Enough Is Enough

by Rob Dietz

  15. Jackson, Prosperity without Growth, 80–81.

  16. Ibid., 81.

  17. Ibid., 81–82.

  18. Chris Goodall, “Peak Stuff: Did the U.K. Reach a Maximum Use of Material Resources in the Early Part of the Last Decade?” (Oxford: Carbon Commentary Research Paper, October 13, 2011), http://www.carboncommentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Peak_Stuff_17.10.11.pdf (accessed November 29, 2011).

  19. Glen Peters et al., “Growth in Emission Transfers Via International Trade from 1990 to 2008,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 21 (2011): 8903–8908.

  20. William Stanley Jevons, The Coal Question: An Enquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal-Mines, 3rd ed. (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1905), 140.

  21. Steve Sorrell, The Rebound Effect: An Assessment of the Evidence for Economy-Wide Energy Savings from Improved Energy Efficiency (London: Sussex Energy Group and U.K. Energy Research Centre, October 2007), http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/Downloads/PDF/07/0710ReboundEffect/0710ReboundEffectReport.pdf (accessed December 7, 2011).

  22. Peter Victor, “Managing without Growth” (keynote presentation, Steady State Economy Conference, Leeds, U.K., June 19, 2010), http://steadystate.org/learn/leeds2010/videos/ (accessed October 20, 2010).

  23. N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 4th ed. (Mason, Ohio: Thomson Higher Education, 2007), 557–558.

  CHAPTER 4: WHAT SORT OF ECONOMY PROVIDES ENOUGH?

  1. Herman Daly, Steady-State Economics: Second Edition with New Essays (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1991), xv.

  2. Jose Delreal, “Students Walk out of Ec 10 in Solidarity with ‘Occupy,’” Harvard Crimson, November 2, 2011, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/11/2/mankiw-walkout-economics-10/ (accessed December 1, 2011).

  3. Post-Autistic Economics Network, “A Brief History of the Post-Autistic Economics Movement,” http://www.paecon.net/HistoryPAE.htm (accessed December 1, 2011).

  4. Daly, Steady-State Economics, 16–18.

  5. Herman Daly, “The Steady-State Economy: Toward a Political Economy of Biophysical Equilibrium and Moral Growth,” in Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics, edited by Herman Daly and K. N. Townsend, 325–364 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993), 325–326.

  6. Daly, Steady-State Economics, 182.

  7. Herman Daly, “Two Meanings of ‘Economic Growth,’” Daly News, March 1, 2010, http://steadystate.org/two-meanings/ (accessed October 12, 2011).

  8. Krueger, “Letting the Future In” (cited in chap. 2, n. 24).

  9. Wilkinson and Pickett, The Spirit Level (cited in chap. 2, n. 28).

  10. Victor, Managing without Growth, 171–173 (cited in chap. 3, n. 14).

  11. Figure 4.1 is based on Victor, Managing without Growth, 174. Note that Victor completed his model prior to the financial crisis of 2008; some extrapolations would change based on what has happened in the economy since the crisis.

  12. Ibid., 173–176.

  13. Hansen et al., “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?” (cited in chap. 2, n. 19).

  14. Larry Elliott, “Can a Dose of Recession Solve Climate Change?,” The Guardian, August 24, 2008.

  15. Victor, Managing without Growth, 178.

  16. Ibid., 181.

  17. Jackson, “Investment, Productivity, and Ownership” (cited in chap. 1, n. 6).

  18. Ibid.

  19. Ibid.

  20. E. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful: Economics as If People Mattered (1973), First Harper Perennial Edition with a new foreword by Bill McKibben (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 59.

  21. Jackson, “Investment, Productivity, and Ownership.”

  22. James Famiglietti et al., “Satellites Measure Recent Rates of Groundwater Depletion in California’s Central Valley,” Geophysical Research Letters 38 (2011).

  23. “BP Leak the World’s Worst Accidental Spill,” The Telegraph, August 3, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7924009/BP-leak-the-worlds-worst-accidental-oil-spill.html (accessed February 4, 2012).

