134. “The Embassy Bombing Verdicts,” New York Times (Editorial), 30 May 2001; “A Verdict against Terrorism,” Washington Post (Editorial), 30 May 2001, 18; Vernon Loeb and Alan Sipress, “Terrorist Verdicts Add to Message,” New York Times, 30 May 2001, 6; Peter Bergen, “The Bin Laden Trial: What Did We Learn,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24, no. 6 (2001): 429–34.
135. Leslie Lopez, “Asian Militants with Alleged Al Qaeda Ties Are Accused of Plotting against Embassies,” Wall Street Journal, 7 January 2002; Barry Wain, “Allegations of Terror Targets in Singapore Rattle Region,” Wall Street Journal, 8 January 2002; “Implications of Singapore Militants,” Utasan Malaysia (Internet version), 20 January 2002; Dana Dillon and Paola Pasicolan, “Beware the Jihad in Southeast Asia,” Wall Street Journal, 17 January 2002.
136. Muhammed Salah, “Sweden Extradited the Vanguards of Conquest Leader to Egypt,” Al-Hayah, 20 December 2001, 4; Wa’il Al-Ibashi, “Ajizah, the Funky Islamist,” Rose al-Yusuf, 22 December 2001, 76; Abduh Zaynah, “Al-Zayyat Fears Missing Date for Submitting Ujayzah’s Appeal and Renotifies Egypt’s Military Prosecutor,” Al-Sharq Al-Awasat, 12 January 2002, 7.
137. Pamela Ferdinand, “No Bail for Bomb Case Suspect,” Washington Post, 29 December 2001, 6; Alan Cullison and Andrew Higgins, “How Al Qaeda Scouted Attacks in Israel and Egypt,” Wall Street Journal, 16 January 2002, A1.
138. E. A. Torriero and Michael Martinez, “Al Qaeda Architect’s Influence Raises Fear,” Chicago Tribune, 18 November 2001; “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Visits Abu Hafs Al-Masri’s Home; His Family Emphasizes He Is Alive; Refuses to Accept Condolences,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 30 November 2001, 6; Muhammad al-Shafai, “Arab Afghans Confirm Capture of Bin Laden’s Aide Ibn-al-shaykh Al-Libi, Al-Sharq Sab’i,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 28 January 2002, 3; Ahmed Rashid, “Pakistan Raids Hideouts to Lose ‘Safehaven’ Tag,” Daily Telegraph, 3 April 2002; Walter Pincus, “Seized Materials May Help Thwart Future Attacks,” Washington Post, 3 April 2002, 14.
139. Ayman Zawahiri. Loyalty and Enmity: An Inherited Doctrine and a Lost Reality. London: No Publisher, December 2002, n.p.
140. “Militant Killed by Police Had Bin Ladin Letter,” Arab News (Internet version), 4 June 2003.
141. Daniel Trotta, “Al-Qaeda Suspects Go on Trial in Spain,” Reuters, 22 April 2005.
142. Paul Haven, “Pakistan Will Deport al-Qaeda Suspect,” Associated Press, 31 May 2005; Aamer Ahmed Khan, “Profile: Abu Fraj al-Libi,” BBC News, http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk; and Katherine Schraeder, “Classic Spy Work Leads to al-Qaeda Arrest,” Associated Press, 4 May 2005.
143. Summer Said, “Prestigious Cairo Library Goes Online,” Arab News, 5 June 2005.
144. Holger Stark, “Syrian Had Inside Knowledge of 9/11 and London Bombings,” Spiegel Online, http://service.spiegel.de, 24 August 2005; Levent Korkut and Aysegul Usta, “Present at Execution of Turkish Truck Driver in Iraq,” Hurriyet (Internet version), 12 August 2005; “Sakra Remanded in Custody,” NTV Online (Internet), 12 August 2005; and “Turkey Detains Key al-Qaeda Figure,” Daily Telegraph, 11 August 2005.
145. Leslie Crawford, “Madrid Court Sentences al Qaeda Suspect to 27 Years in Jail,” Financial Times, 27 September 2005; and Jennifer Green, “Sept. 11 Figure Is Convicted in Spain,” Washington Post, 27 September 2005, A-16.
