Wheat Belly (Revised and Expanded Edition)

by William Davis

  11. Lemieux I, Couillard C, Pascot A et al. The small, dense LDL phenotype as a correlate of postprandial lipemia in men. Atherosclerosis 2000; 153:423–32.

  12. Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 2007 Jul 18; 298(3):299–308.

  13. Sniderman AD. How, when, and why to use apolipoprotein B in clinical practice. Am J Cardiol 2002 Oct 17; 90(8A):48i–54i.

  14. Otvos JD, Jeverajah EJ, Cromwell WC. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002 Oct 17; 90(8A):22i–9i.

  15. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:412–23.

  16. Hudgins LC. Effect of high-carbohydrate feeding on triglyceride and saturated fatty acid synthesis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000; 225:178–83.

  17. Savage DB, Semple RK. Recent insights into fatty liver, metabolic dyslipidaemia and their links to insulin resistance. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010 Aug; 21(4):329–36.

  18. Therond P. Catabolism of lipoproteins and metabolic syndrome. Cur Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:366–71.

  19. Centers for Disease Control 2010, Dietary intake for adults aged 20 and over, at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/diet.htm.

  20. Capeau J. Insulin resistance and steatosis in humans. Diabetes Metab 2008; 34:649–57.

  21. Adiels M, Olofsson S, Taskinen R, Borén J. Overproduction of very low density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arteroscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1225–36.

  22. Westman EC, Yancy WS Jr, Mavropoulos JC et al. The effect of a low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008 Dec 19; 5:36.

  23. Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Hanefeld M. The lipid triad in type 2 diabetes—prevalence and relevance of hypertriglyceridaemia/low high-density lipoprotein syndrome in type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004 Feb; 112(2):75–9.

  24. Krauss RM. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and diet-gene interactions. J Nutr 2001 Feb; 131(2):340S–3S.

  25. Wood RJ, Volek JS, Liu Y et al. Carbohydrate restriction alters lipoprotein metabolism by modifying VLDL, LDL, and HDL subfraction distribution and size in overweight men. J Nutr 2006; 136:384–9.

  CHAPTER 11

  1. Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Grünewald RA et al. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet 2010 Mar; 9:318–30.

  2. Holmes GK. Neurological and psychiatric complications in coeliac disease. In Gobbi G, Anderman F, Naccarato S et al., eds. Epilepsy and other neurological disorders in coeliac disease, London: John Libbey, 1997; 251–64.

  3. Hadjivassiliou M, Grünewald RA, Sharrack B et al. Gluten ataxia in perspective: epidemiology, genetic susceptibility and clinical characteristics. Brain 2003; 126:685–91.

  4. Cooke W, Smith W. Neurological disorders associated with adult coeliac disease. Brain 1966; 89:683–722.

  5. Hadjivassiliou M, Boscolo S, Davies-Jones GA et al. The humoral response in the pathogenesis of gluten ataxia. Neurology 2002 Apr 23; 58(8):1221–6.

  6. Bürk K Bösch S, Müller CA et al. Sporadic cerebellar ataxia associated with gluten sensitivity. Brain 2001; 124:1013–9.

  7. Wilkinson ID, Hadjivassiliou M, Dickson JM et al. Cerebellar abnormalities on proton MR spectroscopy in gluten ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76:1011–3.

  8. Hadjivassiliou M, Davies-Jones G, Sanders DS, Grünewald RA. Dietary treatment of gluten ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:1221–4.

  9. Hadjivassiliou M, Aeschlimann P, Sanders DS et al. Transglutaminase 6 antibodies in the diagnosis of gluten ataxia. Neurology 2013 May 7; 80(19):1740–5.

  10. Hadjivassiliou et al. Brain 2003; 126:685–91.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Hadjivassiliou M, Kandler RH, Chattopadhyay AK et al. Dietary treatment of gluten neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2006 Dec; 34(6):762–6.

  13. Bushara KO. Neurologic presentation of celiac disease. Gastroenterol 2005; 128:S92–7.

  14. Hadjivassiliou et al. Lancet 2010 Mar; 9:318–30.

  15. Hu WT, Murray JA, Greenway MC et al. Cognitive impairment and celiac disease. Arch Neurol 2006; 63:1440–6.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Hadjivassiliou et al. Lancet 2010 Mar; 9:318–30.

