“You have no”: Reynolds, 242.
a train: Reynolds, 242–245.
“It turned into”: Yeaton, 44.
7: PANIC IN MOSCOW
“A threat hangs”: Information Bulletin of the Soviet Embassy in Washington, October 17, 1942 (Hoover Institution archives).
Moscow’s population: Oleg Matveev, “Bedstviia zatiazhnoi voiny,” Nezavisimoe Voennoe Obozrenie, 20.06.2003, #20 (335).
“They tried to take”: Gorinov, 376.
“Some people stopped”: Ibid., 111.
British Embassy: Montefiore, 398; Col. Albert Seaton, The Battle for Moscow, 118.
Mikhail Zhuravlev filed a lengthy report: Gorinov, 116–119.
geneticist Nikolai Vavilov: S. E. Shnol, Geroi i zlodei rossiiskoi nauki, 99–100.
Anastas Mikoyan personally intervened in the strike: Anastas Mikoyan, 420.
“to blow up factories”: Moskovskaia Bitva v postanovleniiakh Gosudarstvennogo Komiteta oborony, 70.
Sergei Fedoseyev: Gorinov, 92.
“Since Moscow itself” and train to Kuibyshev: Banac, 196–200.
“That’s nonsense”: Resis, 42.
“he was tormented”: Volkogonov, 434.
special train and planes: Ibid., 435.
dacha and “clear the mines”: Montefiore, 397.
driving back to the Kremlin: A. T. Rybin, Riadom so Stalinym, 23.
at the Kremlin and Mikoyan wasn’t happy: Anastas Mikoyan, 418–419.
“Let Mikoyan go”: Ibid., 422.
Kutuzov: Montefiore, 399.
Kirovskaya metro: Ibid.
bombing raid: Volkogonov, 434.
“What shall we”: Stepan Mikoyan, 108.
“If you go”: Beria, 75–76.
“Your attitude”: Ibid.
Kalanchevskaya station: V. K. Vinogradov, Lubianka v dni bitvy za Moskvu, 17.
Pavel Saprykin: Interview with Pavel Saprykin.
“But, as the saying”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 46.
“found it intolerable”: Konstantin Simonov, The Living and the Dead, 304.
“The coming victory”: Biulletten’ Assotsiatsii istorikov vtoroy mirovoi voiny, 21–25.
“Muscovites made”: Gorinov, 307.
Zhukov reported and “augmenting their”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 53–55.
NKVD report and “Enemy planes”: Gorinov, 427–428.
Later tallies: Y. Y. Kammerer, V. S. Karaulov, S. E. Lapirov, Moskve—vozdushnaia trevoga! Mestnaia PVO v gody voiny, 414–415.
Nikolai Sbytov: Gorinov, 170–171.
“Those were”: Werth, 236–237.
Mikoyan reported: Anastas Mikoyan, 415.
“I saved your life”: Montefiore, 404.
twenty thousand deaths in London: Museum of London exhibition “Remembering the Blitz: The Big Story.”
Soviet side claimed: Moscow Defense Museum figures.
volunteers for Communist brigades: V. K. Ivanov, Moskovskaia zona oborony, 22.
“in this grave hour”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 49.
Kuibyshev: Vyacheslav Kharlamov, the director of the Stalin Bunker Museum.
Construction of the bunker: Ibid.
“How are we”: Volkogonov, 436.
Artemyev: Montefiore, 404.
“The anti-aircraft defenses”: Volkogonov, 436.
8: SABOTEURS, JUGGLERS, AND SPIES
Moskva Hotel: Kevin O’Flynn, “A Ton of Explosives Unearthed at Moskva,” Moscow Times, July 11, 2005.
three hidden printing plants: Gorinov, 91.
“Comrades! We left”: Ibid.
Nikolai Khokhlov: Unless otherwise indicated, Nikolai Khokhlov, In the Name of Conscience, 3–32, and from interview with Khokhlov.
“elegantly juggling”: Gorinov, 103.
Khokhlov’s career and his father: Khokhlov, 138, 85–86, and from interview with Khokhlov.
memo to Beria from Naum Eitingon: Vinogradov, 82–90.
Another report: Ibid., 78–79.
Sergei Fedoseyev: Gorinov, 87–93.
report on the interrogation of Vasily Klubkov: Vinogradov, 182–190.
screen version, Zoya’s story: Nina Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead, 76–78.
