Development Bank, 195
Asiatick Society of Bengal, 22
Assam, 13, 14–15
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 95–96
Ataullah Abu Ammar Jununi, 231–32
attacks and massacres. See violence
Aung Din, Debbie, 97–99, 165, 234
Aung Kyi, 152
Aung Min, 142, 150, 152, 214, 216
author meeting with, 138–39
military background of, 163–64
as minister for peace, 153
negotiating peace with Kachin Independence Organization, 169–70
as peace negotiator, 163–67, 165
peace process efforts, 176
promotions of, 164–65
receptive to change, 138–41
Aung San (father of Aung San Suu Kyi)
assassination and legacy of, 41
attending Panglong conference, 226
as Dobama Asi-ayone member, 29
military background, 40
as politician, 29, 40–41
Aung San Suu Kyi
admiration for father, 42
ambushed convoy of, 63
arrest, trial, and release of, 104–5, 105–6, 128–29
author meeting with, 142–43
awards and prizes given to, 43, 48, 90, 155
background of, 39–40
ceremonial presidency of, 222
change, questioning, 138, 161–62
Chinese dignitaries, meeting, 228
constitutional revision attempts and, 215–16, 225–26
David Rockefeller meeting, 63
as democracy advocate, 40
democracy and struggle, thoughts on, 42
generals, meeting with, 74
Hillary Clinton and, 149–50, 150–51
Ibrahim Gambari meeting, 74
Jim Webb meeting, 120
John Yettaw and, 105, 106
Martyrs Day Ceremony and, 141
monks blessing, 77
nationalist writings of, 41
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement and, 217
Naypitaw, latter years in, 251
Rizali Ismail meeting, 73
sacrifice attribute of, 42–43
Shwe Mann alliance thwarted, 216
Shwe Mann relationship, 215
societal change ideas of, 41–42
Than Shwe, meeting with post-election, 223
Thein Sein and, 142, 161
21st-century Panglong conference, 226–27, 228–29
Western criticism of Burmese army and, 236
Aung San Suu Kyi, elections and
parliamentary win, 154–55, 215
post-victory travel, 155–56
presidential ambitions and obstacles, 215, 221
Aung San Suu Kyi, government roles of
advisors and think tanks, dismissing, 225
authority and responsibilities, 251–54
barred from presidency, 215, 221
condemned in UN report, 245–46
foreign and domestic outreach, 225
Kofi Annan appointment to commission, 231
Kofi Annan report, embracing, 237
National Defense and Security Council, 236
State Counsellor position, 224
author. See Thant Myint-U; Thant Myint-U, recollections of
Aye Aye Soe, 180, 183, 184, 241
Aye Maung, 244
Ayutthaya, 8, 12
Bagyidaw, King, 14
Bandung Conference, 74
Bangkok
author impressions of, 34, 80
author meeting with officials in, 94–95
author working for change in, 39
conference post-Nargis, 101
economic reform conference in, 124
Egress active in, 123
Bangladesh
border, and Rohingya issue, 207–8
history of, 9
and Hurricane Nargis, 84
illegal immigration from, 212–13
Muslim migration to, 233, 239–40
Nagra-min operation and, 37
Pakistani Taliban members in, 210
Rohingya refugee crisis in, 235, 242–43, 246
Western aid to, 70
banks, Burmese
banking system disasters, 58–59, 249
laundering money through, 53
See also currency reform
banks, foreign. See Asian Development Bank; World Bank
Basic Principles (2008 constitution), 107–8
Belt Road Initiative (China), 247
Bengal, 9–10, 13–14
Bengal, Asiatick Society of, 22
Bengalis
Bengali language, 26–27
Bengali Muslims incident, 180
seen as immigrants, 109
Thein Sein on citizenship of, 182
Beyond Ceasefires Initiative, 175–76
biodiversity of Burma, 203
Blair, Tony, 67, 154, 168
Blanchett, Cate, 2, 246
Blue Ridge (ship), 91
Bodawpaya, King, 8–9
Bohana, Michele, 63
Bolton, John, 246
Bombay-Burmah Trading Co., 17–18
Bono (singer-songwriter), 64, 155–56, 191
Border Guard Forces, 112, 116, 179
Bosnian War, 79
bo term, 20
Brahmaputra River, 13
Britain, post-colonial. See United Kingdom
British colonial rule
administration strategy, 16–18
Anglo-Burmese Wars establishing, 14–16
Burma as plural society, 19
Burma image during, 47
civil war following, 30–31
destructive effects of, 5
independence from, 30
Indian labor and immigration under, 18–19
Kachin people under, 114
military rule following, 31
race and identity under, 22–27
racial hierarchy under, 20–21
racial landscape, British analyzing, 21–22
rise of Burmese nationalism, 27–29
during World War II, 30
British East India Company, 12
Brown, Gordon, 105
Brown, Mark Malloch, 94–95
Buddhism
Mabatha and, 208
Mahamuni, sacred image of, 10
Shwedagon Pagoda, 28
Theravada philosophy, 4
Buddhist monks
demonstrations and protests by, 33, 76–77
protecting Muslims, 186–87
Buddhist-Muslim conflict. See Muslim-Buddhist conflict
Buddhist people
Buddhist nationalists, 209
Mabatha organization and, 208–9
marriage of women, 29, 208
See also Arakanese Buddhists; Buddhist monks; Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act; Muslim-Buddhist conflict
Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act (1939), 29
Burma, future of
business issues, 249–50
conflicts and tensions, 248
economic growth and banking issues, 149
internal government criticism, 249
lack of vision for ordinary people, 250
lasting peace denied, 248
Panglong conference failures, 248–49
Burma, introduction to
book overview, 6
British colonialism, 5
democratic progress, 4
economic woes, 2
global capitalism, 4–5
human rights violations, 1–2
political and societal challenges, 5–6
societal overview, 3–4
transformation, 1
transition and struggle, 2–3
Western image of, 47
Burma Freedom and Democracy Act, 65–66
Burmah Oil (British Petroleum), 17–18
“Burma: It Can’t Wait” (video), 81
Burma National Army, 30, 40
Burma Research Society, 22–23
Burma Socialist Programme Party, 34, 126
Burma Students’ Democratic Front, All, 39, 126
Burmese army-Kachin Independence Organization war
fighting, 168–69, 170
peace negotiations, 169–70, 171
Burmese empire
ancient history of, 7–8
Anglo-Burmese wars, 14–16
Arakan kingdom, 9–10
conquests of, 12–14
expansion of, 10–11
geography of, 7
kala term usage and, 11–12
kingdoms and dynasties of, 8–10
Mizzima-desa and, 10–11
The Hidden History of Burma Page 29
