Wheat Belly (Revised and Expanded Edition)

by William Davis

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  22. Vashishth A, Ram S, Beniwal V. Cereal phytases and their importance in improvement of micronutrients bioavailability. 3 Biotech 2017 May; 7(1):42.

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  CHAPTER 4

  1. Dohan FC. Wheat “consumption” and hospital admissions for schizophrenia during World War II. A preliminary report. 1966 Jan; 18(1):7–10.

  2. Dohan FC. Coeliac disease and schizophrenia. Brit Med J 1973 Jul 7; 51–52.

  3. Dohan, FC. Hypothesis: Genes and neuroactive peptides from food as cause of schizophrenia. In Costa E and Trabucchi M, eds. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, New York: Raven Press, 1980; 535–48.

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  5. Kraft BD, West EC. Schizophrenia, gluten, and low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: a case report and review of the literature. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:10.

  6. Severance EG, Yolken RH, Eaton WW. Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling. Schizophr Res 2016 Sep; 176(1):23–35.

  7. Jackson J, Eaton W, Cascella N et al. A gluten-free diet in people with schizophrenia and anti-tissue transglutaminase or anti-gliadin antibodies. Schizophr Res 2012 Sep; 140(0):262–3.

  8. Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A et al. Markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in recent-onset psychosis and multi-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010 Jul 1; 68(1):100–4.

  9. Cermak SA, Curtin C, Bandini LG. Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Am Diet Assoc 2010 Feb; 110(2):238–46.

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  11. Lee RWY, Corley MJ, Pang A et al. A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Physiol Behavior 2018 May; 188:205–11.

  12. El-Rashidy O, El-Baz F, El-Gendy Y et al. Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study. Metab Brain Dis 2017 Dec; 32(6):1935–41.

  13. Millward C, Ferriter M, Calver S et al. Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Apr 16; (2):CD003498.

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  15. Niederhofer H, Pittschieler K. A preliminary investigation of ADHD symptoms in persons with celiac disease. J Atten Disord 2006 Nov; 10(2):200–4.

  16. Zioudrou C, Streaty RA, Klee WA. Opioid peptides derived from food proteins: the exorphins. J Biol Chem 1979 Apr 10; 254(7):2446–9.

  17. Pickar D, Vartanian F, Bunney WE Jr et al. Short-term naloxone administration in schizophrenic and manic patients. A World Health Organization Collaborative Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982 Mar; 39(3):313–9.

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  19. Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA et al. Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61:1206–12.

  CHAPTER 5

  1. Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD et al. Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in U.S. youth and adults by sex and age, 2007–2008 to 2015–2016. J Am Med Assoc 2018 Apr; 319(16):231723–5.

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  6. Matsuzawa Y. Establishment of a concept of visceral fat syndrome and discovery of adiponectin. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2010; 86(2):131–41.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Hypoadiponectinemia: a common basis for diseases associated with overnutrition. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006 Sep; 8(5):433–8.

  8. Deprés J, Lemieux I, Bergeron J et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contributions to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1039–49.

  10. Lee Y, Pratley RE. Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: the emerging role of the adipocyte. J Cardiopulm Rehab Prev 2007; 27:2–10.

  11. Lautenbach A, Budde A, Wrann CD. Obesity and the associated mediators leptin, estrogen and IGF-I enhance the cell proliferation and early tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61(4):484–91.

  12. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:606–16.

  13. Johnson RE, Murah MH. Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. Mayo Clin Proc 2009 Nov; 84(11):1010–5.

  14. Roelfsema F, Pijil H, Keenan DM, Veldhuis JD. Prolactin secretion in healthy adults is determined by gender, age, and body mass index. PLoS One 2012; 7(2):e31305.

  15. Fanciulli G, Dettori A, Demontis MP et al. Gluten exorphin B5 stimulates prolactin secretion through opioid receptors located outside the blood-brain barrier. Life Sci 2005 Feb; 76(15):1713–9.

  16. Green P, Stavropoulos S, Panagi S et al. Characteristics of adult celiac disease in the USA: results of a national survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:126–31.

  17. Cranney A, Zarkadas M, Graham ID et al. The Canadian Celiac Health Survey. Dig Dis Sci 2007 Apr; (5294):1087–95.

  18. Barera G, Mora S, Brambilla P et al. Body composition in children with celiac disease and th
e effects of a gluten-free diet: a prospective case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Jul; 72(1):71–5.

  19. Cheng J, Brar PS, Lee AR, Green PH. Body mass index in celiac disease: beneficial effect of a gluten-free diet. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010 Apr; 44(4):267–71.

