Solitary
Page 44
dog pen, 135, 147, 242, 291
dormitories, organization/description, 27–28, 85–86
Eagle 1 (dormitory), 314–15
Hickory (dormitory), 86, 96, 135, 269, 274
hog farm, 100
Oak (dormitory), 33, 86, 143, 269
Pine (dormitory), 86, 91, 102, 104, 128–38, 143–48, 243–47, 266–74, 330, 358, 390–91
Reception Center (RC), 25–27, 41–43, 84–85, 94, 103
Red Hat (cell block), 42–43, 88–89, 113
tag plant, 34, 104, 106, 147–48, 266–67, 330
Treatment Unit (“mental ward”), 278–79, 297
Walnut (dormitory), 86, 330
Angola prison, health and medical care
about the lack of, 98, 99
AW illness/diseases, 186–87, 307, 342
Camp J conditions, 169
diabetes, 188, 317
EMTs, 185–86, 203–04
exercise and physical deterioration, 169, 187
hepatitis C, 188
lawsuits, 186, 203–04, 354
mental illness, 252–53, 278–79, 410–11, 413
“no-duty” status, 41–42
prisoners paying for treatment, 282
sick call/malingering, 185–88, 203, 232
unqualified medical doctors, 354–55
Wallace illness and death, 352–67
Angola prison inmate roles
classification as trustee or Big Stripe prisoner, 26–27
cleaning crew, 34, 87
“clerk of security,” 147
field crew, 34–35, 42
gal-boys (“sissies”), 26–28, 97, 391
inmate clerks, 28, 31, 34, 106
inmate counsel, 202
inmate guards, 25–26, 29–30, 42, 84, 86, 97–98, 108, 113–15, 119, 151, 193, 307
kitchen workers, 28, 32, 87, 107, 132–33
orderlies, 26, 41–42, 82, 125, 157–60, 166, 179, 181–82, 190, 251, 291, 329
tier walkers, 283
trustees, 26–27, 43, 59, 113, 122, 151, 179–80, 287, 329
yard orderlies, 314–17
Angola prison, prisoner abuse
1960s culture of violence and abuse, 25–30, 84, 93–95, 389
Camp J, 253–54, 282–84
challenge of surviving intact, 199–200, 213, 329–30
as constant threat, 29–30, 98
no right to speak against, 99
not an issue of race, 88, 90
retribution for Miller death, 104–05
treatment in the dungeon, 35–36
verbal disrespect, 35
Angola prison staff/security
classification officer, 25, 27, 241
the colonel (head of staff/security), 36–37, 98, 177, 179, 250, 283, 350
freemen, 25–33, 36–37, 86, 92, 96–104, 107–08, 110, 113–18, 120, 129, 132, 154, 156, 169, 178–80, 307
medical doctors, 354–55
“old guard” resistance to change, 98–99
ranking officers, 25, 28, 32, 101, 116–17, 158, 228
reclassification officer, 192
tier guards, 50, 101, 116–17, 193, 285
warden, 98, 160, 170, 180, 225, 230, 239, 242, 251, 263, 279, 283, 291, 322, 336–37, 363–64
Angolite (magazine), 110, 129, 388, 392
Animal Farm (Orwell), 71
Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 292, 332, 346
apartheid, 71, 213
Arlook, Ira, 303
arrest quotas, 8, 197
Attica Prison, 89–90
Augustine, Michael, 247, 286, 312–13, 342, 403
Augustine, Violetta Mable (AW sister), 40–41, 228
childhood, 3, 17
death from breast cancer, 285–86
marriage to Michael, 313
separation by death, 342
visiting AW in prison, 32, 34, 205
Aunt Gussie, 3–5, 32, 39, 46
Australia, 408
Ayala, Davis v., 396
Baker, Howard, 146–47, 266–67, 272–74, 330
Baldwin, James, 67
bank robbers, 44, 196
Baptist Church, 6
“bar fighting,” 110
Barbara (AW girlfriend/wife), 20
Barnett, Millie, 261–62
Baton Rouge Advocate, 106, 249, 323, 326
Beck, Wyman, 148, 243
Becker, Richard, 237
Bell, Angela, 395–96
Bennett, Bruce, 218, 227, 237, 268
Bereas, Harry, 166
Bergeron, Allen J., 235
Bhalla, Angad Singh, 328
Big John (Death Row prisoner), 122, 169
Big Stripe prisoners, 26–27
”big thumpers” (sock balls), 154
Biko, Steve, 161
black box, use/punishment, 108, 334, 362, 366
