“are being killed all over the place”: Ibid.
issuing orders: Ibid., 165–166.
“Let Molotov speak” and “That was certainly a mistake”: Anastas Mikoyan, 388–389.
Stalin helped him: Montefiore, 368.
“This unheard-of”: Werth, 167–168, Montefiore, 368.
“Lenin left us”: Volkogonov, 410.
“Comrade Stalin is”: Montefiore, 374.
“What have you” and “He had the strangest”: Volkogonov, 411.
Stalin assumed: Montefiore, 376.
“With whom”: Ibid., 376–377.
“Fine”: Volkogonov, 411.
Council of Evacuation: Overy, The Dictators, 500.
“a different Stalin” and “Well, they”: Schecter, 65.
Khrushchev and Malenkov: Talbott, 168.
“Tell me”: Ibid.
On July 3, he finally addressed: Joseph Stalin, The War of National Liberation, 9–17. I have corrected a few words of the translation.
Lenin was sent on a long journey: The story of Lenin’s voyage and the treatment of his body is based on interviews with Ilya Zbarsky. A few details are taken from Lenin’s Embalmers by Ilya Zbarsky and Samuel Hutchinson.
“Since I struggled”: Dallin, 3.
“It is thus” and “The sheer geographical”: Burdick, 446–447.
“It is the Führer’s”: Ibid., 458.
Over dinner: Bullock, 764–765.
“Russians, surrender”: Pleshakov, 245.
“The Russians are”: Fedor von Bock, The War Diary, 225.
“Some people in”: Berezhkov, 184.
Goebbels: Fred Taylor, ed., The Goebbels Diaries: 1939–1941, 426–433.
home guard: Overy, Russia’s War, 80.
On July 4, Goebbels: Taylor, 446.
“The Führer has”: Bullock, 798.
3: THE PRICE OF TERROR
Ilya Vinitsky: This account is based on interviews with Vinitsky and on personal notes he wrote about his experiences during the war and made available for this book.
censors’ internal report: Moskva Voennaia, 52.
“The local population”: Herwarth, 201.
“It was not”: Beria, 69.
“traitors who”: Pleshakov, 255.
Order 227: Bullock, 813.
German report dated February 19, 1942: Ibid.
Order 270: Volkogonov, 427.
“I am Stalin’s son,” “The fool” and daughter-in-law Yulia: Montefiore, 379–380.
to exchange Yakov: Ibid., 445–446.
“There are no”: Steven Merritt Miner, Stalin’s Holy War, 56.
Nikolai Pisarev: Based on my interview with Pisarev. I first wrote about him in Newsweek, January 16, 1995, “The POW.”
“The officers who”: Volkogonov, 416.
“What can one think”: Beria, 70.
shooting of hundreds: Miner, 57.
“a great number of”: David M. Glantz, Colossus Reborn, 567.
prompt execution: Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova, eds., A Writer at War, 19.
NKVD report: Robert Conquest, The Dragons of Expectations, 128.
supplying the Gulag: Pleshakov, 270, reports that between July and December 1941, 1,339,702 people were put on trial, and 67.4 percent of them were sent to the Gulag.
Pavlov and “No appeal”: Volkogonov, 421–422, Bullock, 795.
“A great war was”: Stepan Mikoyan, 49.
an estimated 158,000 Soviet soldiers: Overy, The Dictators, 535.
German military tribunals: Ibid., 517.
“Did you notice”: Pechenkin, 21.
the Great Terror. During 1937 and 1938: Service, 356.
44,000 names and “Stalin, a busy man”: Ibid., 352–353.
“Give the dog”: Ibid., 353.
“Without any noise”: Pechenkin, 15.
“will make even”: Rayfield, 322.
“What are you”: Overy, The Dictators, 475.
bloodstains: Rayfield, 324.
“as if he”: Pechenkin, 96.
“Stalin, do you hear”: Ibid., 95.
“There was” and “Spies, spies!”: Ibid., 47–48.
Germans reportedly leaked: Rayfield, 323, Robert Conquest, The Great Terror, 198–199.
“When I saw”: Pechenkin, 84.
General Jonah Yakir: Rayfield, 324.
“wives of enemies”: Conquest, The Dragons of Expectation, 115.
“The purge was”: Pechenkin, 118–119.
“This is worse”: Overy, Russia’s War, 30.
