24. Peter Beinart, “Front Lines,” New Republic, 1 October 2001, 8; Victor Davis Hanson, “The Longest War,” American Heritage 53, no. 1 (January/February 2002): 36.
25. Michael Rubin, “Afghanistan: As Bad as Its Reputation?” Middle East Quarterly 3, no. 3 (September 2000): 55–56; Vollman, “Letter from Afghanistan,” 58–59, 61–64, 66–73; Robert Marquand, “Neighbors Warming Up to Taliban,” Christian Science Monitor, 5 October 2000; Zahid Rashd, “Clash of Civilization and Culture,” Pakistan, 25 November 2001, 4; Jan Abid Ullah, “A Lesson from the Taliban Saga,” Pakistan Observer (Internet version), 23 December 2001; Luke Harding, “Analysis: A Slide into Chaos,” Guardian (Internet version), 10 December 2001; Peter Bergen, Holy War, Inc. Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (New York: Free Press, 2001), 14–15.
26. Ed Blanche, “The Egyptians around Bin Laden,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 13, no. 12 (December 2001); William F. Wechsler, “Follow the Money,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 4 (July/August 2001): 40.
27. Jim Hoagland, “Dry Up the Money Trail,” Washington Post, 30 September 2001; Paul L. Fitzgerald, “Tightening the Screws,” National Interest 66 (Winter 2001/02): 76.
28. “Osama Bin Laden and the Al Qaeda Network,” PBS NewsHour (transcript), 27 December 2001.
29. “Transcript of Osama Bin Laden Video Tape,” CNN.com, accessed 13 December 2001.
30. “The Events of the Week,” Movement for Islamic Reform on the Arabian Peninsula (Internet site), accessed 21 December 2001.
31. Daniel Johnson, “Bin Laden Is Winning the Battle in Britain,” Daily Telegraph (Internet version), 28 December 2001; Thomas L. Friedman, “Smoking or Non-Smoking,” New York Times, 14 September 2001; Yasushi Funatsu, “Interview with Historian Paul Johnson,” Kyodo, 19 January 2002; David Hackworth, “Level of Combat,” Washington Times, 29 September 2001.
32. Thomas L. Friedman, “World War III,” New York Times, 13 September 2001.
33. “Interview with the Comptroller General of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, Abd-al-Majid al-Dunaybat,” Al-Wasat, 12 November 2001, 26.
34. Abd-al-Bari Atwan, “Bin Laden Still in Afghanistan Getting Ready for War of Attrition against the United States,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 29–30 September 2001, 1.
35. David Ignatius. “The Psyche of Bin Laden,” Washington Post, 28 October 2001, B7.
36. “Speech by Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Jazirah TV.
37. Friedman, “Smoking or Non-Smoking”; Steve Simon and Daniel Benjamin, “The Terror,” Survival 43, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 5.
38. Bernard Lewis, “The Revolt of Islam,” New Yorker (19 November 2001): 50–51.
39. Gerecht, “Bin Laden Beware.”
40. Al-Shuli, “Interview with Mahfouz Ould Walid.”
41. “The Events of the Week,” Movement for Islamic Reform on the Arabian Peninsula.
42. Michael Scott Doran, “Somebody Else’s Civil War,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 1 (January/February 2002): 22.
43. John Bagot Glubb, The Great Arab Conquests (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1995), 65–68, 70–71, 84–86, 176–80.
44. Frederick Talbott, Churchill on Courage (Nashville, TN.: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996).
45. Gerecht, “Bin Laden, Beware.”
46. Sir John Keegan, “In This War of Civilizations, the West Will Prevail,” Daily Telegraph (Internet version), 8 October 2001; Conrad Black, “What Victory Means,” National Interest 66 (Winter 2001/02): 156.
47. Bernard Lewis, “Did You Say ‘American Imperialism’? Power, Weakness, and Choices in the Middle East,” National Review 53, no. 24 (17 December 2001).
Epilogue
1. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, “The New Face of Terrorism,” New York Times (Op-Ed), 4 January 2000, A-23; “The United States and Russia Should Not Invite the Wrath of the Muslims of the World,” Ausaf, 4 June 2000, 10.
2. Ismail, “Al-Jazeera Bin Laden and I.”
3. Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress, 170.
Epilogue to the Revised Edition
1. Quoted in Ronald C. White Jr., The Eloquent President. A Portrait of Lincoln through His Own Words (New York: Random House, 2005), 30–31.
2. Paul Majendie, “Police Confident of Al Qaeda Link to London Bombs,” Reuters (Internet), 15 July 2005; Sciloino and Natta, “British Intelligence Downgraded Terror Threat before Attacks.”