146. Auster, “An Inside Look at Terror Inc.”; Vernon Loeb, “Bin Laden Still Seen as a Threat,” Washington Post, 29 August 1999, A-3; Muhammed Salah, “Egyptian Fundamentalists Insist Zawahiri Is in Jalalabad,” Al-Hayah, 21 March 1999, 5; Sa’d al-Qaysi, “Search for Jihad Movement’s al-Zawahiri,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 23 April 1999, 26–27; Yusufzai, “World’s Most Wanted Terrorist”; Asaad, Osama Bin Laden: The Whole Story, 85; Stahl, “Interview with Richard Clarke.”
147. Emmanuel Sivan, “The Holy War Tradition in Islam,” Orbis 42, no. 2 (Spring 1988).
148. Muhammed Salah, “Egyptian Fundamentalist Reveals to Al-Hayah: Al-Zawahiri’s Resignation Came Too Late. He Left Jihad Exhausted,” Al-Hayah, 9 February 2000, 1, 6; “The Vanguards of Conquest Case Will Be Referred to Egypt’s Military Judiciary,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat; Muhammed Salah, “Egypt: Arrest of 13 Members of the Jihad Organization,” Al-Hayah, 25 November 1998, 5; Muhammed al-Shafi’i, “London Fundamentalists: Kuwait and the UAE Handed Over New Elements to Egypt,” Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 7 June 2000; Fawaz A. Gerges, “The End of the Islamic Insurgency in Egypt? Costs and Prospects,” Middle East Journal, 54, no. 4, (Autumn 2000): 592.
149. Saleh, “Egypt: Arrest of 13 Members of the Jihad Organization,” 5; al-Shafi’i, “London Fundamentalists: Kuwait and the UAE Handed Over New Elements to Egypt.”
150. Hamdi Rizq, “Would al-Zawahiri Fall into the Trap of Global Security? Confessions by ‘Returnees from Albania’ Signal the Demise of the Egyptian ‘Jihad Organization,’” Al-Wasat Magazine, 19–25 April 1999, 32, 33; Nabil Abu-Sutayt, “Egypt’s Security Services View War of Faxes as Evidence of the Isolation of Fundamentalist Leaders Abroad. Al-Zawahiri Attracted Al-Islambouli to His Side and Rifai’i Acts as Islamic Group’s Leader,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 4 December 1999, 6.
151. Muhammed Al-Shafai, “Leaders of World Fundamentalist Movements to Gather at Conference in London Friday to Discuss West’s Arrogance,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 22 February 1999, 5.
152. Muhammed Salah, “Jihad Group Vows to Take Revenge against the United States,” Al-Hayah, 6 August 1998, 6.
153. “Jihad Group Threatens to Take Revenge against United States,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 8.
154. “Egyptian Jihad Group Pledges Revenge on Kuwait,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 6–7 February 1999, 1.
155. “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
156. Marion Lloyd, “Where Bin Laden Is Beloved, Anti-U.S. Calls Mount,” Boston Globe, 25 July 1999.
157. Colvin, “The New Face of World Terrorism.”
158. Ahmed Salamah Salamah, “Types of Terrorism,” Al-Ahram, 1 September 1998, 1.
159. “Interview with Milt Bearden,” Frontline Online.
Chapter 14
1. “Rebels Say Attack on Juba Imminent,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi.
2. “Nida’ul Islam Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden, Nida’ul Islam”; Miller, “Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden.”
3. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa,” 326–27.
4. Richard Mackenzie, “The Succession,” New Republic, 14 and 21 September 1998.
5. “Russia Hails India’s Position against Terrorism,” Moscow RIA, 28 February 2000.
6. “Fanning the Flames,” News (Editorial, Internet version), 2 October 1999.
7. Miller, “Greetings America: My Name is Osama Bin Laden.”
8. Ibid.
9. Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 3 January 1995; “World Front for Fighting the Jews and the Crusaders, Statement No. 4.” Al-Hayah; Muhammed Salah, “Canada: An Egyptian ‘Planning’ to Blow Up the Israeli Embassy Arrested,” Al-Hayah, 8 March 2000, 1, 6.