  20. Dickey W, Kearney N. Overweight in celiac disease: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and effect of a gluten-free diet. Am J Gastroenterol 2006 Oct; 101(10):2356–9.

  21. Murray JA, Watson T, Clearman B, Mitros F. Effect of a gluten-free diet on gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 Apr; 79(4):669–73.

  22. Cheng et al. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010 Apr; 44(4):267–71.

  23. Barera G et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Jul; 72(1):71–5.

  24. Venkatasubramani N, Telega G, Werlin SL. Obesity in pediatric celiac disease. J Pediat Gastrolenterol Nutr 2010 May 12 [Epub ahead of print].

  25. Bardella MT, Fredella C, Prampolini L et al. Body composition and dietary intakes in adult celiac disease patients consuming a strict gluten-free diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Oct; 72(4):937–9.

  26. Smecuol E, Gonzalez D, Mautalen C et al. Longitudinal study on the effect of treatment on body composition and anthropometry of celiac disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 April; 92(4):639–43.

  27. Green P, Cellier C. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med 2007 October 25; 357:1731–43.

  28. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2082–90.

  29. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2074–81.

  CHAPTER 6

  1. Paveley WF. From Aretaeus to Crosby: a history of coeliac disease. Brit Med J 1988 Dec 24–31; 297:1646–9.

  2. Van Berge-Henegouwen GP, Mulder CJ. Pioneer in the gluten free diet: Willem-Karel Dicke 1905–1962, over 50 years of gluten free diet. Gut 1993 Nov; 34(11):1473–5.

  3. Barton SH, Kelly DG, Murray JA. Nutritional deficiencies in celiac disease. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2007; 36:93–108.

  4. Fasano A. Systemic autoimmune disorders in celiac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006; 22(6):674–9.

  5. Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med 2003 Feb 10; 163(3):286–92.

  6. Farrell RJ, Kelly CP. Celiac sprue. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(3):180–8.

  7. Garampazzi A, Rapa A, Mura S et al. Clinical pattern of celiac disease is still changing. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45:611–4.

  8. Steens RF, Csizmadia CG, George EK et al. A national prospective study on childhood celiac disease in the Netherlands 1993–2000: an increasing recognition and a changing clinical picture. J Pediatr 2005 Aug; 147(2):239–43.

  9. McGowan KE, Castiglione DA, Butzner JD. The changing face of childhood celiac disease in North America: impact of serological testing. Pediatrics 2009 Dec; 124(6):1572–8.

  10. Rajani S, Huynh HQ, Turner J. The changing frequency of celiac disease diagnosed at the Stollery Children’s Hospital. Can J Gastrolenterol 2010 Feb; 24(2):109–12.

  11. Bottaro G, Cataldo F, Rotolo N et al. The clinical pattern of subclinical/silent celiac disease: an analysis on 1026 consecutive cases. Am J Gastrolenterol 1999 Mar; 94(3):691–6.

  12. Rubio-Tapia A, Kyle RA, Kaplan E et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterol 2009 Jul; 137(1):88–93.

  13. Lohi S, Mustalahti K, Kaukinen K et al. Increasing prevalence of celiac disease over time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26:1217–25.

  14. Van der Windt D, Jellema P, Mulder CJ et al. Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. J Am Med Assoc 2010; 303(17):1738–46.

  15. Johnston SD, McMillan SA, Collins JS et al. A comparison of antibodies to tissue transglutaminase with conventional serological tests in the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003 Sep; 15(9):1001–4.

  16. Van der Windt et al. J Am Med Assoc 2010; 303(17):1738–46.

  17. Johnston SD et al. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003 Sep; 15(9):1001–4.

  18. Van der Windt et al. J Am Med Assoc 2010; 303(17):1738–46.

  19. NIH Consensus Development Conference on Celiac Disease. NIH Consens State Sci Statements 2004 Jun 28–30; 21(1):1–23.

  20. Mustalahti K, Lohiniemi S, Collin P et al. Gluten-free diet and quality of life in patients with screen-detected celiac disease. Eff Clin Pract 2002 May–Jun; 5(3):105–13.

  21. Ensari A, Marsh MN, Morgan S et al. Diagnosing coeliac disease by rectal gluten challenge: a prospective study based on immunopathology, computerized image analysis and logistic regression analysis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001 Aug; 101(2):199–207.

  22. Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:911–20.

  23. Van den Broeck HC, de Jong HC, Salentijn EM et al. Presence of celiac disease epitopes in modern and old hexaploid wheat varieties: wheat breeding may have contributed to increased prevalence of celiac disease. Theor Appl Genet 2010 Jul 28 [Epub ahead of print].

  24. Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M et al. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: effects on celiac and nonceliac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:408–19.

