Rajaji
Page 51
15. Correspondence in July and August 1946 in SPC 3: 38, 248-9 & 273-4.
16. Moon (ed.), Journal, p.349.
17. New York Herald Tribune, 29.10.46.
18. Quoted in Pyarelal, Last Phase 1:565.
19. Moon (ed.), Journal, p.421.
20. Moon (ed.), Journal, p.462.
21. Lady Isobel Cripps to author in an interview in 1973.
22. Rajagopalachari Papers.
23. Mountbatten quoted in Merriam, Gandhi vs. Jinnah, p.128.
24. Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan, p.317.
25. Dharma Vira, Memoirs of a Civil Servant, Vikas, Delhi, 1975, p.25.
26. Lamarque quoted in Hunt and Harrison, District Officer in India, Scolar, London, 1980, p.244.
27. B.K. Nehru in Rajaji 93:97.
28. From the Hindustan Times, 27.4.47, 27.9.46, 8.2.47, 4.3.47 & 18.9.46.
29. Reported to author by C.R.
30. N.V. Gadgil, Government from Inside, Meenakshi, Meerut, 1968, p.37.
17. CALCUTTA
1. Quoted in Speeches, West Bengal Government Press, Calcutta, 1948, pp. 1-3.
2. Bimanesh Chatterjee, Thousand Days with Rajaji, Affiliated East-West, New Delhi, 1973, p.19.
3. Letter of 26.8.47, Rajagopalachari Papers.
4. Letter of 4.9.47, Rajagopalachari Papers.
5. Letter of 15.9.47, Rajagopalachari Papers.
6. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, p.11.
7. Letter of 22.8.47, Devadas Gandhi Papers.
8. Desai to C.R., 17.2.48, C.R. to Desai, 23.2.48, Rajagopalachari Papers.
9. Liaqat to C.R., 27.8.47, C.R. to Liaqat, 31.8.47, C.R. to Singh, 30.9.47, Rajagopalachari Papers.
10. Quoted in C. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, Calcutta, 1948, p.47.
11. See Pyarelal, Last Phase 2:408.
12. Letter of 8.9.47, C.R. to A.K. Chanda, Rajagopalachari Papers.
13. Letter of 12.11.73 from Mountbatten to author, and author’s interview with Mountbatten, 30.10.73.
14. Account of Gandhi-C.R. meeting supplied to author by three eye witnesses, C.R.’s daughters Namagiri and Lakshmi and Gandhi’s aide Brijkrishna Chandiwala.
15. Foregoing account of C.R. in relation to Gandhi’s assassination based on information supplied to author by Narasimhan, Lakshmi, Singaravelu and Chatterjee; C. Rajagoplachari, Speeches, Calcutta, 1948; and newspaper reports.
16. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, p.3.
17. C. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, Calcutta, 1948, pp. 118-9.
18. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, Calcutta, 1948, p.117.
19. Mountbatten and C.R. quoted in Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp.297-8.
20. Quotes from contemporary newspaper reports and from Rajagopalachari, Speeches.
21. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, p.28.
22. Letter in May 1948 to George Walker, C.R.’s 1937-9 colleague in the Madras Assembly.
23. Letters and Press comment from Rajagopalachari Papers.
24. Prafulla Ghosh to author, 1975.
25. Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p.306.
26. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, p.232.
27. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, pp.248-9.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., pp.258-9.
30. Ibid., pp.261-2.
18. PALACE
1. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, p.53.
2. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, p.91.
3. Letter of 15.5.48 from Fischer to C.R., Rajagopalachari Papers.
4. Menon in Rajaji 93:129-30.
5. Related to author by Pyarelal, who was present.
6. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, p.86.
7. Alexander in Rajaji 93:72E.
8. C.R.-Nizam correspondence published in Hindustan Times, 9.9.48.
9. V.P. Menon, An Outline of Indian Constitutional History, Bhavan, Bombay, 1965, p.74.
10. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, p.57.
