national identity and, 16–17
See also British colonial rule
Burmese-Indian riots, 29
Burmese kingdoms, 8–9
See also Mindon, King; Thibaw, King
Burmese Way to Socialism, 31, 43, 45, 51–52
Busch, Sofia, 171, 189
Bush, George H. W., 46
Bush, George W., 65, 71, 77, 81, 90. 97–99
Bush, Laura, 63–64, 90, 97–98, 156–57
by-elections (2012), 154–55
Byron, Lord, 13
Cachar, 14
Campbell, Kurt, 160
Canadian Museum for Human Rights, 2
capitalism
under British rule, 17–19
building demolition spurred by, 191–92
changing or embracing, 4–5, 199–200
driving future story, 256
failures of, 230
plural society and, 19
restoration of, 54–55
state, desire for, 200, 249
Carrey, Jim, 77
Carriere, Rolf, 61
Carter, Jimmy, 75
casinos, 200–201, 201–2
Ceasefire Agreement, Nationwide, 172–73, 217–18
Ceasefires Initiative, Beyond, 175–76
censuses
19th-century, 22
1911 imperial census, 21, 23, 28
1931 census, 24
UN nationwide, 209–10
See also race and identity
Central Political College, 45
Charles, Prince of Wales, 156, 193
Chiang Kai-shek, 31
children
humanitarian crisis and, 61
malnutrition of, 60–61, 197, 236
as refugees, 242
violence affecting, 210, 238, 239
China
aiding Communists, 49
Aung San Suu Kyi alliance with, 228, 246–48
Belt Road Initiative, 247
border relations with, 113
Burma Road, seeking new, 117
Burmese-American talks, hosting, 75
Burmese markets and tourism, 254
Deng Xiaoping, 116
geography with Burma altered, 116–17
growing concerns of, 176–79
growth in, Burma benefiting from, 50
immigration from, 20–21
modern trade with, 51
Myitsone dam issue and, 146–47
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement and, 217
natural resources profits, 117–18
peace talk role, 170–71
railway connection with, 254
record famine in, 13
Sino-Burmese relations, 228–54
Where China Meets India (Thant Myint-U), 94
Yunnan province Muslims, 25
See also Chiang Kai-shek; Kokang people; Song Tao; Wang Yi; Wang Yifan; Yucheng Group
Chinese Communist Party, 228
Chinese people
as 20th-century immigrants, 41
border casinos and, 200–201
exodus of, 35
Kokang Chinese, 50
Wa people, 111–12
Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 113
Chin National Front, 174
Chit Hlaing, 158
Chittagong, 9, 10, 13–14, 26, 27
cholera epidemic, 13
Christians
Chins converting to Christianity, 173
Kachin people as, 113–14, 115
Karen people as, 66, 165
Churchill, Lord Randolph, 15, 17
citizenship issues
law enacted, 37
Muslim immigrants and, 182–83
civil war
following independence from Britain, 30
of Kachin people, 113–14
climate change
future challenges of, 257–58
Mount Tambora volcano and, 12–13
negative impact of, 203
Clinton, Bill, 46–47, 48, 168
Clinton, Hillary, 46–47
Aung San Suu Kyi and, 149–50, 150–51, 156
democratic transition interest, 227–28
reviewing American policy, 118
Secretary of State visit, 149–51
Shwe Mann discussion, 150
Thein Sein meeting, 150
Committee for the Restoration of Democracy (CRDB), 37–38
Communist Party of Burma, 48–49
Communists
Burma-China border troops, 49
Communist insurrection, 30
ex-Communist forces, 49–50
as guerrilla insurgency, 48–49
See also Lin Mingxian
Conference on Women, United Nations, 46–47
Congressional Gold Medal, 90, 156
constitution (2008)
attempts to revise, 215–16, 221
barring Aung San Suu Kyi presidency, 215, 221, 223
comparison to US constitution, 214
referendum on, 81, 91
tenets of, 106–9, 220
See also National Defense and Security Council
constitutional change
attempts for, 215–16, 221
Aung San Suu Kyi seeking, 225–26
See also Ko Ni
Constitutional Convention, 47–48
Coomaraswamy, Radhika, 245
Cox, Hiram, 13
Cox’s Bazar, 13
CRDB. See Committee for the Restoration of Democracy
crimes against humanity, 2, 235, 245
Criminal Court, International, 246
Crutchfield, Anthony, General
cultural traditions, Burmese, 203
currency reform, 137–38
Curzon, Lord, 16
Dacca, 13–14
Dalai Lama, 77, 113
Deccan people (India), 25–26
Defense Services Intelligence, Directorate of, 68
Defense Services Museum, 227
democracy
Aung San Suu Kyi supporting, 40, 41, 42
author analysis of, 257
international support for, 63–64, 66–67
lack of thought and preparation for, 62
millenial call for, 55
movement repressed, 48
movement toward, 38–39
Nyo Aye on, 211–12
seeds of, 37–38
semi-elected parliament as, 27
See also Committee for the Restoration of Democracy; National League for Democracy (NLD)
Democracy, National League for. See National League for Democracy