  18. Daulatzai MA. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity triggers gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, gut-brain axis dysfunction, and vulnerability for dementia. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2015; 14(1):110–31.

  19. Peltola M, Kaukinen K, Dastidar P et al. Hippocampal sclerosis in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with gluten sensitivity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009 Jun; 80(6):626–30.

  20. Cronin CC, Jackson LM, Feighery C et al. Coeliac disease and epilepsy. QJM 1998; 91:303–8.

  21. Chapman RW, Laidlow JM, Colin-Jones D et al. Increased prevalence of epilepsy in celiac disease. Brit Med J 1978; 2:250–1.

  22. Mavroudi A, Karatza E, Papastravrou T et al. Successful treatment of epilepsy and celiac disease with a gluten-free diet. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 33:292–5.

  23. Harper E, Moses H, Lagrange A. Occult celiac disease presenting as epilepsy and MRI changes that responded to gluten-free diet. Neurology 2007; 68:533.

  24. Ranua J, Luoma K, Auvinen A et al. Celiac disease-related antibodies in an epilepsy cohort and matched reference population. Epilepsy Behav 2005 May; 6(3):388–92.

  25. De la Monte S, Tong M, Wands JR. The 20-year voyage aboard the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: docking at “type 3 diabetes,” environmental/exposure factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and potential treatments. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62(3):1381–1390.

  CHAPTER 12

  1. Smith RN, Mann NJ, Braue A et al. A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 Jul; 86(1):107–15.

  2. Cordain L, Lindeberg S, Hurtado M et al. Acne vulgaris: a disease of Western civilization. Arch Dermatol 2002 Dec; 138:1584–90.

  3. Miyagi S, Iwama N, Kawabata T, Hasegawa K. Longevity and diet in Okinawa, Japan: the past, present and future. Asia Pac J Public Health 2003; 15 Suppl:S3–9.

  4. Cordain et al. Arch Dermatol 2002 Dec; 138:1584–90.

  5. Bendiner E. Disastrous trade-off: Eskimo health for white civilization. Hosp Pract 1974; 9:156–89.

  6. Steiner PE. Necropsies on Okinawans: anatomic and pathologic observations. Arch Pathol 1946; 42:359–80.

  7. Schaefer O. When the Eskimo comes to town. Nutr Today 1971; 6:8–16.

  8. Fulton JE, Plewig G, Kligman AM. Effect of chocolate on acne vulgaris. JAMA 1969 Dec 15; 210(11):2071–4.

  9. Rudman SM, Philpott MP, Thomas G, Kealey T. The role of IGF-I in human skin and its appendages: morphogen as well as mitogen? J Invest Dermatol 1997 Dec; 109(6):770–7.

  10. Cordain et al. Arch Dermatol 2002 Dec; 138:1584–90.

  11. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 13:853–61.

  12. Tan S, Hahn S, Benson S et al. Metformin improves polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms irrespective of pre-treatment insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 2007 Nov; 157(5):669–76.

  13. Cordain L. Implications for the role of diet in acne. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2005 Jun; 24(2):84–91.

  14. Frid H, Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM. Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 Jul; 82(1):69–75.

  15. Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Danby FW et al. High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005 Feb; 52(2):207–14.

  16. Abulnaja KO. Changes in the hormone and lipid profile of obese adolescent Saudi females with acne vulgaris. Braz J Med Biol
Res 2009 Jun; 42(6):501–5.

  17. Smith RN, Mann NJ, Braue A et al. A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 Jul; 86(1):107–15.

  18. Abenavoli L, Leggio L, Ferrulli A et al. Cutaneous manifestations in celiac disease. World J Gastrolenterol 2006 Feb 16; 12(6):843–52.

  19. Junkins-Hopkins J. Dermatitis herpetiformis: Pearls and pitfalls in diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 63:526–8.

  20. Abenavoli et al. World J Gastrolenterol 2006 Feb 16; 12(6):843–52.

  21. Volta U, Bardella MT, Calabrò A et al. An Italian prospective multicenter survey on patients suspected of having non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMC Med 2014 May 23; 12:85.