3. Katherine Baldwin, “Police Hunting London Bombers Shoot Man in Station,” Reuters (Internet), 22 July 2005; “Al Qaeda-Linked Group Claims Responsibility for Latest bombings,” Associated Press (Internet), 22 July 2005.
4. Tom Perry, “Blasts Kill 83 in Egyptian Red Sea Resort,” Reuters (Internet), 23 July 2005; Deeb, “83 Die in Car Bombs in Egyptian Resort”; Maggie Michael, “Al Qaeda-Linked Group Claims Egypt Attack,” Associated Press, 23 July 2005.
5. “Egypt Bomb Attacks Kill at Least 75, Wound 120.” Bloomberg.com, 23 July 2005.
6. Mark Sherwood, “Mueller: Cost of FBI Cyber Upgrade Unknown,” Associated Press, 24 May 2005; John Solomon, “FBI Didn’t Seek to Hire Terrorism Experts,” San Francisco Chronicle (Internet version), 19 June 2005; John Solomon, “FBI Chief Won’t Mandate Terror Expertise,” San Francisco Chronicle, 20 June 2005.
7. Lara Jakes Jordan, “Homeland Security Faces Massive Overhaul,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 17 June 2005.
8. “Blair Calls for Battle against Evil Ideology.” Reuters, 16 July 2005; Robert Barr, “No One Hurt in Coordinated London Blasts.” Associated Press, 21 July 2005.
9. President George W. Bush, “Fighting a Global War on Terrorism, Quantico, Virginia, 11 July 2005,” http://www.WhiteHouse.gov
10. Victor Davis Hanson, “Enough Is Enough,” Washington Times (Internet version), 22 July 2005; Bush, “Fighting a Global War on Terrorism”; “And Then They Came After Us,” http://www.nationalreviewonline.com, 22 July 2005.
11. Charles Krauthammer, “Why That’s Ridiculous,” Time (Internet version), 23 July 2005.
12. Abraham Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862,” in Abraham Lincoln, Volume II: Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher, 414–15 (New York: The Library of America, 1989).
Appendix
1. Weaver, “Blowback”; Smyth and Vest, “One Man’s Private Jihad.”
2. Ibid.
3. “Interview with Larry Johnson,” Frontline Online.
4. Ibid.
5. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa,” 323.
6. Mackenzie, “The Succession,” 23–27.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.; Paul Fregosi, Jihad in the West. Muslim Conquest from the 7th to the 21st Centuries (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1996), 17–18; Reeve, The New Jackals, 232; “Terrorism and Osama Bin Laden.” CNN Burden of Proof (Transcript), 17 May 2001.
9. Mackenzie, “The Succession.”
10. Auster, “An Inside Look at Terror Inc.”
11. “Caveman Terrorist Spooks the West,” Observer.
12. Grunwald, “4 Followers of Bin Laden Indicted in Plot to Kill Americans.”
13. Ibid.
14. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa,” 323.
15. Ibid.; Malouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes, 143; Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; M. Esham Ahari, “Transnational Terrorism, Pakistan, and the United States,” Strategic Review 29, no. 1 (Winter 2001), 14.
16. Yusufzai, “A Cult Hero Is Born.”
17. “Interview with Milt Bearden,” Frontline Online; Raziud Din Syed, “Osama Bin Laden—A Terrorist or the Continuity of the Islamic Idea of Life?” Jasarat, 4 January 2000, 4.
18. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
19. David et al., “The Global Terrorist.”
20. Fisk, “Anti-Soviet Warrior Puts His Army on the Road to Peace.”
21. Amba, “Saudi Militant’s Wish”; Malouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes, 143, 177–178; Margolis, War at the Top of the World
, 39.
22. Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden.”
23. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
24. Hashimi, “Osama Bin Laden—A Man as Strong as a Rock”; Engelbert et al., “One Man and a Global Web of Violence, A-1; Stephen E. Bower, “Theology of the Battlefield: William Tecumseh Sherman and the U.S. Civil War,” Journal of Military History 64, no. 4 (October 2000): 1014–15.
25. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
26. Najm, “Osama Bin Laden, the Destruction of the Base.”
27. Arnett, “Osama Bin Laden: The Interview.”
28. Hashimi, “Osama Bin Laden—A Man as Strong as a Rock.”
29. Rahimullah Yusufzai, “Myth and Man.” Newsline (September 1998): 42, 43.
30. Ibid.
31. “Laden Declares Jihad against U.S. Forces,” News.
