Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing: Current Developments and Future Directions
Page 2
Chartered Forensic Psychologist and Member of the British Psychological
Society Division of Forensic Psychology.
Carwyn Hughes is a Detective Inspector with the Sussex Police, England. He
graduated in 1988 with a BA in History from Swansea University before
joining the Royal Hong Kong Police, where he served as an inspector on
uniformed operations, the drugs squad and the Criminal Investigation
Department (CID). In 1997 he joined the Sussex Police and in 2002 became
the Force Identifi cation Offi cer initiating his interest in issues around identifi ca-
tion evidence. In 2005 he graduated from Portsmouth University with a mas-
ter ’ s degree in Police Science and Management, gaining a distinction for his
dissertation on identifi cation procedures. He currently serves as a Detective
Inspector in Brighton CID.
xii
About the Contributors
Joyce E. Humphries is Research Associate at the University of Leicester.
Eyewitness memory is her major research interest, in particular, investigating
factors that may infl uence eyewitness identifi cation performance across the
lifespan. Specifi cally, her research focuses on eyewitness identifi cation proce-
dures and cognitive and social processes that may infl uence developmental
differences in eyewitness identifi cation performance. While her main interest
is eyewitness identifi cation, she is currently investigating interviewing proce-
dures that may improve the performance of older adult witnesses. She has
presented papers at a number of national and international conferences
on the subject of developmental differences in eyewitness identifi cation
accuracy.
Peter J. van Koppen is a psychologist and is Professor of Law and Psychology
at the Faculties of Law, Maastricht University and Free University Amsterdam.
He received a JD in 1984 from Erasmus University, Rotterdam. He is
president of the European Association for Psychology and Law and
co - editor of Psychology, Crime, and Law . He has published a large number of
books and articles in the broad fi eld of psychology and law, and specializes in
the area of the evaluation of evidence by police offi cers and offi cers of the
court.
Margaret Bull Kovera is Professor of Psychology at John Jay College of
Criminal Justice, City University of New York, USA. She is a Fellow of the
American Psychological Association, the American Psychology - Law Society
(APLS) and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, and is the
past - president of APLS. She received the Saleem Shah Award for Early Career
Achievement in Psychology and Law and the APLS Outstanding Teacher and
Mentor in Psychology and Law Award. For over a decade she has had continu-
ous funding from the National Science Foundation for her research on jury
decision - making and eyewitness identifi cation.
Damien B. Maguire practised as a barrister at the Victorian Bar for over 30
years specializing in appearance and advice work in major criminal trials and
associated proceedings such as matters involving corporate regulation, disci-
plinary proceedings and subpoena litigation. In early 2005 he was appointed
to the independent statutory position of Chief Examiner for the State of
Victoria, a position involving the control of and responsibility for the use of
coercive powers introduced to assist investigating police in the fi ght against
organized crime. In exercising his independent powers he is directly involved
in the examination of witnesses required to attend for coercive questioning.
Gregory Mitchell holds a PhD in psychology and a JD from the University
of California, Berkeley. He is the Daniel Caplin Professor of Law and the
E. James Kelly, Jr. Class of 1965 Research Professor at the University of
Virginia. His current research focuses on the application of social science to
About the Contributors
xiii
the law, employment discrimination, rational choice models of legal behaviour
and popular conceptions of justice.
Stephen Moston is a Senior Lecturer in Forensic Psychology, James Cook
University, Australia. He is Head of Department and coordinator of the post-
graduate professional training programs in Forensic Psychology at that univer-
sity. He was a former member of the Association of Chief Police Offi cers
Investigative Interviewing Strategic Steering Group. He has conducted several
major studies on police interviewing styles and suspect behaviour in England
and Australia for the UK Home Offi ce and the Royal Commission on Criminal
Justice. His current research interests include evaluating police interviewing
styles and tactics, public perceptions of police interviewing, and denial strate-
gies by suspects.
Rod Munro is the Identifi cation Head of Profession within Devon and
Cornwall Constabulary having more than nine years ’ service dedicated to this
area of police business. He was a co - founder and past chair of a national image
database for video identifi cation procedures, a board member of the National
Video Identifi cation Strategy and was heavily involved in the development of
identifi cation procedures nationally. He is a National Policing Improvement
Agency registered lecturer in identifi cation law and procedure and has addressed
a number of national and international conferences and seminars.