Tumarkin writes: Ibid.
“She told me”: Moskva Prifrontovaia 1941–1942, 572.
Zoya’s younger brother: Tumarkin, 78.
report of his subsequent trial: Vinogradov, 190–194.
“intimate with”: Robert Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, 218.
“This war is”: Ibid., 209.
“Now the opportunity”: Ibid., 194.
“gave us”: Ibid., 212.
“Japan will be”: Ibid., 217.
Ozaki: Ibid., 221.
August 11, Sorge wrote: Ibid., 222–223.
Wenneker, told Sorge: Ibid., 232–234.
“Many soldiers” and “They decided”: Ibid.
military intelligence: Murphy, 88.
German diplomats and “Considering his”: Ibid., 89.
“complete trust”: Whymant, 239.
four hundred thousand, 250,000 and the rest: Provided by Russian military historian Kirill Dryannov.
last dispatch: Whymant, 258.
“Richard Sorge?”: Murphy, 90. (Whymant, 316, attributes a similar response to Soviet officials, not to Stalin directly.)
9: “O MEIN GOTT! O MEIN GOTT!”
assembled in the Mayakovsky metro station: Montefiore, 405, Werth, 240.
“As many who”: Werth, 240.
“Today, as a result”: Stalin, 18–34.
the Red Army lost three times more men: Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War, 188.
“It is extremely”: Werth, 241.
military parade: Gorinov, 147–152; Overy, Russia’s War, 113, Montefiore, 405–406.
newsreel footage of Stalin: Details of reshoot provided by Boris Maklyarsky, son of top NKVD official Mikhail Maklyarsky; also mentioned in Overy, Russia’s War, 115.
“temporarily lost” and other quotations from Stalin’s speech: Stalin, 35–38.
“Are you sure”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 62.
“Marshal Zhukov considered”: Elena Rzhevskaya, “Roads and Days: The Memoirs of a Red Army Translator,” The Journal of Slavic Studies, Volume 14, March 2001, 59.
A proclamation: Ibid., 61. The proclamation was found by the Soviet side and translated by Rzhevskaya.
“The Russians are”: Goldensohn, 344.
“were carried out”: James Lucas, War on the Eastern Front, 32–33.
Lieutenant Kurt Gruman: Gruman’s diary was found by Soviet troops and translated by Rzhevskaya in The Journal of Slavic Studies, 59–69. The diary ends on February 17, 1942, which Rzhevskaya assumes is when he died.
in his diary: Ibid.
“The infantry now”: Seth, 151.
750,000 horses: James Lucas, War on the Eastern Front, 114–115.
“Up to this time”: Guderian, 237.
“The Russians are”: Bock, 337.
“Guderian’s weak”: Ibid., 345.
“our losses” and “He probably”: Ibid., 347.
“There were no”: Guderian, 244–255.
“A national concept”: Lucas, 13.
“Germans are not”: Beevor, A Writer at War, 223.
military censorship office and letters: Gorinov, 165–170.
home guard units: Ivanov, 22.
eighty-seven districts: Shvetsova, Moskva i Moskvichi, 32.
Natalya Kravchenko: Interview with her and her written account, which is to be published by the village of Nikolina Gora in an anthology of such recollections.
antifreeze or even chains and dropped ropes: Seth, 151.
10: “DON’T BE SENTIMENTAL”
“Our soldiers”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 70.
Dedovsk: Ibid., 77–79.
Dedovo: Ibid.
“The severe winter weather”: Trevor-Roper, 166.
“Now we know”: Overy, Russia’s War, 163–164.
“the German swine” and “My advice is”: Volkogonov, 420.
“no stick of”: Guderian, 257.
using manuscripts from Tolstoy’s library as fuel: Overy, Russia’s War, 124.
buried about seventy and fires: Yasnaya Polyana Museum.
fallen “for Greater Germany”: Eve Curie, Journey Among Warriors, 214.
“We paid no attention”: Ibid., 213.
the bodies and “There could”: Ibid., 216–217.
“The enemy”: Guderian, 261.
“were forced to” and “But this was”: Guderian, 259.
“The fighting of”: Bock, 376.
“General withdrawal”: Burdick, 590.
“Hitler’s reaction”: Manstein, 279.
“This little matter”: Seth, 158.
Guderian and Hitler: Guderian, 265–271.
“Everything is”: Beevor, A Writer at War, 63.