The purges hit: Conquest, The Great Terror, 450.
“So many were”: Schecter, 52.
“I have repeatedly”: Stepan Mikoyan, 106.
“disastrous”: Herwarth, 115.
“forged the defeats”: Volkogonov, 324.
“Let us imagine”: Deutscher, 377.
“Among all the documents”: Ibid., 379.
to deport and “At a time when”: Norman Davies, Heart of Europe, 66–67.
“those who were”: Bullock, 718.
March 1940, the Kremlin decreed: Andrew Nagorski, “At Last, a Victory for Truth,” Newsweek, October 26, 1992.
the arrests began: Ronald J. Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States, 38–39.
a list of no less than fourteen categories: Ibid., 40.
the numbers involved: Ibid., 41.
Ukrainian uprising: Anne Applebaum, Gulag, 416.
“Those who can walk”: Ibid., 418.
“our Himmler”: Rayfield, 392.
such as Orel, where 154: Ibid., 401.
Butyrka prison: Ibid., 400.
42,776 prisoners: Aleksei Toptygin, Lavrentii Beriia, 250.
“We used to”: Montefiore, 382.
allowed him to sit: Rayfield, 401.
“There’re too many” and surprise: Montefiore, 331.
“Of course there were excesses”: Overy, The Dictators, 217.
“If trouble started”: Albert Resis, ed., Molotov Remembers, 26.
“My father explained”: Beria, 33.
“Warfare reverted to”: Service, 423.
4: HITLER AND HIS GENERALS
“Let us kill”: Overy, The Dictators, 516.
“All the Soviet”: Herwarth, 201.
collective farms and “against whom”: Ibid., 202–203.
Captain Karl Haupt: Ben Shepherd, War in the Wild East, 79–80.
“All its members” to “their backs were turned”: Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories, 180–187.
“one of the first”: Miner, 53.
“If one did it”: Ibid., 54.
“Clash of two”: Burdick, 346.
“The attitude of the”: Miner, 54.
“Political commissars” and “We must”: Dallin, 30–31.
“The main reason”: Shepherd, 72.
“We would insult”: Ibid., 74.
400 million: Dallin, 66.
“the entire German”: Ibid., 39.
“Asiatic, Mongol”: Ibid., 69.
“At this stage”: Manstein, 183.
“who by their behavior”: Dallin, 31.
“Because of the”: Seth, 38.
to execute between fifty and a hundred: Overy, The Dictators, 520–521.
“Feeding inhabitants”: Dallin, 71.
“marching arm-in-arm”: Herwarth, 208.
“The Russian must”: Overy, The Dictators, 537.
“Where there’s a”: Shepherd, 89.
Einsatzgruppen and Himmler: Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men, 10–11.
Police Battalion 309 entered the city of Bialystok: Ibid., 11–12.
Bialystok. On July 12: Ibid., 13–14.
“August 25” and “August 31”: Ibid., 17.
“The Jews were” and “All I had to”: Goldensohn, 389–390.
Babi Yar: Browning, 18.
“But we were” and “Apparently as time”: Goldensohn, 356–357.
“utterly unsoldierly” and “would have threatened”: Manstein, 180.
Guderian: Guderian, 152.
“The order simply incited”: Manstein, 180.
“inconspicuously”: Overy, The Dictators, 513.
“traditional notions of”: Manstein, 77.
“The army is”: Schlabrendorff, 80.
felt bitterly disappointed: Ibid., 81.
“the entire basis”: Shirer, 556. Full account of the Halder plot, 547–559.
“We had watched”: Manstein, 23–24.
“the everlasting”: Ibid., 77.
scheduled stop: Ibid., 61.
devalue the military’s: Ibid., 150.
“Although this method” and Kluge: Schlabrendorff, 146.
“When considering”: Manstein, 274–275.
“excessive self-esteem”: Ibid., 74.
“Hitler possessed”: Ibid., 274–275.
“He had a genius”: Ibid., 74.
“Before I became” and “The general staff”: Schlabrendorff, 127.
“until after victory”: Dallin, 15.
“Purpose is not”: Ibid., 16.
“Hitler decided”: Goldensohn, 102.
“The first was”: Manstein, 175.
“Gentlemen, do you”: Schlabrendorff, 125.
“I believed in Hitler”: Goldensohn, 160.