James Ost is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychology, University of
Portsmouth. His research focuses on the social nature of remembering. He
has published papers on a variety of forensic issues, including the way in which
the social dynamics of therapy sometimes mirror those in police interrogations,
how false reports (or false memories) of childhood events arise, how multiple
witnesses can infl uence the testimony of a sole witness, how exposure to media
reports can lead to false reports of non - witnessed events, and how an inter-
viewer ’ s behaviour can impact on the quality of children ’ s testimony in forensic
interviews.
John Pearse (BSc (Hons), PhD, C. Psychol, AFBPsS, FRSM) is the
managing director of Forensic Navigation Services Ltd., an independent
company that combines forensic consultancy and investigation with
psychological training and empirical research. He has been conducting and
publishing research in the area of police interviewing and related issues since
1991. For three decades he served as a detective in London and was engaged
in the fi ght against organized crime at a senior level. His work in specialist
roles included armed robbery, criminal intelligence, hostage and kidnap nego-
tiation, and he concluded his service as a senior offi cer in the terrorist arena
with a number of high - profi le and innovative terrorist prosecutions. He recently
undertook a confi dential national review of police interviewing with terrorist
suspects.
xiv
About the Contributors
Steven D. Penrod joined the John Jay College of Criminal Justice faculty
as Distinguished Professor of Psychology in 2001. He earned his JD from
Harvard Law School and his PhD in psychology from Harvard University
and previously served as
Professor of Psychology at Wisconsin and Nebraska
and Professor of Law at Minnesota and Nebraska. He has published over 100
scientifi c articles on eyewitness reliability and jury decision
- making and
is a co
- author of books on juries and on eyewitnesses. His research has
encompassed factors that reduce eyewitness reliability, procedures that may
enhance eyewitness performance and the relationship between confi dence
and accuracy.
Jacques Py is Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Toulouse,
France. His work focuses on eyewitness testimony in particular situations
where eyewitnesses have to recall testimony. He
has aimed to adapt the
Cognitive Interview to Napoleonic criminal proceedings, to develop with
Samuel Demarchi a technique to improve the description of people and to
assess how French police
offi cers conduct line
- ups. He is Chief Editor of
European Review of Applied Psychology and past president of the French
Psychological Society (Soci é t é Fran ç aise de Psychologie).
Valerie F. Reyna is Professor of Human Development and Psychology at
Cornell University, USA, and a co
- director of the Center for Behavioral
Economics and Decision Research. She holds a PhD in experimental psychol-
ogy from Rockefeller University, and publishes regularly in such journals as
Psychological Review and
Psychological Science . Her research encompasses
human judgement and decision - making, numeracy and quantitative reasoning,
risk and uncertainty, medical decision
- making, social judgement, and false
memory. She is a developer of fuzzy - trace theory, a model of the relation
between mental representations and decision
- making that has been widely
applied in law, medicine and public health. She is President - Elect of the Society
for Judgment and Decision Making. She has been elected a Fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is also a Fellow of
the Division of Experimental Psychology, the Division of Developmental
Psychology, the Division of Educational Psychology and the Division of Health
Psychology of the American Psychological Association, and she is a Fellow of
the American Psychological Society.
Jannie van der Sleen is a psychologist. She has owned Kinterview, a consult-
ing agency on investigative interviewing, for seven years. Before that she
worked at the Police Academy of the Netherlands for 15 years. She trains and
coaches detectives on investigative interviewing of adult and child witnesses
and vulnerable suspects. She also works as an expert court witness.
Geoffrey M. Stephenson is Emeritus Professor of Social Psychology at the
University of Kent, England, having established the Psychology Department
About the Contributors
xv
there in 1978. He promoted and conducted research and teaching in law
and psychology, leading to the introduction of Kent ’ s innovative MSc pro-
gramme in Forensic Psychology. He has served on several ESRC/MRC
research committees, including Law and Social Sciences. With extensive edito-
rial and committee experience in the British Psychological Society he is
also past President of the European Association of Experimental Social
Psychology. He founded the
Journal of Community and Applied Social
Psychology , and remains its Consulting Editor. He is Programme Director of
the MSc in Addiction Psychology and Counselling at South Bank University,
London.
Michel St - Yves is a forensic psychologist with the Behavioural Analysis Service
of the S û ret é du Qu é bec, where he has served since 2002. As a critical incident
specialist, he is actively involved in criminal investigations, both developing
psychological profi les of suspects and preparing interrogations. He teaches at
the É cole Nationale de Police du Qu é bec and at the University of Montreal.