Kurt Gruman: Rzhevskaya, 65–68.
crippled by frostbite: Lucas, 89. Lucas cites medical reports of the Fourth Army indicating more than double the casualties from frostbite than from battle.
Goebbels: Lochner, 37–38.
on transport priorities and Hitler decided: Lucas, 97.
Goebbels appealed: Lochner, 33.
Guderian was convinced: Guderian, 267.
“Until February 20”: Lochner, 112–113.
“The Germans seem bewildered”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 81.
“As for offensives”: Ibid., 82.
“I’ve talked with”: Ibid.
Shaposhnikov turned to Zhukov: Ibid., 83.
Germans intercepted: Seaton, 260.
food rationing: Overy, The Dictators, 500.
rotting remains: I. Z. Ladygin, N. Smirnov, Na Rzhevskom rubezhe, 26.
“extraordinarily favorable” and “He believes”: Lochner, 49.
Order 0428 and “All inhabited locations”: Volkogonov, 456.
“Whether the decision”: Volkogonov, 456.
In a top secret report and “Most people”: Moskva Prifrontovaia 1941–1942, 187–189.
“Don’t argue”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 85.
“We overestimated”: Ibid., 88.
“If you don’t”: Ibid., 89.
“Hey Russians!”: Ladygin, 26.
“Events demonstrated”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 90.
11: “THE WORST OF ALL WORLDS”
Eden, Maisky and black bag: Eden, 332.
“That’s marvelous”: Maisky, 227.
“The cold which these men”: Eden, 333.
“How can your people”: Maisky, 228.
When the train pulled into Moscow: Ibid., 228–229.
“I explained that”: Ibid., 173.
“The British government was”: Jan Ciechanowski, Defeat in Victory, 36.
he still suspected Stalin might cut another deal with Hitler: Ciechanowski, 33, 37, Butler, 62.
“The issue of”: Churchill, 391.
“was in line with”: Ciechanowski, 40.
Eden reiterated and “does not involve”: Churchill, 392–393.
“the first swallow”: Ciechanowski, 41.
“They must have escaped”: Ibid., 68.
“I think it would be” and “inviolable”: Ibid., 78.
“Russian ideas”: Eden, 335.
Eden knew how he had to respond and “Even before Russia”: Ibid., 336.
Dated December 5, the cable: Sherwood, 401–402.
“What about the”: Eden, 337.
“Stalin began to show his claws”: Ibid., 342–345.
listening devices and “My conclusion”: Ibid., 345.
“The corpses”: Maisky, 234.
German prisoners: Eden, 347, Maisky, 235.
He told Maisky: Eden, 347.
meeting with Stalin on December 20: Ibid., 348.
to the Kremlin for dinner: Ibid., 349–351.
pepper brandy: Maisky, 236.
mission had ended: Eden, 351–352.
“Stalin’s bust”: Lochner, 53.
“Such fear”: Ibid., 113.
Stalin sent a message and Churchill: Maisky, 252–253.
During his talks with Eden in December, Stalin: Eden, 348–349.
Lend-Lease supplies and it would provide: Overy, The Dictators, 502–503.
Upon his return to London, Eden: Dunn, 160.
“The increasing gravity”: Ibid.
“not only indefensible”: Ibid., 161.
“Soviet policy is”: Eden, 370.
British-American talks about Russia “tangled”: Ibid., 375.
“Here was the first”: Ibid.
“I know you will not mind”: Dunn, 161.
conversations with Maxim Litvinov and “he will deal with”: Ibid.
March 9: Eden, 376.
“I did not like”: Ibid.
“as a negotiator”: Ibid., 595.
“My task as minister”: Resis, 8.
secret meeting of Polish communists in Saratov: Ciechanowski, 103.
“Always graciously”: Reynolds, 241.
“extremely despondent”: Larry Lesueur, Twelve Months That Changed the World, 56.
disrupted cable communications: Lesueur, 56–58.
“A few soldiers”: Reynolds, 246–247.
“Moats and I”: Ibid., 248.
Pearl Harbor and “Everyone talked at once”: Lesueur, 74.
“The big story”: Henry C. Cassidy, Moscow Dateline, 158.
“That night I wondered”: Lesueur, 77.
“The Red Army had”: Cassidy, 160.
“was won by” and “We could have”: Ibid., 161.
“Out there, I could see”: Ibid., 193–194.