  24. Serge Latouche, Farewell to Growth (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 2009); François Schneider, Giorgos Kallis, and Joan Martínez-Alier, “Crisis or Opportunity? Economic Degrowth for Social Equity and Ecological Sustainability. Introduction to This Special Issue,” Journal of Cleaner Production 18, no. 6 (2010): 511–518; and Joan Martínez-Alier, “Socially Sustainable Economic De-Growth,” Development and Change 40, no. 6 (2009): 1099–1119.

  25. Giorgos Kallis, “In Defence of Degrowth,” Ecological Economics 70, no. 5 (March 2011): 873–880.

  26. Research & Degrowth, “Degrowth Declaration of the Paris 2008 Conference,” Journal of Cleaner Production 18, no. 6 (April 2010): 523–524.

  27. Victor, Managing without Growth, 193 (cited in chap. 3, n. 14).

  28. Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy, “CASSE Position on Economic Growth” (May 2004), http://steadystate.org/act/sign-the-position/ (accessed December 10, 2011).

  CHAPTER 5: ENOUGH THROUGHPUT

  1. Donella Meadows, “Earth Day Plus Thirty, as Seen by the Earth,” Donella Meadows Institute, April 20, 2000, http://www.donellameadows.org/archives/earth-day-plus-thirty-as-seen-by-the-earth/ (accessed February 7, 2012).

  2. Peter Menzel, Material World: A Global Family Portrait (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994), 28–34 (Getu family), 136–143 (Skeen family).

  3. U.S. Census Bureau, “Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed by Location” (2011), http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/sftotalmedavgsqft.pdf (accessed December 12, 2011).

  4. Sean Cole, “An Average Family? Meet the Simpsons,” Marketplace, November 9, 2007, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/sustainability/consumed/average-family-meet-simpsons (accessed December 12, 2011).

  5. Self Storage Association, “2011 Self Storage Industry Fact Sheet” (June 30, 2011), http://www.selfstorage.org/ssa/Content/NavigationMenu/AboutSSA/FactSheet/

  2011SSAFACTSHEETrevised6-30-11.doc (accessed December 12, 2011).

  6. Ibid.

  7. Jon Mooallem, “The Self-Storage Self,” New York Times Magazine, September 2, 2009.

  8. Paul Brunner and Helmut Rechberger, Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2004), 3.

  9. Fridolin Krausmann et al., “Growth in Global Materials Use, GDP and Population during the 20th Century” (cited in chap. 2, n. 5).

  10. Paul Brunner and Helmut Rechberger, “Anthropogenic Metabolism and Environmental Legacies,” in Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, vol. 3, edited by T. Munn (West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 2001): 54–72.

  11. Herman Daly, “Economics in a Full World,” Scientific American 293, no. 3 (September 2005): 100–107.

  12. Henry George, Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions, and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth (London: Reeves, 1884), 173–174.

  13. Lee Hannah et al., “A Preliminary Inventory of Human Disturbance of World Ecosystems,” Ambio 23, no. 4/5 (July 1994): 246–250.

  14. David Trauger et al., The Relationship of Economic Growth to Wildlife Conservation, Technical Review 03-1 (Bethesda, Md.: The Wildlife Society, 2003).

  15. Herman Daly, “Toward Some Operational Principles of Sustainable Development,” Ecological Economics 2, no. 1 (1990): 1–6.

  16. Victoria Johnson, “Workshop 1: Limiting Resource Use and Waste Production” (Steady State Economy Conference, Leeds, U.K., June 19, 2010), http://steadystate.org/wp-content/uploads/WS1_Proposal_ResourceUse.pdf (accessed February 7, 2012).

  17. Daly, Steady-State Economics (cited in chap. 4, n. 1), 61–68.

  18. Feasta, Cap and Share: A Fair Way to Cut Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Dublin, Ireland: Feasta, May, 2008), http://www.feasta.org/documents/energy/Cap-and-Share-May08.pdf (accessed December 16, 2011).

  19. Herman Daly, Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development: Selected Essa
ys of Herman Daly (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007), 111.

  20. Robert Dietz and Brian Czech, “Conservation Deficits for the Continental United States: An Ecosystem Gap Analysis,” Conservation Biology 19, no. 5 (October 2005): 1478–1487.

  21. J. Michael Scott, Robbyn Abbitt, and Craig Groves, “What Are We Protecting?” Conservation Biology in Practice 2 (2001): 18–19.