32. Ibid.
33. Yusufzai, “Myth and Man.”
34. Colvin, “The New Faces of World Terrorism.”
35. Nasrawi, “Osama Bin Laden Reportedly Receiving Millions in Donations.”
36. Ibid.
37. Weiner, “Long Running Dispute on Sudan Marked Counterattack Plans.”
38. Ibid.; “Pakistani to Star in Movie on Bin Laden’s ‘Achievements’,” Pakistan, 6 May 2000, 5.
39. Soudan, “Thus Spoke Osama Bin Laden,” 20–21.
40. Ibid.; Daley, “Report Says UBL-Linked Groups Possess ‘Deadly’ Anthrax and Plague Viruses.”
41. “Osama Says Taliban Rejected US Billions for Arrest,” Ausaf, 1, 7.
42. Khan, “Bin Laden Loyalists Seek Revenge on U.S.”; “Bin Laden T-Shirts Selling Like Hot Cakes,” Khabrain, 27 April 2000, 3, 10; “Babies, Businesses Named after Osama Bin Laden,” Pakistan, 8 July 1999, 2, 6.
43. “UBL Popularity Increased ‘Manifold’ in Northwest Pakistan,” Wahdat, 23 July 1999. 1, 5; Kathy Gannon, “Trademark Pirates Glorify Terror Suspect on Fake Nike T-Shirts,” Associated Press, 12 December 2000; Ahmed Rashid, “The Bloody Trail of the World’s Most Wanted Terrorist,” London Daily Telegraph, 21 December 2000.
44. Salah, “Secret of the Relationship between al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden,” 30, 31; Weaver, “The Real Bin Laden.”
45. MENA, 28 December 1996.
46. Muhammed al-Bahnasani, “Witnesses Reveal the Role of Bin Laden and Al-Zawahiri in Leading and Financing the Jihad Organization,” Al-Akhbar, 22 February 1999, 16.
47. “Security Official Says Bin Laden Bankrolled Egypt’s Jihad,” AFP, 15 February 1999.
48. Girard, “On Osama Bin Laden’s Trail,” 6.
49. Khan, “Bin Laden Loyalists Seek Revenge on U.S.”
50. Ibid.
51. Girard, “On Osama Bin Laden’s Trail,” 6.
52. “America’s No. 1 Target: Osama Bin Laden.” Guardian (Internet version).
53. “Today’s New Cult Hero.” Economist (Editorial).
54. Sa’d al-Faqih, “Saudi Oppositionist on U.S. Strikes on Sudan and Afghanistan,” Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (Internet version), 28 August 1998.
55. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
56. “Interview with Ahmed Sattar,” Frontline Online, April 1999.
57. “America’s No. 1 Target: Osama Bin Laden.” Guardian (Internet version).
58. “Laden Creates New Front against U.S., Israel,” News, 28 May 1998, 12.
59. Ambah, “Saudi Militant’s Wish.”
60. Dickey, “Making a Symbol of Terror.”
61. “Today’s New Cult Hero.” Economist (Editorial).
62. “Interview with Sa’id Aburish,” Frontline Online.
63. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
64. “Laden Declares Jihad against U.S. Forces.” News.
65. Yusufzai, “Myth and Man,” 42, 43.
66. Christopher Thomas, “Holy War Run from Ruined Afghan Hideout,” The-Times.com, 21 August 1998; Atwan, “Interview with Saudi Oppositionish Osama Bin Laden.” Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden.”
67. “Today’s New Cult Hero.” Economist (Editorial); Close, “Hard Target: We Cannot Defeat Terrorism with Bombs and Bombast”; Akbar S. Ahmed, “Islam’s Crossroads,” History Today 49, no. 6 (June 1999): 24.
68. Dickey, “Making a Symbol of Terror.”
69. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
70. Al-Faqih, “Saudi Oppositionist on U.S. Strikes on Sudan and Afghanistan.”
71. “Bin Laden Said to Warn Clinton of More Attacks,” Reuters, 21 August 1998.
72. Shirley, “The Etiquette of Killing Mr. Bin Laden.”
73. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
74. “Today’s New Cult Hero.” Economist (Editorial); Walter Pincus and Vernon Loeb, “Bin Laden Called Top Terrorist Threat,” Washington Post, 8 February 2001, A-16; Robert Burns, “CIA Chief Calls Bin Laden Biggest Threat to U.S. Security,” Associated Press, 7 February 2001.
75. “Today’s New Cult Hero.” Economist (Editorial).
76. Douglas Jehl, “Muslims Voice Fury over U.S. Strikes,” New York Times News Service, 22 August 1998; Tariq Warsi, Nawa-I Waqt, 30 December 1998, 9.