“The enemy is”: Bock, 247.
“Army Group Center”: Trevor-Roper, 146.
“The main thing”: Bock, 265–266.
“All the directives”: Ibid., 289.
“to deprive the”: Trevor-Roper, 150.
“Before the”: Ibid.
“is not in” and “The most important”: Ibid., 151.
“in the most tactless”: Manstein, 261–262.
“What he lacked”: Ibid., 275.
“destroying the”: Trevor-Roper, 153.
September 16: Geoffrey Jukes, The Defense of Moscow, 77.
Heinz Guderian: All quotations and information in the account of Guderian’s career and dealings with Hitler are from Heinz Guderian, Panzer Leader (his memoirs), except where otherwise noted.
“Guderian is champing”: Bock, 285.
“Why didn’t you” and “Because there”: Beevor, A Writer at War, 56.
5: “MOSCOW IS IN DANGER”
“How could you”: Service, 421.
Boris Oreshkin: Boris Oreshkin, “Viaz’ma,” anthology Podvig, issue 38, Moscow, Molodaia Gvardiia, 1991, 102–114.
report by A. L. Ugryumov: Moskva Prifrontovaia 1941–1942, 180, 185.
“an absolute government” and “fear replaces”: Phyllis Penn Kohler, ed., Journey for Our Time, 128, 146.
Strelkovka: Georgi K. Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 5 (Harrison Salisbury’s introduction).
“You are not”: Pleshakov, 165.
“If we come”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 8 (Harrison Salisbury’s introduction).
he decreed: Axell, 5.
“Zhukov was always”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 12 (Harrison Salisbury’s introduction).
“I look as if”: Pleshakov, 164–165.
“Grin and bear it”: Axell, 15.
Conscripted: Ibid., 21–36.
relationships: interviews with his daughter Ella, Axell, 213–222, interview with his driver Aleksandr Buchin.
In a letter: letter courtesy of Ella Zhukova.
“the only person”: Overy, Russia’s War, 69.
the purges: G. K. Zhukov, Vospominaniia i razmyshleniia, Vol. I, 228–246.
“Of course, I regard” and “Tukhachevsky was”: Andrei Gromyko, Memoirs, 168.
the purged officers: Zhukov, Vospominaniia i razmyshleniia, 221–249.
Japanese forces: Axell, 55–56.
face-to-face conversation and “If he is always”: Zhukov, Vospominaniia i razmyshleniia, 287.
“Stalin wasn’t a coward”: Ibid., 368.
“I wasn’t informed” and “You will be informed”: Ibid., 378, 380.
“The situation is”: Montefiore, 387.
Soviet figures: Overy, Russia’s War, 112.
redeploying: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles (Harrison Salisbury’s introduction), 22–23.
“I thought I’d”: Beevor, A Writer at War, 48.
A Soviet pilot reported: Stepan Mikoyan, 68.
Beria was furious: Montefiore, 391.
“The grave possibility”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 30.
“Look, we’re in”: Ibid., 30–31.
Otto Günsche: Eberle, The Hitler Book, 77.
dinner on October 17: David Irving, Hitler’s War, 424–425.
“Guderian has reached”: Burdick, 546.
Guderian: Guderian, 232–240.
“The enemy thought”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 26–27.
“there was no”: Ibid., 32.
“The principal danger”: Ibid., 33.
“We see Germans”: Brochure on Podolsk Cadets provided by the Museum of the Defense of Moscow.
“If Moscow falls”: Montefiore, 393.
“These forces were”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 42–43.
“If the Germans,” “heavy fighting” and “the very existence”: Werth, 231.
“the gravity of”: Zhukov, Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, 44.
“Let us not”: Werth, 232.
“During the night”: Ibid., 233.
“iron discipline”: Ibid., 232–233.
October 13, Stalin had issued orders: David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, When Titans Clashed, 81.
6: “THE BROTHERHOOD OF MAN”
“Blueprint for Victory”: Life, August 4, 1941.
Sir Stafford Cripps: Anthony Eden, The Reckoning, 312.
John Dill: Ibid.
“go through Russia”: Ivan Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, 161.
“The Prime Minister’s” and “We savored”: Eden, 312.
William Bullitt: Dennis J. Dunn, Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin, 13–34.
“a very striking man”: Dunn, 34.
“charming, brilliant” and “He came to”: George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 79.
