The Emperor’s New Road: China and the Project of the Century

by Jonathan E. Hillman

  Shen Baozhen, (i), (ii), (iii)n61

  Shevchenko, Taras, (i)

  Shultz, George, (i)

  Siemens (German conglomerate), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Siemens, Werner, (i)

  Siemens und Halske, (i)

  Silk Road, providing romanticized view of today’s BRI, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n1

  Silk Road Fund, (i)

  Silk Road International League of Theatres, (i)

  Singapore: ASEAN membership of, (i); Malaysian bridge to, (i); as U.S. security ally, (i)

  Sino-Japanese War (1894), (i), (ii)

  Sirisena, Maithripala, (i), (ii)

  Skinner, Robert, (i)

  SNC Lavalin, (i)

  Société de l’Union Générale (French bank), (i)

  Solih, Mohamed Ibrahim, (i)

  Somalia, (i), (ii)

  Somaliland, (i), (ii), (iii)

  South Asia, investment in, (i), (ii). See also specific countries

  South China Sea: China’s territorial claims in, (i), (ii), (iii); EU statement on China’s claims in, (i)

  Southeast Asia, (i); alternatives to Chinese investment in, (i), (ii), (iii); BRI challenges in, (i); foreign aid from Japan and U.S. to, (i); geographic extent of, (i); Japan vs. China in, (i), (ii), (iii); landlocked nations in, (i); predatory aid practices in, (i), (ii); railway development in, (i). See also Association for Southeast Asian Nations; specific countries

  Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (Manila Pact, 1954), (i)

  South East Asia Command, (i)

  South Sudan: Lamu Port–South Sudan–Ethiopia Transport Corridor (LAPSSET Corridor), (i); peacekeeping operations, (i)

  Soviet Union: in Afghanistan, (i); Chinese clash at Amur River with, (i); collapse of, (i), (ii); effect of Sino-Soviet tensions on Central Asian transport development, (i); espionage in U.S. embassy in, (i); Ethiopia and, (i); EU formation in reaction to, (i); lasers used to distract U.S. pilots, (i); transport networks in, (i)

  Spain, (i), (ii)

  Sparta’s defeat of Athens, (i)

  Spratly Islands, (i)

  Sri Lanka, (i), (ii); author’s experiences in, (i), (ii), (iii); on Bay of Bengal, (i); BRI criticism in, (i); Chinese loans and crippling debt of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n42; civil war with Tamil Tigers, (i), (ii); Colombo Port, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); corruption in, (i); early history of, (i); Easter Sunday bombings (2019), (i); highways and roads in, (i); “Regaining Sri Lanka” plan, (i); Trincomalee development, (i); tsunami (2004), (i), (ii). See also Hambantota Port; Rajapaksa, Mahinda

  Sri Mulyani Indrawati, (i)

  Stanford, Leland, (i)

  Starr, S. Frederick, (i), (ii)n68

  state-owned enterprises (China): BRI role and influence in foreign countries, (i), (ii), (iii); construction firms, (i); port management, (i), (ii); railways, (i), (ii). See also names of specific companies

  Strait of Malacca, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Suez Canal, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Stanford, Leland, (i)

  Starr, S. Frederick, (i), (ii)n68

  state-owned enterprises (China): BRI role and influence in foreign countries, (i)

  Suez Canal Company, (i), (ii)

  Suez Crisis (1956), (i)

  Switzerland and BRI cooperation, (i), (ii)

  Syria, Russian role in, (i)

  Syriza (Greek left-wing party), (i)

  Tajikistan: BRI effect on, (i); Chinese military presence in, (i), (ii); corruption related to Chinese-financed development in, (i); debt of, (i); railway in, (i); trade relations with Russia, (i)

  Tamil Tigers, (i), (ii)

  Tan Jian, (i)

  Tashkurgan, China, (i)

  technology and digital infrastructure, (i); ability to reveal bad practices and abuses of foreign assistance, (i); censorship and, (i); Chinese breach of African Union servers, (i); Chinese dominance in global telecommunications, (i); Chinese technical standards, adoption of, (i), (ii), (iii); cyberspace and cybersecurity, (i), (ii); “digital silk road,” (i), (ii); EU conditions for Chinese investments in, (i); fiber-optic cable, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); inherent dangers of, (i); Khorgos logistics facility and, (i); military’s role in technological innovation, (i)n7; mobile penetration rate, (i), (ii)n62; PEACE cable, (i), (ii); smart-city technology, (i); surveillance technology, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); technical assistance from China, (i)n48; technical assistance from Japan, (i); “technological sublime,” (i); technology transfer, importance to Malaysia, (i)

  telegraph: British global dominance of, (i), (ii), (iii); Chinese revolutionary use of, (i); connectivity of, (i); decolonization movements using it to end British rule, (i), (ii); in imperial China, (i); Indo-European Telegraph, development of, (i), (ii); Western traders demanding it in imperial China, (i)

  terrorist attacks of 9/11, (i), (ii)

  Thailand: ASEAN membership of, (i); geographic location of, (i); railway loan from China, (i), (ii); as U.S. ally, (i)

  Themistocles, (i)

  Thucydides, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Tillerson, Rex, (i)