  22. Kong AS, Williams RL, Rhyne R et al. Acanthosis nigricans: high prevalence and association with diabetes in a practice-based research network consortium—a PRImary care Multi-Ethnic network (PRIME Net) study. J Am Board Fam Med 2010 Jul–Aug; 23(4):476–85.

  23. Corazza GR, Andreani ML, Venturo N et al. Celiac disease and alopecia areata: report of a new association. Gastroenterol 1995 Oct; 109(4):1333–7.

  24. Gregoriou S, Papafragkaki D, Kontochristopoulos G et al. Cytokines and other mediators in alopecia areata. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:928030.

  CHAPTER 13

  1. Wyshak G. Teenaged girls, carbonated beverage consumption, and bone fractures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000 Jun; 154(6):610–3.

  2. Remer T, Manz F. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95:791–7.

  3. Alexy U, Remer T, Manz F et al. Long-term protein intake and dietary potential renal acid load are associated with bone modeling and remodeling at the proximal radius in healthy children. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 Nov; 82(5):1107–14.

  4. Sebastian A, Frassetto LA, Sellmeyer DE et al. Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1308–16.

  5. Kurtz I, Maher T, Hulter HN et al. Effect of diet on plasma acid-base composition in normal humans. Kidney Int 1983; 24:670–80.

  6. Frassetto L, Morris RC, Sellmeyer DE et al. Diet, evolution and aging. Eur J Nutr 2001; 40:200–13.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55:M585–92.

  9. Van Staa TP, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG et al. Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales. Bone 2001; 29:517–22.

  10. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117:1016–37.

  11. Dennison E, Mohamed MA, Cooper C. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 2006; 32:617–29.

  12. Berger C, Langsetmo L, Joseph L et al. Change in bone mineral density as a function of age in women and men and association with the use of antiresorptive agents. CMAJ 2008; 178:1660–8.

  13. Massey LK. Dietary animal and plant protein and human bone health: a whole foods approach. J Nutr 133:862S–5S.

  14. Sebastian et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1308–16.

  15. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E et al. Effect of high vegetable protein diets on urinary calcium loss in middle-aged men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003 Feb; 57(2):376–82.

  16. Sebastian et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1308–16.

  17. Denton D. The Hunger for Salt. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1962.

  18. Sebastian et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1308–16.

  19. Centers for Disease Control, 2015. Hospitalization for total hip replacement among inpatients aged 45 and over: United States, 2000–2010 at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db186.htm.

  20. Arthritis Foundation, 2017. Arthritis by the numbers at https://www.arthritis.org/Documents/Sections/About-Arthritis/arthritis-facts-stats-figures.pdf.

  21. Katz JD, Agrawal S, Velasquez M. Getting to the heart of the matter: osteoarthritis takes its place as part of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010 June 28 [Epub ahead of print].

  22. Dumond H, Presle N, Terlain B et al. Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Arthr Rheum 2003 Nov; 48(11):3118–29.

  23. Wang Y, Simpson JA, Wluka AE et al. Relationship between body adiposity measures and risk of primary knee and hip replacement for osteoarthritis: a prospective cohort study. Arthr Res Ther 2009; 11:R31.

  24. Toda Y, Toda T, Takemura S et al. Change in body fat, but not body weight or metabolic correlates of obesity, is related to symptomatic relief of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis after a weight control program. J Rheumatol 1998 Nov; 25(11):2181–6.

  25. Christensen R, Astrup A, Bliddal H et al. Weight loss: the treatment of choice for knee osteoarthritis? A randomized trial. Osteoarthr Cart 2005 Jan; 13(1):20–7.

  26. Anderson AS, Loeser RF. Why is osteoarthritis an age-related disease? Best Prac Res Clin Rheum 2010; 24:15–26.

  27. Meyer D, Stavropolous S, Diamond B et al. Osteoporosis in a North American adult population with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:112–9.

  28. Mazure R, Vazquez H, Gonzalez D et al. Bone mineral affection in asymptomatic adult patients with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1994 Dec; 89(12):2130–4.