Democracy, Seven-Step Road Map to, 69
Democracy (CRDB), Committee for the Restoration of, 37–38
Democracy Alliance Army, National, 52
Democratic Alliance Army, Myanmar National, 112
Democratic Voice of Burma, 64
demonstrations and protests
census issue, 209–10
against Myitsone dam project, 145–47
1988 anti-government protests, 38–39
over Muslim ID cards, 211, 213
for Rangoon poor (see Saffron Revolution)
supporting Rohingya, 240
Deng Xiaoping, 49
Diana (steamship), 14
dictatorships. See Ne Win; Than Shwe
Ding Ning, 202
Directorate of Defense Services Intelligence, 68
Dobama Asi-ayone, 29
Doctors Without Borders, 75, 209–10
See also Médecins Sans Frontières
Dutch East India Company, 10
dynasties, 18th-century, 8–9
Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 157
East Asia Summit of the World Economic Forum, 149, 155
East India Company, 12, 13–14
East Pakistan (Bangladesh). See Bangladesh
Economic Development, National Workshop on the Reforms for National, 142
Economic Forum, East Asia Summit of the World, 149, 155
economy, 20th century
decli
ning under Ne Win, 34
economic resurgence, 43
emerging opportunities, 53
national vision for economy, 61
economy, 21st-century
author analysis of future, 257–58
business prosperity, 196–97
demonstrations against, 75–76
economic conference (2011), 137
economic conference, Stiglitz, 129–30
economic forum (2013), 196
economic growth, inviting, 195
economic growth and profit, 130–31
economic reforms, 137–38
extractive, in place, 54–55
foreign investments, 195–96
future envisioned, 202–4
gas exports, 53–54
growing urban middle class, 197
illicit industries, 200–202
inequalities in, 199–200
jade exports and mining, 198–99
land speculation, 54
Noeleen Heyzer on, 129
obstacles to restructuring, 200
rural prosperity, 197–98
telecommunications investment, 196
U Myint appointment, 136–37
See also banks; housing and rents; poverty; sanctions
education
Aung San Suu Kyi concern for, 63
under Ne Win, 33
Rohingya women denied, 211
Egress, 122–23, 139–40, 165
See also Nay Win Maung
Eide, Espen Barth, 148
’88 Students Generation, 75–76
The Elders, 75
elections (1990), 43
elections (2010)
call to boycott, 126
campaign and results, 126–27
scholarly view on, 118
Tin Hlaing on, 127–28
See also by-elections (2012)
elections (2015)
campaign and results, 218–19
Rohingya voting rights, 211, 213
See also by-elections (2012)
Ethnic Armed Organizations
conference proposal involving, 226
fighting amongst, 248
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement and, 172–73, 217
ethnic cleansing, US charges of, 65–66
ethnic identities. See race and identity
ethno-nationalism, x–xii, 55
Europeans
as bayingyi-kala, 11
1911 census statement on, 28
as racial category, 20
European Union
author speaking at parliament of, 119
funding LIFT, 124
funding Peace Process, 168
future trade privileges decision, 250, 258
UN General Assembly resolution and, 73
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 155–56, 195
Facebook
fueling violence, 245, 246
political transparency and, 206
Sun Teashop incident and, 206–7
Farmland Investigation Commission, 198
federalism
Aung Min on, 166–67
Lian Sakhong and, 173
Findlay, Ronald, 50
forced labor
Kachin conflict and, 114
legislation permitting, 152–53
Freedom for Fear (Aung San Suu Kyi), 63–64
Free Trade Zone, Yucheng Southeast Asia, 202
Fulilight Casino, 201
Furnivall, J. S., 19
Fu Ying, 170–71
Gambari, Ibrahim, 74
gas, exporting, 53–54
Gates, Bill, 71
Geldof, Bob, 241
General Administration Department (GAD), 253
General Assembly, United Nations, 73, 77
generosity of Burmese people, 203
genocide claims and charges, 2, 44, 240, 245
global capitalism, 4, 31, 199, 200, 256
The Global Fund, 71
Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, 13
Goodman, John, 94
government
constitutional limitations of, 214
federal system of, 166–67
See also specific government leaders
Great Britain. See British Colonial rule; United Kingdom
Great Depression, 26–27
Gun Maw, 169–70, 171, 177
Gurr, Ted, 125
Guterres, António, 182
Haley, Nikki, 240, 246
Harrelson, Woody, 81
heritage protection, built
author promoting, 192
background of, 191–92
benefits of safeguarding, 192–93
bureaucracy challenges to, 194
foreign help with, 193
political support for, 193–94
Soe Thain as advocate of, 192
heroin trade, 50–51
Heyzer, Noeleen, 100–101, 129, 183
Hindu people