11. Ramaswami Iyengar and C.R. Narasimhan to author, 1973.
12. C. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, Governor-General’s Press, New Delhi, 1950, pp.206-7.
13. Quotes from Rajagopalachari, Speeches.
14. Parasuram in Rajaji 93:210.
15. In Rajagopalachari, Speeches.
16. See Hindustan Times, 17.12.48, and letter of 5.12.48 from Nehru to Patel in Sardar Patel’s Correspondence (SPC) 6:340.
17. Letter of 30.3.49 in Sardar Patel’s Correspondence 8:7.
18. Letter of 29.10.48 in SPC 6:501-2.
19. Letter in August 1949 from N.V. Gadgil to Patel in SPC 8:602ff.
20. Letter from C.R. to Mirabehn, 19.10.49, Mirabehn Papers.
21. See Gadgil to Patel, 18.8.49, and Patel to Gadgil, 22.8.49, in SPC 8:602ff.
22. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, p.233.
23. Letter of 28.6.49 to Mashruwala in SPC 8:277-8.
24. See SPC 8:266.
25. Letter of 6.1.49 in SPC 8:96-7.
26. Episode recalled by C.R. in Swarajya, 23.11.68.
27. Letter in Tait Papers, St. Andrews,
28. Chatterjee, Thousand Days, pp.79-80.
29. Spratt, DMK in Power, Nachiketa, Bombay, 1970, p.38.
30. Rajagopalachari, Speeches, pp.331-4.
31. See SPC 8:197-216.
32. Ibid.
33. Birla and Desai to author, 1973.
34. Mishra, Living An Era, Vol. 2, Vikas, 1978, pp. 153-61.
35. Ibid.
36. SPC 8:197-216.
37. Ibid.
38. Conversation recalled by C.R. to author.
39. Letter of 31.12.49 in Rajagopalachari Papers.
40. Letter of 26.1.50 in SPC 10:77-8.
19. ‘MATCHSTICK’
1. Letters to Rama Rao in Feb. and March 1950, Rajagopalachari Papers.
2. Deshmukh in Rajaji 93:116.
3. Menon in Rajaji 93:130.
4. Gadgil, Government From Inside, Meenakshi, Meerut, 1968, p.84.
5. Menon in Rajaji 93:130.
6. Chakravarty in Rajaji 93:127.
7. Namagiri to author.
8. Namagiri to author.
9. It was revived in 1966.
10. Mullick to author, 1973.
11. Chalapati Rau to author.
12. Mullick to author.
13. Dutt’s minute and C.R.’s comment in File 7/40/51 Home (Pol.), National Archives, New Delhi.
14. C.R.’s view cited in note of 17.2.51 by H.V.R. Iengar, Home Secretary, in File 7/13/51, Home (Pol.), National Archives.
15. Iengar’s note of 23.2.51 citing C.R.’s view in File 28/2/51, Home (Pol.), National Archives.
16. C.R.’s letter in File 21/1/51, Home (Pol.), National Archives.
17. Minute in File 7/18/51, Home (Pol.), National Archives.
18. In interview to author.
19. Iengar in Rajaji 93:133.
20. Mullick to author.
21. Mookerjee-C.R. exchange related to author by R.Venkataraman, who heard it as an MP.
22. From Towards a Responsible Press, Publications Division, 1952.
23. Ibid.
24. Gadgil, Government from the Inside, p.170.
25. Iengar to author, 1973.
26. From lines by C.R. in October 1951, triggered by a farewell party given for him by Hare Krushna Mahtab, a Cabinet colleague, and reproduced in Swarajya, 14.6.75.
20. ‘DOWNFALL’
1. To R. Chakravarti, 3.3.52, Rajagopalachari Papers.
2. Copy of letter in Rajagopalachari Papers.
3. This and following account based on documents in Rajagopalachari Papers, contemporary newspaper reports, and author’s interviews with, among others, Subramaniam, Goenka, Sivaraman and Pattabhirama Rao.
4. Letter in Rajagopalachari Papers.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Letter of 26.3.52, Rajagopalachari Papers.
8. Remark of 3.7.52 in MLAD II:437.
9. Speech of 9.5.52, MLAD.
10. Proceedings of 28.6.52, MLAD II:45.
11. Pattabhirama Rao to author, 1973.
/> 12. In Rajaji 93:184.