  22. Ana Rodrigues et al., “Effectiveness of the Global Protected-Area Network in Representing Species Diversity,” Nature 428 (April 8, 2004): 640–643.

  23. Ana Rodrigues et al., “Global Gap Analysis: Priority Regions for Expanding the Global Protected-Area Network,” BioScience 54, no. 12 (December 2004): 1092–1100.

  24. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There (London: Oxford University Press, 1949), 221.

  25. United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and World Bank, Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003 (New York: United Nations, 2003).

  26. Ezra Markowitz and Tom Bowerman, “How Much Is Enough? Examining the Public’s Beliefs about Consumption,” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 11, no. 1 (2011).

  CHAPTER 6: ENOUGH PEOPLE

  1. “Sir David Attenborough Calls for UK Baby Limit to Stop ‘Frightening’ Population Growth,” Daily Mail, April 14, 2009, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1169707/Sir-David-Attenborough-calls-UK-baby-limit-stop-frightening-population-growth.html (accessed October 12, 2011).

  2. U.K. Office for National Statistics, “National Population Projections, 2010-Based Projections” (October 26, 2011), http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/npp/national-population-projections/2010-based-projections/index.html (accessed November 15, 2011).

  3. Ewing et al., Ecological Footprint Atlas 2009 (cited in chap. 2, n. 8).

  4. Maddison, “Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1–2008 AD” (cited in chap. 2, n. 4).

  5. National Geographic, 7 Billion Is a Big Number, video (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2011), http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/specials/sitewide-redesign/ngm-7billion.html (accessed October 12, 2011).

  6. United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision (New York: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2011).

  7. Data from 1900 to 1950 are from Maddison, “Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1–2008 AD.” Data from 1950 onward are from the United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.

  8. Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet 2007 (Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2007), http://www.prb.org/pdf07/07wpds_eng.pdf (accessed October 12, 2011).

  9. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Country Comparison: Total Fertility Rate,” in The World Factbook (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html (accessed February 8, 2012).

  10. Dan Glaister, “Number of Babies Born in the US Reaches Record Levels,” The Guardian, March 18, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/18/birth-rate-us-baby-boomers (accessed October 13, 2011).

  11. Fred Weir, “A Second Baby? Russia’s Mothers Aren’t Persuaded,” The Christian Science Monitor, May 19, 2006, http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0519/p01s04-woeu.html (accessed February 8, 2012).

  12. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Country Comparison: Total Fertility Rate,” in The World Factbook.

  13. Gretchen Daily and Paul Ehrlich, “Population, Sustainability, and Earth’s Carrying Capacity,” BioScience 42 (1992): 761–771.

  14. John Polimeni et al., The Jevons Paradox and the Myth of Resource Efficiency Improvements (London: Earthscan, 2008); and Brian Czech, “Prospects for Reconciling the Conflict between Economic Growth and Biodiversity Conservation with Technological Progress,” Conservation Biology 22 (2008): 1389–1398.

  15. Christian Kerschner, “Economic De-growth vs. Steady-state Economy,” Journal of Cleaner Production 18 (2010): 544–551.

  16. Latouche, Farewell to Growth, 25–29 (cited in chap. 4, n. 24); and George Monbiot, “The Population Myth,” The Guardian, September 29, 2009, http://www.monbiot.com/2009/09/29/the-population-myth/ (accessed October 21, 2010).

  17. Anthony LoBaido, “The Overpopulation Lie,” WorldNet Daily, May 2, 2000, http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=5695 (accessed October 21, 2010); and “How to Deal with a Falling Population,” The Economist, July 26, 2007, http://www.economist.com/node/9545933 (accessed October 21, 2010).

  18. Melanie Phillips, “The Deep Green Fear of the Human Race,” February 2, 2009, http://www.melaniephillips.com/the-dep-green-fear-of-the-human-race (accessed September 13, 2010).

  19. Marq de Villiers, Our Way Out: Principles for a Post-Apocalyptic World (Toronto, Canada: McClelland & Stewart, 2011), 188.

  20. John Guillebaud, Youthquake: Population, Fertility and Environment in the 21st Century (London: Optimum Population Trust, 2007), http://populationmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/youthquake.pdf (accessed October 21, 2010).

  21. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Country Comparison,” in The World Fact-book (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html (accessed February 8, 2012).