attack and abduction of, 238
as part of population mix, 18
history of Burma. See British colonial rule; Burma, introduction to
History of Burma (Phayre), 22
HIV/AIDS epidemic, 61, 71–72
Hla Maung Shwe, 142, 167
Holmes, John, 94–95
Horsey, Richard, 71, 190
housing and rents, 189–90
Howard, Michael, 67
Hso Ten, 166
Htin Kyaw, 221, 224
humanitarian crisis/aid, 70–72, 94–95, 99
human rights
American delegation discussing, 177
Aung San Suu Kyi criticized, 2
Burmese translation of, 175
false story regarding Rohingya, 210
groups, critical of Facebook, 245
of Rohingya people, 236
US charging violations of, 65–66
See also genocide claims and charges; refugees
Human Rights, Canadian Museum for, 2
Human Rights, United Nations High Commissioner for, 210
Human Rights, United Nations Special Rapporteur on, 141
Human Rights Council, 241
Human Rights Watch, 67, 233
identity issue, Kyaw Yin Hlaing on, 122
See also race and identity
immigration
British companies encouraging, 18–19
census issue with, 23
from China, 20–21
illegal immigration concerns, 36–37
from India, 17–20, 28
Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Mayanmar, United Nations, 241
India
Act East policy of, 254
in British colonial period, 18–21, 23, 24, 25
British separation from, 29
compared to Burma, 25
Indian migration, 18–19, 28
Pariah immigrants, 23
Indian Meteorological Department, 84, 88
Indian people
distinction made with, 24–25
expelled or fleeing Burma, 30, 31, 35
migration and labor of, 18–19, 28
as Pariahs, 23
indigenous race(s), 25
ethnic classification and, 25
Kaman people as, 184
peace process assumptions, 179
Indonesia
Mount Tambora eruption, 12–13
tsunami aid for, 99
Indo-Pakistani War, 37
insurgent groups, 232
See also Arakan Army; Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army; Kachin Independence Army; Karen National Union; Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army; National Democracy Alliance Army; Rohingya Solidarity Organization
intelligence services, 68–69
International Criminal Court, 246
International Development (USAID), US Agency for, 97
International Labour Organization, 71, 152
International Monetary Fund, 138
international reaction to, 240, 241
interracial
sex and marriage, 23–24
“Irish of the East” theory, 21
Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, 17–18
Irrawaddy River valley
annexation of, 15
deportations to, 12
disasters impacting, 13
location and history, 7, 8
Myitsone dam issue, 145–47
opposition to British in, 16
as province district, 17
Islam
global Islamicist movement, 207–8
as threat to Buddhism, 29
Islamic Defenders Front, 240
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), 237
Ismail, Rizali, 73
isolation
addressing, 102, 120
author on, 80–81
questioning idea of, 62
jade mines, 51
Jaintia, 14–15
Japan, role in peace process, 177
Jewish community, 20
Jones, Sir William, 22
Kachin Independence Army, 51, 115, 244
Kachin Independence Organization
negotiating peace with, 169–70, 170–71
relations with Burmese army, 116
war with Burmese army, 114, 168–69, 170
See also Sumlut Gun Maw
Kachin people
colonial rule and, 114
culture of, 113–14
economic displacement of, 115–16
Lahtaw Ja Nan, 114–16
Kachin State Progressive Party, 116
Kachin Theological College, 115
kala as term, 11, 19, 28
Kala people, 22
Kaman people, 183–84
Kamdar, Mira, 18
Kanpetlet, 198
Karen National Union, 30, 111, 152, 165–66
Keane, Fergal, 222
Keating, Timothy, 93–94
Kennedy, Charles, 67
Khin Nyunt, 46, 50, 68–69, 152
Kilbourne, Elsie Walker, 63
Ki-moon, Ban, 77, 96, 229
King’s Roman Casino, 201–2
Kipling, Rudyard, 25, 28
Kissinger, Henry, 159
Kitty Hawk (ship), 91
Kokang (China) people, 50
Ko Ko Gyi, 76
Ko Ni, 219, 234–35
Kouchner, Bernard, 92
Kyauk, U, 185
Kyaukpyu, 183–84
Kyaw Soe Oo, 243
Kyaw Thu, 93, 96–97, 100, 101, 146
Kyaw Win, 225
Kyaw Yin Hlaing, 122, 174, 184–85
Labour Organization, International, 71, 152
Lahtaw Ja Nan, 114–16
land speculation, 54
language(s)
Austroasiatic, 9
Burmese, 4
Burmese (archaic form), 10
Chittagong, 9
Indo-Aryan, 9, 10
Pali, 11
racial distinctions and, 22
Shan, 17
Tibeto-Burman, 9, 22
Lashio, 19, 185–86, 248
Lawrence of Arabia (movie), 163
Le Carré, John, 156
Lian Hmung Sakhong
background of, 173
negotiating peace, 174–75, 217–18
Sweden asylum of, 173–74
Lin Mingxian, 52
Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT), 124
The Hidden History of Burma Page 30