  29. Stenson WF, Newberry R, Lorenz R et al. Increased prevalence of celiac disease and need for routine screening among patients with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med 2005 Feb 28; 165(4):393–9.

  30. Bianchi ML, Bardella MT. Bone in celiac disease. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:1705–16.

  31. Fritzsch J, Hennicke G, Tannapfel A. [Ten fractures in 21 years.] Unfallchirurg 2005 Nov; 108(11):994–7.

  32. Vasquez H, Mazure R, Gonzalez D et al. Risk of fractures in celiac disease patients: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Jan; 95(1):183–9.

  33. Lindh E, Ljunghall S, Larsson K, Lavö B. Screening for antibodies against gliadin in patients with osteoporosis. J Int Med 1992; 231:403–6.

  34. Hafström I, Ringertz B, Spångberg A et al. A vegan diet free of gluten improves the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: the effects on arthritis correlate with a reduction in antibodies to food antigens. Rheumatol 2001; 1175–9.

  CHAPTER 14

  1. Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ. The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J 2010 Nov 22; 9:57.

  2. Martin K, Jackson Cf, Levy RG, Cooper PN. Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 Feb 9; 2:CD001903.

  3. Vining EP. Long-term health consequences of epilepsy diet treatments. Epilepsia 2008 Nov; 49 Suppl 8:27–9.

  4. Bergqvist AG, Schall JI, Stallings VA, Zemel BS. Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 Dec; 88(6):1678–84.

  5. Bank IM, Shemie SD, Rosenblatt B et al. Sudden cardiac death in association with the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Neurol 2008 Dec; 39(6):429–31.

  6. FDA, 2016: FDA statement on testing and analysis of arsenic in rice and rice products at https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ucm367263.htm.

  7. Yang Q. Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings. Neuroscience 2010. Yale J Biol Med 2010 Jun; 83(2):101–8.

  8. Kendall CW, Josse AR, Esfahani A, Jenkins DJ. Nuts, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Br J Nutr 2010 Aug; 104(4):465–73.

  9. Astrup A, Dyerberg J, Elwood P et al. The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: where does the evidence stand in 2010? Am J Clin Nutr 2011 Apr; 93(4):684–8.

  10. Ostman EM, Liljeberg Elmstähl HG, Björck IM. Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk
products. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 Jul; 74(1):96–100.

  CHAPTER 15

  1. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:634195.

  2. Schöttker B, Haug U, Schomburg L et al. Strong associations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 Apr; 97(4):782–93.

  3. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 Dec; 80(6 Suppl):1678S–88S.

  4. Afzal S, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Low 25-Hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Chem 2013 Feb; 59(2):381–91.

  5. Valcour A, Blocki F, Hawkins DM, Rao SD. Effects of age and serum 25-OH-vitamin D on serum parathyroid hormone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012 Nov; 97(11):3989–95.

  6. Smith MB, May HT, Blair TL et al. Vitamin D excess is significantly associated with risk of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2011; 124: A14699.

  7. Raffery T, O’Morain CA, O’Sullivan M. Vitamin D: new roles and therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Drug Metab 2012 Nov; 13(9):1294–302.

  8. Tavakkoli A, DiGiacomo D, Green PH, Lebwohl B. Vitamin D status and concomitant autoimmunity in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013 Jul; 47(6):515-9.

  9. Chiodini I, Bolland MJ. Calcium supplementation in osteoporosis: useful or harmful? Eur J Endocrinol 2018 Apr; 178(4):D13–D25.

  10. El Hilali J, de Koning EJ, van Ballegooijen AJ et al. Vitamin D, PTH and the risk of overall and disease-specific mortality: results of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016 Nov; 164:386–94.

  11. Caldwell KL, Miller GA, Want RY et al. Iodine status of the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Thyroid 2008 Nov; 18(11):1207–14.

  12. Smyth PP, Duntas LH. Iodine uptake and loss: can frequent strenuous exercise induce iodine deficiency? Horm Metab Res 2005 Sep; 37(9):555–8.

  13. Ghent WR, Eskin BA, Low DA, Hill LP. Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast. Can J Surg 1993 Oct; 36(5):453–60.