“Compared with London”: Lesueur, 82.
Lesueur’s description of drive on Leningrad Highway: Ibid., 85–88.
“Here, the bodies”: Cassidy, 195–196.
Lesueur drove: Lesueur, 122.
“The war was hard”: Ibid., 91–92.
“Russia happens to be”: Curie, 173.
by what the local inhabitants had to say: Ibid., 172–173.
stories of German terror: Ibid., 172–177.
The thirteenth child: Overy, Russia’s War, 129–130; Catherine Andreyev, Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement, 19–22; and George Fischer, Soviet Opposition to Stalin, 26–32.
Lesueur, accompanied by a censor and two Red Army officers, drove north: Lesueur, 93–94.
“With a smile”: Ibid., 97.
looked more like: Ibid., 98.
Lesueur asked Vlasov: Ibid.
“one of the young leaders”: Curie, 179–184.
“My blood belongs”: Ibid.
Beria and “How is it”: Volkogonov, 442.
Stalin summoned Khrushchev: Schecter, 181–182.
“It was difficult”: Ibid.
“Smolensk Declaration” and “Bolshevism is the enemy”: Andreyev, 206–209.
one of his brothers and parents: Overy, Russia’s War, 130.
“I did everything I could”: Andreyev, 210–215.
action in Prague: Overy, Russia’s War, 131.
12: THE DEADLIEST VICTORY
“In the course of”: Volkogonov, 456–457.
Wehrmacht report dated July 13, 1942: O. Kondrat’ev, Eto bylo na Rzhevsko-Viazemskom platsdarme (kniga tret’ia), 24.
Germans preparing their offensive: Ibid., 20.
from Zhukov on down: Ibid., 16.
Soviet planes tried to make a drop: Ladygin, 29.
Lieutenant Mirzakhan Galeyev: Svetlana Kukhtina, “Grandfather Was Reborn Near Rzhev,” Our Victory Day by Day: The Frontline Album, RIA Novosti Project.
Stavka, the Soviet military headquarters, sent out the order: Glantz, Zhukov’s Greatest Defeat, 22. (Glantz’s book is the most detailed—and damning—account available of this operation.)
The Soviet tally: Ibid., 319.
> “at best disingenuous”: Ibid., 317.
the German terror continued: Rzhev Battle Museum researcher Olga Dudkina.
Vyacheslav Molotov: Resis, 22–23, 164–165, 267–269.
27 million and 8.6 million: Merridale, 337.
three times as high: Ibid., 188.
“It would be hard”: Volkogonov, 446–447.
“All things considered”: Stepan Mikoyan, 106.
“Our government has made”: Ulam, 314.
“Will this winter”: Lochner, 130.
“Like the supreme military genius”: Churchill, 536–537.
“German troops were beaten”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 67.
“It was cold”: Walter Kerr, The Russian Army, 49.
“Stalin told me”: Axell, 87.
“The Führer had no intention”: Lochner, 136.
“He wanted to be”: Manstein, 283.
“The bringing in of fresh”: Eden, 341.
“I found myself” and “But I knew”: Schecter, 169.
“All the anti-Nazi nations”: Churchill, 537.
“The arrival of Army Group Center”: R. H. S. Stolfi, Hitler’s Panzers East, 24.
“By the magnitude of”: Ibid., ix.
“This was the”: Lesueur, 86.
“The battle for Moscow allowed”: Overy, Russia’s War, 122.
Sources
PUBLICATIONS
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Andreyev, Catherine. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Émigré Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Applebaum, Anne. Gulag: A History. New York: Doubleday, 2003.
Axell, Albert. Marshal Zhukov: The Man Who Beat Hitler. London: Pearson Longman, 2003.
Banac, Ivo, ed. The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov 1933–1949. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.
Beevor, Antony. Stalingrad. New York: Penguin Books, 1999.
Beevor, Antony, and Luba Vinogradova, eds. A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army, 1941–1945. New York: Pantheon Books, 2006.
Berezhkov, Valentin M. At Stalin’s Side: His Interpreter’s Memoirs from the October Revolution to the Fall of the Dictator’s Empire. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1994.
Beria, Sergo. Beria, My Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 2001.
Bock, Fedor von. Klaus Gerbet, ed. The War Diary: 1939–1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 1996.
Bohlen, Charles E. Witness to History: 1929–1969. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973.
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