13. Remark of 15.7.52 in MLAD III:254.
14. Broadcast of 1.8.52 in Rajagopalachari, Rajaji’s Speeches, Bhavan, Bombay, 1958, p.56.
15. Quoted in Rajaji 93:119.
16. C.R.’s advice repeated by Nehru in letter to C.R., 20.12.52, Rajagopalachari Papers.
17. Assembly speech on 15.3.53, MLAD.
18. Sri Prakasa to C.R., 28.3.53, Rajagopalachari Papers.
19. On 30.7.53, MLAD.
20. See speech by C. Subramaniam, 6.3.54, MLAD XII:651.
21. Pattabhirama Rao, who was present, to author.
22. Letter of 14.9.52 in Rajagopalachari Papers.
23. See Rajaji 93:194.
24. Letter of 29.12.52 quoted by Narayan in Rajaji 93:171.
25. Nixon, Memoirs, Grosset & Dunlap, New York.
26. Note from Ramsey to author.
27. Jotting of 3.4.53 in C.R.’s diary.
28. Raman in Rajaji 93:220B.
29. Quoted in Rajaji’s Speeches, Bhavan, Bombay, 1958, p.96.
30. Narasimhan to author.
31. Tyagi to C.R., 6.9.52, Rajagopalachari Papers.
32. Speech of 29.7.53 in MLAD IX.
33. On 8.8.49. Quoted in Governor-General’s Speeches:257-9.
34. Speech of 29.7.53. MLAD IX: 1736.
35. In the Assembly on 19.12.53. MLAD X:376.
36. Ibid.
37. Remark of 21.8.53 in Rajaji’s Speeches, Bhavan, Bombay, p.165.
38. Assembly statement of 24.12.53 in MLAD X:717.
39. Assembly remark of 29.7.53 in MLAD IX: 1732.
40. Ramamurti to author, 1973.
41. C.R.’s words repeated in Mehta’s letter to him, 20.8.53, Rajagopalachari Papers.
42. Quoted in Prakasa to Prasad, 16,4,54, Rajagopalachari Papers.
43. Ibid.
44. Justice P. Chandra Reddy in Rajaji 93:263.
21. WOLVES
1. Statement in Rajagopalachari Papers.
2. In Henry Ramsey papers.
3. Letter from Ramsey to author.
4. Remark of 16.8.45 in Rajagopalachari, The Voice of the Uninvolved, National Book Trust, 1960, p.2.
5. To Felton. Quoted in Felton, I Meet Rajaji (IMR), Jaico, Bombay, 1964, p.185.
6. Ramsey to author.
7. Based on Felton, IMR; C.R., Voice; and C.R.’s remarks quoted in Indian Express, 7.12.55.
8. Letter from C.R. to Rama Rao, 13.10.55.
9. Ibid.
10. Quoted in Gyanvati Darbar, Portrait of a President, Vikas, 1974, vol.1, p.111.
11. From letter in Rajagopalachari Papers.
12. Felton, IMR: 119.
13. Felton, IMR:116.
14. From C.R., Voice: 44.
15. Letters of 20.10 & 8.11.58, shown to author by Mirabehn.
22. SWATANTRA
1. H.L. Erdman, The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism, Cambridge University Press, 1967, pp.68-9.
2. Letter in Deshmukh Papers, NMML, New Delhi.
3. Nehru quoted in Felton, IMR:184.
4. Felton, IMR:185.
5. Based on Felton, IMR:191-3, & Masani, Against the Tide, Vikas, New Delhi, 1981, pp.137 ff.
6. Felton, IMR:187.
7. In Masani, Against the Tide, p.136.
8. Nehru, quoted in Erdman, The Swatantra Party.
9. Erdman, The Swatantra Party, p.83.
10. Kabir quoted in Erdman, The Swatantra Party, p.74.
11. Cited in Report on Swatantra Party’s Preparatory Convention, Popular, Bombay, August 1959, p.30.
12. Quoted in Erdman, The Swatantra Party, p.172.
13. Ibid., p.175.
14. Ibid., p.63.
15. Diary entries in Darbar, Portrait of a President, 1:240 & 2:88.
16. Menon in Rajaji 93:71.
17. Quoted in article by V.S. Maniam, The Statesman, 7.1.73.