10. Atwan, “Interview with Saudi Oppositionist Osama Bin Laden”; Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; Muhammed Salah, “World Islamic Front Backs Intifadah of Palestine’s Sons,” Al-Hayah, 4 March 1998, 4.
11. Yusufzai, “World’s Most Wanted Terrorist”; Fisk, “Arab Rebel Leader Warns the British: ‘Get Out of the Gulf,’” 14; Al-Karim and al-Nur, “Interview with Saudi Businessman Osama Bin Laden,” 4; “Interview of Rifa’i Taha,” Islamic Observation Center (Internet version), 19 June 2000; “Interview with Ayman al-Zawahiri,” in “Al-Jazeera, Bin Laden, and I,” ed. Jamal Ismail, Al-Zaman (July 2000); Cullison and Higgins, “How Al Qaeda Scouted Attack Sites in Israel and Egypt,” A1.
12. “Rebels Say Attack on Juba Imminent,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi; “Bin Laden: Afghanistan’s Inclusion on U.S. ‘Terrorism List’ Is ‘Certificate of Good Conduct’ for Taliban,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 3; Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden”; “Declaration of Jihad against the Americans,” Al-Islah.
13. Najm, “The Dest
ruction of the Base.”
14. “‘The U.S. Should Search for Attackers inside Itself,’” Ummat; Rasheed Javed, “U.S. Will Treat Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran Very Harshly,” Jang, 20 November 2001, 1, 7; “The Real Threat to American Interests in Saudi Arabia,” MediaGen (U.K.) Ltd.; “Egypt’s Jihad Asked by Bin Laden to Turn Guns on U.S.,” AFP; Immanuel Wallerstein, “Islam, the West, and the World,” Journal of Islamic Studies 10, no. 2 (May 1999).
15. “Letter from Kandahar,” Associated Press.
16. Ibrahim Zayd al-Kilani, “Osama Bin Laden, the Eagle of Islam,” Al-Sabil, 21 October 1999, 20.
17. “Nida’ul Islam Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden, Nida’ul Islam”; “Osama Speaks on Hijra and the Islamic State,” Al-Jihaad Newsletter.
18. “Observer,” “Bin Laden: Dissident Turns Pan-Islamist,” Muslim, 15 March 1997, 1, 11; Khalid Sharaf-al-Din, “Egypt: The Death Sentences against Jihad Leaders Will Be Dropped When They Are Arrested and Tried in Prison,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 23 April 1993, 3; al-Shafai’i, “Curry Restaurants, Car Dealerships, and Mobile Phones Shops”; Mahdid, “Britain Closes Down a Fundamentalist’s ‘Front Company,’” 3; Faisal Bodi, “Draco Would Be Proud: The New Terrorism Act Will Have Far-Reaching Consequences for Liberty Both in Britain and Abroad,” Guardian (Op-Ed; Internet version), 16 August 2000; Muhammad al-Shafai’i, “London Faces Crisis because of Terrorist Groups List,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 2 March 2001, 3; “Bizarre Classification,” Al-Watan (Internet version), 2 March 2001.
19. Bolger and Black, “The Western Nightmare”; “In Statement from Khandahar, Where Bin Laden Is Based, Advice and Reform Committee Warns Britain, Demands al-Fawwaz’s Immediate Release,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 1 October 98.
20. Muhammad al-Shafai, “Egyptian ‘Islamic Group’ Leader Calls for ‘Stepping Up Hostile Strategy’ against United States,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 13 October 1999, 2.
21. Dahlburg, “Some See U.S. as Terrorists’ Next Big Target.”
22. “Observer,” “Bin Laden: Dissident Turns Pan-Islamist”; “Surprises from the Trial of the Largest International Terrorist Group in Egypt,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat.
23. “No Need to Explain What Is Clear,” Sangar (Op-Ed), 20 October 1999, 4; “Russians and Iranians in Panjsher,” Hewad (Editorial), 2 October 1999, 1, 2; Samar Assad, “French Premier Takes Heat for Calling Arabs Terrorists,” Philadelphia Enquirer, 28 February 2000, A-2; “Excerpts from Guilty Plea in Terrorist Case,” New York Times, 21 October 2000, A-14.