“perhaps fifty toasts” and “I held out”: Dunn, 23, 28.
“a very big man” and With Lenin: Ibid., 18–19.
returned to Moscow: Ibid., 40–41.
“You Westerners”: Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 26.
“We regarded”: Kennan, 81–82.
plainclothesmen: Bohlen, 32.
Marines: Ibid., 21.
“the honeymoon” and “perhaps it”: Dunn, 41.
“let them know”: Ibid., 42.
“were without question”: Ibid., 47.
“in order the better”: Ibid., 49.
“individual instances”: Ibid., 58.
“definite pro-Russian”: Bohlen, 47.
“most friendly attitude”: Dunn, 58.
“Davies understands”: Ibid., 70.
“Had the President”: Kennan, 83.
transfer and “too long for”: Dunn, 71.
“Stalin is a”: Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow, 112.
“He [Stalin] has”: Ibid., 357.
“It is my opinion”: Ibid., 272.
“that the accused”: Ibid., 201.
“The Stalin regime”: Ibid., 202–203.
“indignation and bewilderment”: Herwarth, 110.
“He ardently desired”: Bohlen, 55.
“I could not”: Ibid., 57.
“I shall always”: Davies, 352.
“In my opinion”: Ibid., 511.
“It is my judgment”: Ibid., 432.
“There were no”: Ibid., 280.
Ivan Yeaton: Memoirs of Ivan D. Yeaton, USA (Ret.): 14–45.
“a wealthy bourgeoisie Jew”: Dunn, 107.
“I think we”: Ibid., 103.
dinner at his country retreat, Chequers and “Not at all”: Winston S. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, 370.
“We shall fight him”: Ibid.,
372.
“Thus the ravings”: Ibid., 367–368.
silence “oppressive” and Stalin wrote: Ibid., 380–383.
“You must remember”: Ibid., 385.
“I received many”: Ibid., 388.
“all the aid”: Dunn, 126.
“we find ourselves” and “If we see”: Ibid., 127.
“we should do”: Kennan, 133.
“obvious sympathy”: Maisky, 179, 183.
“The resistance of”: Davies, 493.
Faymonville and Lend-Lease: Robert Huhn Jones, The Roads to Russia, 41–42.
classified documents: Dunn, 129.
Hopkins: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 325–327.
“Stalin said”: Ibid., 334.
“Give us”: Ibid., 328.
blacked out: Ibid., 330.
“I told him”: Ibid., 343.
“He talked as” and “an austere, rugged”: Ibid., 343–344.
Hopkins and Major Yeaton: Yeaton, 37–38.
Japan’s military attachés and Japanese newspaper correspondent: FSB archives courtesy of V. P. Yeroshin and V. Iampol’skii, Organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine.
Sorge was reporting: Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, 17.
“the impending collapse”: Ulam, 323.
Hopkins and Molotov: Sherwood, 332.
Roosevelt wrote a no-nonsense note to Wayne Coy: Susan Butler, ed., My Dear Mr. Stalin, 39.
“that do not” and “to choose”: Ibid., 41.
“We are at” and British-American delegation: Ibid., 41–42.
“Your function” and “might have a”: Ibid., 43.
August 29, he wrote: Churchill, 454.
On September 4, Maisky showed up to deliver Stalin’s reply: Churchill, 456.
“Remember that” and “More calm”: Churchill, 457–458.
“I began to”: Maisky, 191.
“It seems to” and “It is almost”: Churchill, 462–463.
War and Peace: Maisky, 208–209.
bomb that exploded: Dunn, 151–152.
“He was one”: Quentin Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, 233.
first meeting: Sherwood, 387–388.
the next evening: Ibid., 388–389.
Goebbels gloated: Jones, 61.
“It is up to”: Ibid.
Beaverbrook responded and “Now we shall”: Sherwood, 389.
“The meeting broke up” and Beaverbrook observed: Ibid., 389–391.
“moved stealthily like”: Dunn, 134.
“huge, forbidding”: Reynolds, 238–239.
farewell banquet: Ibid., 239.
arranged for Faymonville: Dunn, 132–133.
“was irrefutably”: Yeaton, 40–44.
Steinhardt: Reynolds, 244.
Charles Thayer, “now had completely” and Molotov told Steinhardt and Cripps: W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 106–107.
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