  25. Guttman JA, Finlay BB. Tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009 Apr; 1788(4):832–41.

  26. Parnell N, Ciclitira PJ. Celiac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 1999 Mar; 15(2):120–4.

  27. Peters U, Askling J, Gridley G et al. Causes of death in patients with celiac disease in a population-based Swedish cohort. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1566–72.

  28. Hafström I, Ringertz B, Spangberg A et al. A vegan diet free of gluten improves the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: the effects on arthritis correlate with a reduction in antibodies to food antigens. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001 Oct; 40(10):1175–9.

  29. Peters et al. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1566–72.

  30. Barera G, Bonfanti R, Viscardi M et al. Occurrence of celiac disease after onset of type 1 diabetes: a 6-year prospective longitudinal study. Pediatrics 2002; 109:833–8.

  31. Freeman HJ. Endocrine manifestations in celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016 Oct; 22(38):8472–9.

  32. Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Grünewald RA et al. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet 2010 Mar; 9:318–30.

  33. Hadjivassiliou M, Grünewald RA, Lawden M et al. Headache and CNS white matter abnormalities associated with gluten sensitivity. Neurology 2001 Feb 13; 56(3):385–8.

  34. Barton SH, Kelly DG, Murray JA. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2007; 36:93–108.

  35. Ludvigsson JF, Montgomery SM, Ekbom A et al. Small-intestinal histopathology and mortality risk in celiac disease. J Am Med Assoc 2009; 302(11):1171–8.

  36. West J, Logan R, Smith C et al. Malignancy and mortality in people with celiac disease: population based cohort study. Brit Med J 2004 Jul 21; doi:10.1136/bmj.38169.486701.7C.

  37. Askling J, Linet M, Gridley G et al. Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of individuals hospitalized with celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis. Gastroenterol 2002 Nov; 123(5):1428–35.

  38. Peters et al. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1566–72.

  39. Ludvigsson et al. J Am Med Assoc 2009; 302(11):1171–8.

  40. Holmes GKT, Prior P, Lane MR et al. Malignancy in celiac disease—effect of a gluten free diet. Gut 1989 Mar; 30(3):333–8.

  41. Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ et al. Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2009 Apr 13; 169(7):651–8.

  42. Ibid.

  4
3. Bagci S, Ercin CN, Yesilova Z et al. Levels of serologic markers of celiac disease in patients with reflux esophagitis. World J Gastrolenterol 2006 Nov 7; 12(41):6707–10.

  44. Usai P, Manca R, Cuomo R et al. Effect of gluten-free diet and co-morbidity of irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms on health-related quality of life in adult coeliac patients. Dig Liver Dis 2007 Sep; 39(9):824–8.

  45. Collin P, Mustalahti K, Kyronpalo S et al. Should we screen reflux oesophagitis patients for coeliac disease? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004 Sep; 16(9):917–20.

  46. Cuomo A, Romano M, Rocco A et al. Reflux oesophagitis in adult coeliac disease: beneficial effect of a gluten free diet. Gut 2003 Apr; 52(4):514–7.

  47. Ibid.

  48. Verdu EF, Armstrong D, Murray JA. Between celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome: the “no man’s land” of gluten sensitivity. Am J Gastroenterol 2009 Jun; 104(6):1587–94.

  CHAPTER 7

  1. Messina JL, Hamlin J, Larner J. Insulin-mimetic actions of wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A on specific mRNA levels. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987 Apr; 254(1):110–5.

  2. Holm PB, Kristiansen KN, Pedersen HB. Transgenic approaches in commonly consumed cereals to improve iron and zinc content and bioavailability. J Nutr 2002 Mar; 132(3):514S–6S.

  3. Crawford DH, Powell LW, Leggett BA et al. Evidence that the ancestral haplotype in Australian hemochromatosis patients may be associated with a common mutation in the gene. Am J Hum Genet 1995 Aug; 57(2):362–7.

  4. Monzón H, Forné M, González C et al. Mild enteropathy as a cause of iron-deficiency anaemia of previously unknown origin. Dig Liver Dis 2011 Jun; 43(6):448–53.

  5. Davidsson L. Approaches to improve iron bioavailability from complementary foods. J Nutr 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1):1560S–2S.

  6. Elhakim N, Laillou A, El Nakeeb A et al. Fortifying baladi bread in Egypt: reaching more than 50 million people through the subsidy program. Food Nutr Bull 2012 Dec; 33(4 Suppl):S260–71.

  7. Wierdsma NJ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Berkenpas M et al. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are highly prevalent in newly diagnosed celiac disease patients. Nutrients 2013 Sep 30; 5(10):3975–92.