24. Cloud, “U.S. Officials Charge Bin Laden and Aide with Conspiracy in Embassy Bombings.”
25. McWethy, “Osama Bin Laden Plans Attacks on United States”; Hassan Haidar Diab, “We Shall Set Croatia on Fire with Car-Bombs,” Vecernji List, 31 October 2000, 84; Bruno Lopandic, “Who Killed Abu-Tala’at: Foreign Agents of HVO?” Slododna Dalmacija, 2 November 2000, 2; D. Miljus and Hassan Haidar Diab, “Police Introduce Special Protective Measures because of Terrorist Threats,” Vecernji List, 2 November 2000, 3; Mascolo, “Holy Warriors against Europe.”
26. Yusufzai, “World’s Most Wanted Terrorist”; al-Qaysi, “Report on U.S. Embassy Bombing Probe”; “Conspiracy against Muslim Ummah,” Quarterly Ziaul Islam, 1 October–31 December 2000, 6–10.
27. “Group Claiming Anti-U.S. Bombings Spell Out Demands,” AFP, 10 August 1998.
28. Robert Fisk, “The Saudi Connection,” Independent, 9 August 1998, 19.
29. Salah, “The Main Defendant Confirms the Islamists’ Determination to Retaliate against United States,” 5; Sharaf-al-Din, “Surprises from the Trial of the Largest International Terrorist Group in Egypt,” p. 5; Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Interview with Mustafa Hamza,” Al-Hayah, 21 April 1996.
30. Muhammed Al-Shafai’i, “Egyptian ‘Islamic Group’ Leader Calls for ‘Stepping Up Hostile Strategy’ against United States,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 13 October 1999, 2; Hattar, “Pakistan Hands Over 14th Terror Suspect to Jordan”; Salah, “In Response to British Ruling to Extradite Two Egyptian Fundamentalists to the United States, Al-Zayyat Warns of Reprisal Operations against U.S. Interests”; Yousef Diab, “Military Court to Try ‘Terrorists,’” Daily Star (Internet version), 13 May 2000; “Lebanese Legal and Political Quarters Surprised by Extradition of ‘Bin Laden’ Group Leader to Egypt before His Trial,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (Internet version), 14 May 2000.
31. Kamil Yusuf Husayn, Osama Bin Laden: Legend of the Century (Dubai: Al-Bayan, 1999).
32. Juliette Rossant, “Billionaires,” Forbes Magazine, 5 July 1999, 194; Pearl, “In Sudanese Bombing, ‘Evidence’ Depends on Who Is Viewing It”; “Report on Saudi Billionaire Financing Bin Laden: Saudi Billionaires from Hadhramout Are Living in Tension after the Tragedy of Khalid Bin Mahfuz and His Sudden Fall,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 13 December 1999, 1.
33. Miller, “Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden.”
34. Abd-al-Bari Atwan, “Guns and Fried Eggs in a Mountain Cave,” Sunday Times (Internet version), 16 September 2001.
35. Ibid.
36. Ed Blanche, “Arabs Crack Down on Islamists,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 14, no. 3 (March 2002).
37. William Shawcross, “Stop This Racism,” Guardian (Internet version), 17 September 2001.
38. Alexandrine Bouilhet, “War on Al Qaeda: Choice of American Base in Cuba Enables the United States to Avoid International Legal Constraints: Guantanamo, Prison for Special Justice,” Le Figaro, 18 January 2002, 2.
39. Hugo Young, “We Will Not Tolerate the Abuse of Prisoners of War; Guantanamo Could Be Where Europe and America Part Company,” Guardian (Internet version), 17 January 2002; “Spare Us Wild West Justice,” Independent on Sunday (Editorial; Internet version), 13 January 2002.
40. Abd-al Wahid al-Hamid, “Islamic Philanthropic Organizations—Lessons to Be Learned,” Al-Riyad, 2 February 2000, 17; Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage”; “Conversion to Christianity in Islamic society Is against the UN Charter,” Hewad (Editorial), 13 January 2001, 1, 2.
41. Muhammad Aurangzeb Awan, “Islamic Seminar Discusses Shamzai’s Fatwa,” Ausaf, 27 August 1999, 11.
42. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, 217.