Black Lives Matter, 356, 378–79, 408
black market, Angola, 31–32, 50, 159–60
Black Panther Film Festival, 276
Black Panther Party
10-Point Program, 72–73, 86, 308–12
35th anniversary, 281
about the history and formation, 65–72
activities in Harlem, 58
arrest and trial of the “Panther 21,” 64, 79
AW introduction/joining, 63–66, 79–83
call for resistance, 90, 99
ceased to exist, 183–84
FBI actions against, 104
raised fist, meaning of, 70–71, 309
revolution, meaning of, 64, 141, 162, 238, 311
support of Free the Angola 4, 126–27
support of incarcerated, 80–81
Black Panther Party, at Angola
beatings and abuse, 105
beginning a prison chapter, 83–84
linked to Brent Miller murder, 105–10, 215, 388–90
raised fist, showing the, 91, 242, 402–03
recruitment efforts, 86–87, 92–95, 111
seen as “militants”/troublemakers, 99, 150
spreading the influence, 119
stopping rape (“antirape squad”), 84–85, 93–94
Black State Legislators Association, 99
Blackburn, Frank, 291
Blitz, Chuck, 294, 303
Bolt, Nyati (“Colonel”), 96, 135, 187, 236
“boosters” (shoplifters), 44
From the Bottom of the Heap (King), 413
Bowden, James (JB, aka Richey), 270
“boy,” as denigrating term, 6, 27, 35, 40
Brady, James (Judge), 293, 316–19, 325, 332–33, 346–49, 372–78, 381–84, 393–96, 400, 406, 413
Brady v. Maryland (1963), 256, 266, 268, 271
“Brady claim,” 290–91, 296
Brazil, 408
Breaux, Irvin (“Life”), 388–92
Brenda (AW first child), 20
Brewer, Grady, 150–53
bribery, 31–32, 253
Brotherhood, 389
Brown, Hezekiah, 128–35, 138–39, 143–49, 216, 226–27, 239, 241–43, 256, 266, 269, 272–74, 277, 289–92, 296, 316, 322, 377, 387, 392, 397
Brown, Marion, 126, 276
Brundage, Avery, 71
brutality. See Angola prison, prisoner abuse; police brutality
“buck” (workers’ strike), 96, 107, 132–33, 135
Bush, George W., 372
Butler, Anne, 215–18, 226–27, 243, 256
Butler, Hilton, 118, 120, 145, 204, 227, 239, 243
Bynum, Ashley, 358, 359
C-1 tier, 49–51, 80–81, 83, 196
Cain, Burl
Angola warden, hired as, 225
congressional investigation, 306, 313
guaranteeing AW safety, 228
justifying 30 years of solitary, 283
keeping prisoners in CCR, 192–93, 263, 287, 327
racism, evidence of, 327–28
relocation of AW and Herman, 329, 348
testimony against AW, 318, 322
; Caldwell, James (“Buddy”), 302, 348
Calhoun, Clay, 234, 240, 271
Calogero, Pascal, Jr., 349–50
Camp J
3-level punishment program, 167, 253–56
AW held at, 167–68, 201, 205, 252–53, 307
closure, 409
family member visits, 202
hunger strike, 250–52
King held at, 159–60, 169, 287
medical care/health, 203–04
90-day requirement for leaving, 261–62, 281
retaliatory torture, 278–87
suicides, 283–84
Campbell v. Louisiana, 375
canteen stamps, access/privileges, 32–33, 111–12, 187, 253, 279
Capital Post-Conviction Project of Louisiana, 395
carjackers, 44
Carlos, John, 70–71
Carmichael, William, 383, 384, 397–98, 400–401
Carney, Willie, 391
Castile, Philando, 406–07
Catholic Church, 5–6
cavity search. See strip searches
Chang, Cindy, 345
Charles (aka “Goldy”), learning to read, 163–64, 169, 172
China, incarceration rate, 345
Christen, John R., 166
cigarettes, as currency, 31, 33, 52, 226, 242, 253, 269–70, 291, 305, 322
Cinque, Joseph, 170
Clark, Ramsey, 237, 249
Clark, Stephon, 407
classification officer, 25, 27, 241
Claybrook, Joan, 303, 313
Clayton, Tony, 383–84
”cleaning the books,” 53, 234, 321
Cleaver, Eldridge, 161
Clinton, William J. (“Bill”), 292, 332
Closed Cell Restricted cellblock (CCR), Angola. See also Angola prison facilities