  Tongjiang, China, (i)

  Trans-Pacific Partnership, (i)

  transparency, need for, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, (i)

  Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus Central Asia (TRACECA), (i)

  Trans-Siberian Railway, (i), (ii)n29

  Trincomalee (Sri Lanka), (i)

  Truman’s Point IV program, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Trump, Donald, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Tsipras, Alexis, (i), (ii)

  Turkey, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Turkmenistan: BRI and, (i); Caspian Sea corridor and, (i); China–Central Asia gas pipeline in, (i); state-run airline in, (i)

  Uganda, (i), (ii)

  Uighurs, (i), (ii)

  Union Pacific Railway, (i)

  United Kingdom. See Britain/United Kingdom

  United Nations (UN): alliance of China and Russia on Security Council, (i); Asian Highway Network (AHN), (i); compared to 17+1 format, (i); development agenda of 2030, (i); South Sudan peacekeeping operations, (i); on Sri Lanka civil war casualties, (i); “trans-Asian” railway proposed by, (i), (ii)

  United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), (i)n16

  United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, (i)

  United States: alternatives to Chinese investment offered by, (i); BUILD Act (2018), (i); Central Intelligence Agency, (i); Chinese workers on U.S. transcontinental railway, (i); Department of Defense Central Command (CENTCOM), (i); foreign aid policy under Bolton, (i); foreign aid to Southeast Asia, (i); highway system development in, (i); International Development Finance Corporation (USDFC), (i); Pacific Railway Act (1862), (i); policing corruption of its companies abroad, (i); Russian meddling in elections of, (i); Silk Road Strategy Act (1999), (i), (ii), (iii)n68; State Department’s goals in Pakistan, (i); transcontinental railway, (i), (ii), (iii); U-2 flights during Cold War, (i). See also U.S. policy toward China; U.S. assistance and policies in specific countries

  USAID, (i)

  U.S. Navy, (i)

  U.S. policy toward China: Cold War view that China served as bulwark against Soviets, (i); deteriorating relations of present time, (i); and Russian-Chinese partnership, (i)

  Uzbekistan, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Vatican, (i), (ii)

  Vestager, Margrethe, (i)

  Vietnam, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Vuchic, Vukan, (i)

  Wall Street Journal on Najib’s corruption, (i)

  Wang Yi, (i)

  Warsaw-Berlin highway, (i)

  Washington, George, (i)

  Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), (i)

  Wei Fenghe, (i)

  Wen Jiabao, (i)

  West Africa, Chinese investment in, (i)

  White, Richard: Railroaded, (i)

  Wickramasinghe, Shiranthi, (i)


  Wickramasuriya, Prasanna, (i)

  Wickremasinghe, Ranil, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Wickrematunge, Lasantha, (i)

  Wolf Warrior 2 (Chinese film), (i), (ii)

  Woosung railway, (i), (ii), (iii)

  World Bank: agreement with China for BRI development, (i); AIIB compared to, (i); benefits of pooled resources of, (i); blacklisting of China Communications Construction Company, (i); Central Asian connectivity plans and, (i)n16; China out-lending in Central Asia, (i); Chinese picking up abandoned projects of, (i); on CPEC potential, (i); on energy-tariff reforms, (i); Ethiopia and, (i), (ii); on Eurasian transportation projects funded by BRI, (i); on Kenya’s railway financed and built by China, (i); lending standards, (i), (ii); in Malaysia, (i); in Pakistan, (i); on railway construction, (i); Sri Lankan debt to, (i)

  World Economic Forum (2017), (i)

  World Health Organization, (i)

  World Trade Organization (WTO), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n46

  World War I, (i), (ii), (iii)

  World War II, (i), (ii)

  Wysocki, Bernard, Jr., (i)

  Xerxes (Persian king), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Xi Jinping: at Belt and Road Forum (2017), (i), (ii), (iii); at Belt and Road Forum (2019), (i), (ii), (iii); BRI announced by (2013), (i), (ii); BRI considered as signature vision of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); at BRI fifth anniversary (2018), (i); CPEC and, (i); Czech visit (2016), (i); Jokowi meeting (2015), (i); Kazakhstan visit (2013), (i), (ii); Kazakhstan world’s fair visit (2017), (i); “Made in China 2025” policy, (i); Malaysian rail development and, (i); Najib’s praise for, (i); Pakistan visit (2015), (i), (ii); at Piraeus Port, Greece (2019), (i); Putin and, (i), (ii), (iii); rejecting comparison of BRI initiative to colonialism, (i); Rome visit (2019), (i); Western criticisms of, (i); at World Economic Forum (2017), (i)

  Xinhua (Chinese news agency), (i), (ii)

  Xinjiang province (China): riots (2009), (i); security measures in, (i)

  Xu Lirong, (i)

  Yamamura, Kozo, (i), (ii)

  Yang Jiechi, (i)

  Yermegiyaev, Talgat, (i)

  Zeman, Miloš, (i)

  Zhang Yanmeng, (i)

  Zheng He, (i)

  Zhou Enlai, (i)

  Zhu Rongji, (i)

  Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad, (i)

  ZTE, (i), (ii)