77. “Interview with Ahmed Sattar,” Frontline Online.
78. Abd-al-Bari Atwan, “A More Dangerous U.S. Terrorism,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 21 August 1998, 1.
79. Lewis, “License to Kill,” 14–15.
80. Ibid.
81. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa,” 326–27; Dr. Iffat S. Malik, “Obsessed with Osama,” News (Internet version), 19 April 2000.
Notes on Sources
1. Reuel Marc Gerecht, “The Gospel According to Osama Bin Laden,” Atlantic Monthly (January 2002): 46–47.
2. Neil King Jr. “Instead of Big Strikes, U.S.’s Terrorism Battle Focuses on Harassing Would-be Troublemakers,” Wall Street Journal, 4 August 1999, A-24.
3. Ismail, “Al-Jazeerah, Bin Laden, and I.”
4. Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America (Rocklin, CA: Forum, 1999), xxiii, 439.
5. Simon Reeve, The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden, and the New Terrorism (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999).
6. Ibid.
7. Bergen, Holy War, Inc., 53.
8. Peters, “Our Old New Enemies,” 28–30.
Glossary
1. Bergen, Holy War, Inc., 53.
2. Arthur Jones, “Memory of Crusades Live on in Today’s War: Conflict Continues Centuries of Clashes between Christian and Muslim Civilizations,” National Catholic Reporter 38, no. 1 (26 October 2001).
3. “First War of the Century,” Al-Jazirah TV; Hamid Mir, “The Attack on Maulana Samiul Haq,” “The Attack on Maulana Samiul Haq.” Ausaf, 1; Javed Quereshi and Shahid Riaz, “Afghanistan to Become the Graveyard of American Troops: Interview of Maulavi Jalaluddin Haqqani,” Pakistan, 22 October 2001, 9.
4. Atwan, “Bin Laden Still in Afghanistan,” 1.
5. Muhammed al-Shafai, “Interview with Hani al-Saba’i,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 28 January 2002, 3; “Excerpts from Muntasir al-Zayyat’s ‘Ayman al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him,’” Al-Hayah, 10 January 2002, 15; Magdi Allam, “The Fundamentalist Challenge Will Swing into Action Again; A New Levy of Suicide Bombers Is Ready,” La Republica, 22 November 2001, 15.
Glossary
Osama bin Laden’s movement operates across the globe and is involved with numerous personalities, organizations, and ethnic groups. The following navigational aid is meant to assist the reader of this book in maintaining focus.
Afghan Jihad: The war that began with the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 and ended with the Red Army’s defeat and withdrawal in February 1989.
Arab Afghans: The term originally used to describe the non-Afghan Muslims who fought alongside the Afghan insurgents in the 1979–1989 jihad. This group included not only Arabs, b
ut also Muslims from virtually every country in the world with a Muslim population. Estimates of the total number of Afghan Arabs are all over the map, ranging from 5,000 to 100,000. Since the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, a steady flow of non-Afghan Muslims—still known as Arab Afghans—was trained at camps in Afghanistan, and these fighters are now reported to be fighting in the Philippines, Kashmir, Chechnya, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sudan, western China, the Balkans, and eastern and southern Africa. Osama bin Laden is the most well-known Arab Afghan.
Atwan, Abd-al-Bari: Editor in chief of the prestigious and influential U.K.-based Arabic daily Al-Quds Al-Arabi. He has interviewed bin Laden on several occasions and maintains an editorial policy sympathetic to bin Laden’s aspirations and goals. He has written insightfully about bin Laden’s impact across the Islamic world.
Azzam, Shaykh Abdullah: Revered Palestinian Islamic scholar and a distinguished member of the Muslim Brotherhood, Azzam established mechanisms for bringing non-Afghan Muslims to Afghanistan to fight the Soviets. He believed the Afghan war would give Muslims the chance to re-invigorate the concept of jihad across the Islamic world. An eloquent and fiery speaker, Azzam inspired a generation of Islamists and his work—Azzam’s The Verses of the Merciful has been highly praised by Osama bin Laden—continue to instruct and incite young Muslims. Bin Laden was devoted to Shaykh Azzam and believed he was the most important non-Afghan figure of the Afghan jihad. Azzam likewise admired bin Laden and the two men worked together on many projects to assist the Afghan fighters and to create enthusiasm for jihad in the Muslim world. Azzam and two of his sons were murdered in Pakistan in late 1989. Azzam’s slogan, “Jihad and the rifle alone: no negotiations, no conferences, no dialogues,” encapsulates the mindset he passed to bin Laden.1
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