40 years of AW confinement, 344
AW beaten and placed in cell, 103–04
AW lawsuit to move from, 262–65
AW moved to Amite City jail, 230
AW moved to Camp J, 201–05, 253–56
AW moved to Wade, 333–34
AW offered plea deal for freedom, 398–403
AW return from Amite City jail, 250
AW return from Camp J, 205, 261
AW sent to the dungeon, 252, 325–26
Black Panther presence, 169–71, 183–84, 192
claustrophobic attacks, xiii, 114, 222, 300, 338, 378, 406
as cruel and unusual punishment, 287
day-to-day life, 121–22, 175–79, 232–34
dungeon conditions, 155, 168
Eagle 1 (dormitory), 314–15
food and living conditions, 107–09, 157–60, 179–83
grievance procedures/lawsuits, 122–25
having “word,” 179
Herman Wallace, lock up, 104
Herman Wallace, removal from, 329–30
hunger strike, 119, 157–59, 251–52
installation of TVs, 152
integration of prisoners, 151–52
lock up of Gary Tyler, 155–56
lock up of King, 113–14
lock up of Montegut, 109–10, 215
lockdown review boards, 190–93
medical care/impact on health, 185–88, 203
political prisoners, 88, 99, 263, 284, 306, 326–28, 409
privileges, granting/withholding, 124–25, 201, 253–55, 281, 334–36, 347
reforms/changes, 160, 225, 250–51
repairs and renovation, 201, 205
shakedowns, 189–91
strip searches, 165–69
surviving/resisting breaking, 171–72, 195, 213, 220, 252
treatment of prisoners, 108–09, 115–19, 121
visitors, contact visits, 166, 178, 262, 279, 286, 314, 334, 336–37
visitors, family member, 111, 140, 202, 204–05
yard time, 154–55, 171–72, 183, 317
Closed Cell Restricted cellblock (CCR), David Wade, 333–38, 373
Closed Cell Restricted cellblock (CCR), St. Gabriel, 329–30
code of conduct. See honor
Cohen, Ben, 304
Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll PLLC, 354
COINTELPRO (FBI program), 69–70, 104, 126, 161–62, 237, 323, 409
ColorofChange.org (website), 315
Community Futures Collective, 263
con artists, 44
Congressional Black Caucus, 316
contact visits, 166, 178, 204–05, 262, 279, 286, 314, 334, 336–37
Contemporary Arts Center, 328
convict labor/”convict leasing,” 24–25, 397
Conyers, John, 99, 304, 306, 313–15, 341, 355, 368
counts (headcounts), 37, 115, 225, 231–32, 338
courage, learning the meaning/showing
acting in spite of being afraid, 15, 24, 367
AW letting his guard down, 264–65
AW surviving Angola, 38, 228
AW trial, Billy Sinclair speaking out, 388–91
AW trial, Deidre Howard speaking out, 385–86, 406
AW trial, inmate testimony, 135
AW trial, widow of Brent Miller speaking out, 406
Dorothy Mae Taylor’s fight for Angola reform, 119–20
Herman Wallace, recognition of, 367–69
Robert King as Angola “troublemaker,” 150
Critical Resistance (prison reform activists), 236, 286, 413
”cropping tobacco,” 2
Cruel and Unusual (film), 341
cruel and unusual punishment. See also solitary confinement
Angola conditions as, 98, 169, 316, 347
Angola 3 lawsuit, 262–63, 278, 287, 293, 307, 333, 358–62, 368
AW lawsuit, 203–04
delay of prisoner lawsuits, 123–24
psychological evaluation, 300
substandard medical care, 354
Crutcher, Terence, 406–07
Crutches (Angola inmate), 269–70
Cuba, 231–33, 237
Cullen, Julie, 239–48, 267–71, 274
Cummings, Dana, 318
Curry, Richard, 326–28, 358–62, 370
“cutting cane,” 34–35
Cypress (dormitory), 27–28, 43
Dalby, Docia, 278, 293, 348
Daniel, Bill, 99–100, 130, 134, 145, 228–29, 247, 267–70
Daniels, Ruth P., 331
D’Aquilla, Samuel, 366, 383–84
Davis v. Ayala, 396
Death Row, 42, 103, 122, 124, 146, 180, 183, 201, 205