43. Suhaylah Zayn-al-Abidin Hammad, “The Christian-Muslim Dialogue Fraud,” Al-Madinah, 7 February 2000, 7.
44. Muhammad Salah, “Mullah Omar, Bin Laden, and al-Zawahiri Are Alive and Eulogize Shaykh Badni. First Announcement That the Jihad Leader Has Become Al-Qaida Leader’s Deputy,” Al Hayah, 19 February 2002, 7; “Transcript of Bin Laden’s October [2001] Interview,” CNN.com, accessed 5 February 2002.
45. “Statement Read by Ayman al-Zawahiri,” Al-Jazirah Satellite Channel Television, 9 November 2001.
46. Ibid.
Chapter 15
1. Rowan Scarborough, “Al Qaeda Now in ‘Survival Only Mode,’” Washington Times, 3 December 2001, 1; Ronesh Ratnesar, “What’s Become of Al Qaeda,” Times, 12 January 2002, 38.
2. “Transcript of Bin Laden’s October [2001] Interview,” CNN.com.
3. Charles Krauthammer, “Only in Their Dreams,” Time, 24 December 2001.
4. Yaroslav Trofimov, “As a Taliban Regime Falls inside Afghanistan, So Do Islamic Convictions outside Its Borders,” Wall Street Journal, 31 December 2001.
5. Robin Wright, “Invisible War on Terrorism Accelerates Worldwide,” Los Angeles Times, 7 January 2002; Greg Jaffe et al., “Prisoners Lack Rank to Assist U.S.’ Search: Warlord Lied about Surrender, Official Says,” Wall Street Journal, 10 January 2001.
6. “Profile of Mohammed Makkawi—New Military Commander of Al Qaeda,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 27 November 2001; Karim Subhi, “Profile of a Terrorist,” Rose al-Yusuf, 1 December 2001, 20–21.
7. Lawrence Friedman, “The Third World War?” Survival 43, no. 4 (Winter 2001), 67.
8. Atwan, “Bush War and What Will Follow,” 1.
9. Humayun Akhtar, “What Happens If Osama Is Not Caught?” Nation (Lahore edition, Internet version), 27 December 2001.
10. Milt Bearden, “As t
he War Turns,” Los Angeles Times, 18 November 2001.
11. Humayun Gauhar, “Trust the USA? But Can We Trust Ourselves?” Nation (Lahore edition, Internet version), 7 October 2001.
12. Milt Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).
13. Ahmed Rashid, “Afghan Warlords Return to Their Old Ways after Helping to Oust Taliban with U.S. Aid,” Wall Street Journal, 16 January 2002.
14. Eric Slater, “Rule of the Gun on the Rise after Ouster of the Taliban,” Los Angeles Times, 13 January 2002, 1.
15. Pamela Constable, “In Kandahar, Some Mourn the End of Taliban Rule,” Washington Post, 16 January 2002, 16.
16. Yusuf Al-Shuli, “Interview with Mahfouz Ould Walid,” Al-Jazirah Satellite Television, 29 November 2001.
17. Ralph Peters, “Our Old New Enemies,” Parameters 29 no. 2 (Summer 1999), 31.
18. Reuel Marc Gerecht, “Pakistan’s Taliban Problem,” Weekly Standard, 5 November 2001.
19. R. James Woolsey and Mansoor Ijaz, “Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Cold,” Los Angeles Times, 12 September 2001.
20. Robert Kagan, “We Must Fight This War,” Washington Post, 12 September 2001, 31.
21. Reuel Marc Gerecht, “Bin Laden, Beware,” Weekly Standard, 24 September 2001.
22. Kenneth Timmerman, “Likely Mastermind of Tower Attacks,” Insight Magazine, 31 December 2001.
23. Jim Hoagland, “Mortal Combat,” Washington Post, 8 October 2001, 23; Brian Michael Jenkins, “This Time It Is Different,” San Diego Union-Tribune, 16 September 2001; George Melloan, “Facing Up to the Task of Fighting a Shadow War,” Wall Street Journal, 18 September 2001; Jim Hoagland, “Forcing the Choice,” Washington Post, 10 October 2001, 23; Andrew Sullivan, “This Is a Religious War,” New York Times Magazine, 7 October 2001, 44.
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