  22. De Villiers, Our Way Out, 199–200.

  23. Wolfgang Lutz and Samir KC, “Global Human Capital: Integrating Education and Population,” Science 333, no. 6042 (July 29, 2011): 587–592.

  24. Jeffrey Sachs, Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 187–188.

  25. Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus,” in Lloyd Douglas, The Statue of Liberty (New York: Rosen Book Works, 2003), 19.

  26. U.S. Congressional Budget Office, “Immigration Policy in the United States” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congressional Budget Office, February 2006), http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/70xx/doc7051/02-28-Immigration.pdf (accessed February 8, 2012).

  27. Victor, Managing without Growth, 197 (cited in chap. 3, n. 14).

  28. Ibid., 198–201.

  29. Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social-Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986).

  30. Population Media Center, “What We Do,” http://www.populationmedia.org/what/ (accessed October 18, 2011).

  31. William Ryerson, “The Effectiveness of Entertainment Mass Media in Changing Behavior” (Population Media Center), http://www.populationmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/EFFECTIVENESS-OF-ENTERTAINMENT-EDUCATION-012609.pdf (accessed October 18, 2011).

  32. Global Population Speak Out, “The Global Population Speak Out,” http://www.populationspeakout.org (accessed October 18, 2011).

  33. Jonathan Tilove, “Time to Move Over, Mr. 200 Millionth,” San Diego Union-Tribune, September 20, 2006, http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060920/news_1n20woo.html (accessed October 14, 2011).

  CHAPTER 7: ENOUGH INEQUALITY

  1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835; Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000), 1.

  2. Samuel Charters, The Complete Blind Willie Johnson, compact disc booklet (Columbia/Legacy, April 20, 1993); and Francis Davis, The History of the Blues (New York: Hyperion, 1995), 119.

  3. Charters, The Complete Blind Willie Johnson.

  4. Davis, The History of the Blues, 119.

  5. Nobel Prize Committee, “The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949,” http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/ (accessed December 29, 2011).

  6. University of Mississippi, “The Mississippi Writers Page: William Faulkner,” November 11, 2008, http://www.olemiss.edu/mwp/dir/faulkner_william/ (accessed December 29, 2011).

  7. Quoted in Daniel Singal, William Faulkner: The Making of a Modernist (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 268.

  8. Robert Reich, “Foreword,” in Wilkinson and Pickett, The S
pirit Level (cited in chap. 2, n. 28), vi.

  9. Data are an average of the 20:20 income inequality data published by the United Nations Development Programme in its Human Development Reports for the years 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. The data are the same as those used by Wilkinson and Pickett in The Spirit Level.

  10. Wilkinson and Pickett, The Spirit Level, 20.

  11. Ibid., 1–45.

  12. Gerald Marwell and Ruth Ames, “Economists Free Ride, Does Anyone Else?: Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods, IV,” Journal of Public Economics 15, no. 3 (1981).

  13. Raj Patel, The Value of Nothing: How to Reshape Market Society and Redefine Democracy (New York: Picador, 2009), 29–30.

  14. Henry Wallich, “Zero Growth,” Newsweek, January 24, 1972.

  15. Wilkinson and Pickett, The Spirit Level.

  16. Equality Trust, “Why Equality: Frequently Asked Questions,” http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/why/evidence/frequently-asked-questions (accessed January 3, 2012).

  17. Daniel Pink, Drive: The Surprising Truth about What Motivates Us (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009), 85–146.

  18. Wilkinson and Pickett, The Spirit Level, 5–10.

  19. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

  20. Wilkinson and Pickett, The Spirit Level, 236–237.

  21. Stephen Bezruchka, Tsukasa Namekata, and Maria Gilson Sistrom, “Improving Economic Equality and Health: The Case of Postwar Japan,” American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 4 (April 2008): 589–594.

  22. Citizen’s Income Trust, “Citizen’s Income Online,” http://www.citizensincome.org/ (accessed July 30, 2010).

  23. Michael Marmot et al., Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review (London: The Marmot Review, February 2010), http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review (accessed January 3, 2011).

  24. Sylvia Allegretto, “The Few, the Proud, the Very Rich,” The Berkeley Blog, University of California at Berkeley, December 5, 2011, http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2011/12/05/the-few-the-proud-the-very-rich/ (accessed January 3, 2012).