Dees, Hayden, 98–100, 109–10, 218, 227, 242, 267, 389–90
defiance, survival through acts of, 43, 108, 190, 252, 261
Dennis, James L. (Judge), 394
depression, struggle to overcome, 177, 298, 301, 314, 332–33
DeQuincy (minimum-security jail), 23, 37
A Different Drummer (Kelley), 64–65
dignity, maintaining a sense of, 36, 90, 92–93, 112, 115, 199, 208, 221, 230, 290, 301, 368, 373, 380
disciplinary report (“write-up”), 31, 106, 133, 166–67, 203, 241, 307–08, 345–46
distribution of wealth, 309–11, 379
Dixon, Bert, 226
Dixon, C. Ray, 244–46
Dixon, Gilbert, 391
DNA testing, 387
dog pen, Angola, 135, 147, 242, 291
dogs (K9), 18
Donald (AW brother), 6
Douglass, Frederick, 11, 208
drug dealers, 32, 44, 94–95, 129
Drummer, Marina, 237, 261, 263–64, 287, 294, 373
Duncan, Shirley, 126, 241
dungeon (being “locked up”)
as constant threat, 29
AW first trip to, 35
AW sent for Brent Miller murder, 101–02
CCR, 101–02, 155
conditions described, 29–30, 35–36
drinking from the toilet, 168
the only way out, 36–37
strip searches and beatings, 167–68
30C violation, 325
Ebonics, 44
“Echoes” (Woodfox), 135, 223–24
economic issues
income inequality, 309–11, 379
prison-industrial complex, 236, 412
private prisons, 410, 412
Edland, John, 90
education, access to/lack of, 3, 71–73, 80, 108, 121, 310, 314, 346–49, 382, 413
Edwards, Edwin, 291
Edwards, Ruby. See Mable, Ruby Edwards
8th Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 123–24, 186, 203–04, 262, 354
Elayn Hunt Correctional Center, St. Gabriel, 329, 345–47, 362
Eldredge, Gary, 266, 272
Emus (Angola officer), 166
England, Sheridan, 289, 356, 358–62, 370
Erwin, Michael, 292, 296
Evans, Charles, 330–31
faith, maintaining a sense of, 200, 232, 367
Fanon, Frantz, 161, 211, 339
Farrell, Mike, 303
Faruq (aka Ronald Ailsworth), 80–81
Fathi, David, 341
fear, overcoming/giving in to, 15, 24–26, 49, 58, 63, 100, 104, 109, 175, 209, 213, 223, 356, 402, 405
fencing stolen property, 39, 47, 52
1st Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 263
Fleming, Scott, 236–37, 261, 263, 266–72, 277–81, 289–90, 313, 405
Fobb, Carl Joseph (“Paul”), 131–35, 139, 144, 147, 242, 272–74, 387, 397
4th Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 373
14th Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 123–24, 203–04, 363
Fox, James I., 79
Francois, Althea, 126, 261, 276, 341–42
Frank (friend/running partner), 14–15, 39, 46, 53–54
Franklin, Isaac, 24
Free the Angola 4. See also National Coalition to Free the Angola 3, 126–27
“freedom names,” 170
Freelines (Free the Angola 3 candy), 179–80, 277, 313
freemen, 25–33, 36–37, 86, 92, 96–104, 107–08, 110, 113–18, 120, 129, 132, 154, 156, 169, 178–80, 307
“fresh fish day,” 25–26, 43, 94
friendship, importance of, 199–200, 264, 329–30
From “Superman” to Man (Rogers), 161
furloughs, 135, 223
gal-boys (“sissies”), 26, 97, 391
gambling, 32, 94, 97, 111, 226, 391
games as diversion (cards, chess, dominoes), 37, 60, 180–81, 233, 283, 313
gang/gang activities (6th Ward High Steppers), 14–16, 18–19, 24, 46
“gang-related,” Black Panthers as, 264, 281
gangsters/gang-bangers, 317
Garraway, Bert, 217–19, 225, 237–38, 240–41, 244, 248–49, 271, 292
Garretson, Charles, 127–28, 138, 142–48, 214, 218, 234–35
Garvey, Marcus, 161
Garza, Alicia, 408
George, Leslie, 261–63
Germany, incarceration rate, 345
Gilbert (inmate rapist), 28–29
Glasser, Ira, 319
God, belief in, 6, 329
“good time” system (two-for-one), 44–45, 53