His publications and papers focus on sexual assault, crisis negotiation and
police interrogation. He is the author of Psychologie des entrevues d ’ enqu ê te: de
la recherche à la recherche de la pratique [The psychology of investigative inter-
views: from research to practice] ( É ditions Yvon Blais, 2004), and The Psychology
of Criminal Investigations: The Search for the Truth (Thomson Carswell, 2009).
Gary L. Wells gained his PhD from Ohio State University in 1977. He is
Distinguished Professor at Iowa State University and also Director of Social
Science at the Institute of Forensic Science and Public Policy in Greensboro,
NC. He has authored over 170 articles and chapters and two books, much of
which focuses on the reliability of eyewitness identifi cation. He was a founding
member of the Department of Justice Group which developed the fi rst set of
national guidelines in the USA for eyewitness evidence. He has worked with
prosecutors, police and policy - makers across the USA to help reform the way
police line - ups are conducted.
A. Daniel Yarmey received his BA (Hons), MA and PhD from the University
of Western Ontario, Canada in experimental psychology (memory). He is a
University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychology, University of
Guelph where he teaches courses in Psychology and the Law, and Sport
Psychology. He is the author of the Psychology of Eyewitness Testimony and
Understanding Police and Police Work: Psychosocial Issues . He has been a con-
sultant and expert witness in Canada and the USA on issues related to eyewit-
ness and earwitness identifi cation.
John C. Yuille is Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia, Canada,
and a registered psychologist with a private forensic practice. He has conducted
research with children and adults for over 40 years. His research has included
the areas of human memory, interviewing, credibility assessment and psy-
xvi
About the Contributors
chopathy. He regularly provides training to law enforcement, lawyers, child
protection workers and judges on interviewing and credibility assessment. He
has served as an expert witness in criminal, family and civil courts for over 30
years. He is the Chief Executive Offi cer of The Forensic Alliance.
Rachel Zajac is a Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Otago, New
Zealand. She earned her PhD in 2002 from the University of Otago while
training as a clinical psychologist. Her research interests encompass investiga-
tive interviewing, eyewitness identifi cation, and external infl uences on memory.
She lectures in forensic, developmental and clinical psychology. She is
frequently called on to advise social workers, police, legal practitioners and
healthcare providers on methods to interview children and adults about events
in their past. Her research has been used in police and judicial education pro-
grammes in the UK and Australia, and in the US Supreme Court as scientifi c
evidence.
Preface
Tom Williamson was to be the lead editor of this Handbook. To those who
knew Tom, his premature death from lung cancer at the age of 59 was dev-
; astating. This tragic event occurred before any of the chapters had been
written. Indeed, when I contacted the contributors, some of them could not
recall that Tom had even invited them to write a chapter. Nevertheless, they
produced excellent chapters that you will enjoy reading.
When conceiving of this Handbook, Tom invited me to assist him (given
his view of my experience of co - editing books, especially for the international
publisher Wiley). He also invited Tim Valentine to be the co - editor for the
four chapters involving gathering information from eyewitnesses. When Tom
was informed that he had a particularly aggressive form of cancer and that his
health could deteriorate rapidly, he asked me to be prepared to take over as
lead editor. Sadly, all too quickly I had to do this. I would like to thank all
the contributors, and especially those who initially had no idea that they were
on Tom ’ s list, for their forbearance during the time it has taken to bring this
Handbook to publication and for their willingness to respond constructively
to our editorial guidance concerning the production of chapters that can be
understood by a multidisciplinary (including policing) readership. Tom would
very much have appreciated their efforts.
Tom Williamson was born on 11 June 1947 in a rural part of Scotland, the
son of a dairyman. At the age of 17 he left Scotland for London, where he
joined the Metropolitan Police Force, one of the largest police organizations
in the world, as a cadet. After only a few years his abilities were noticed and
he became a member of the anti - corruption branch set up by the head of the
London Police.
xviii
Preface
In 1979 he was awarded a police - funded scholarship to study full - time for
a BA in Psychology and he graduated in 1982.
He was regularly promoted and in 1989 reached the rank of Commander.
He was one of the fi rst (and of the few ) to conduct research on the actual
police interviewing of suspects (which in England since 1986 has to be tape -
recorded), which resulted in the early 1990s in several groundbreaking, high -
quality publications in research journals, and in the award in 1990 of a
doctorate while he was still serving as a police offi cer. At the same time, he
set up a committee of police and academic researchers whose task it was to