18. Simons in Rajaji 93:100.
19. Dr Sundaram in Rajaji 93:236E.
20. Letter of 15.7.61 to Gopal Gandhi, RP.
21. C.R. quoted in Erdman, The Swatantra Party, p.215.
22. The Canadian journalist David van Praagh in Rajaji 93:203.
23. C.R. in Swarajya, 25.3 & 13.5.61.
23. KENNEDY
1. Disclosed to the author in 1973 by Shiva Rao who, along with Diwakar, received Nehru’s advice. This chapter is based on articles by C.R. & others in Swarajya; ankles by Zafarulla Khan, B.K. Nehru, Shiva Rao, B.N. Chakravarti, A.B. Nair & Diwakar in Rajaji 93; author’s interviews with Diwakar, Shiva Rao and Satyanarayana; and notes supplied by Shiva Rao of interviews of C.R. & party with Kennedy, Gromyko, Macmillan & Pope John XXIII.
2. Shiva Rao to author. Kennedy’s comment quoted in Shiva Rao, India’s Freedom Movement, Longman, 1972, pp.243-4, and by Diwakar in Rajaji 93.
3. Chagla in Swarajya, 9.12.79.
24. DEFIANCE
1. Message for Ayub in letter of 3.11.62 from C.R. to Mahomed Ali, Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Rajagopalachari Papers (RP).
2. T. Sadasivam told the author that he heard this from C.R.
3. From Swarajya of 6.4.63, 26.10.63, 11.1.64 & 1.6.63.
4. Letter, RP.
5. In Swarajya, 6.6.64.
6. Unsigned letter of 11.1.66 forwarded to C.R. by L.K. Jha, Secretary to the Prime Minister, on 14.1.66, RP.
7. Narayan in Rajaji 93:171.
8. To Tara All Baig, 9.12.65, RP.
9. To Jyotirmoy Banerjee, 28.4.63.
10. Kamaraj in Rajaji 93:105.
11. Uma Vasudev, Indira Gandhi, Vikas, Delhi, 1974, p.428-31.
12. Das in Rajaji 93:173.
13. C.R.’s remark to Gopal Gandhi about his sister.
14. Karanth in Rajaji 93:200.
15. Jain in Rajaji 93:175.
16. Hukam Singh to Neerja Chowdhury, Feb. 1980.
17. Khaliquzzaman, Pathway to Pakistan, Longman, Lahore, 1961, p.316.
18. Sarkar in Rajaji 93:224.
19. Letter to Gopal Gandhi, 7.11.68.
20. Quotes in this para from Swarajya issues in August and September, 1968.
21. In Dipika, Aug. 1959.
22. To the author.
23. From C.R.’s message to Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Patiala, 1966, RP.
24. See Ved Mehta in Rajaji 93:176; also letter from C.R. to Natwar Singh, RP.
25. Crocker in Rajaji 93:87.
26. R.V. Krishna Iyer, official of the Madras legislature and C.R.’s friend from Salem days, as stated to author.
27. Venkatachar in Rajaji 93:138.
28. P. Mahadevan in Swarajya, 14.12.63.
29. Iyengar to author in Madras, 1973.
30. Mukerjee in Rajaji 93:110.
25. SPARKLE
1. Quoted and referred to in Swarajya issues, June & July 1969.
2. Quoted in Masani, Against the Tide, Vikas, Delhi, 1981, p.298.
3. Swarajya issues of 6.9.69, 20.9.69, 18.10.69 and 31.1.70.
4. Quoted in Masani, Against the Tide, Vikas, New Delhi, p.313.
5. Letter of 23.1.71, RP.
6. Letter of 15.5.65, RP.
7. Memo for Swarajya, 22.8.70, RP.
8. Note to T.V. Venkataraman, Nov. 1971, RP.
9. See Swarajya, 24.7. & 7.8.71.
10. Crocker in Rajaji 93:87.
11. Parasuram in Rajaji 93:210.
12. Sadasivam to author.
13. Cariappa in Rajaji 93:26.
14. Mountbatten to C.R., 5.11.66; Fischer to C.R., 19.4.66, RP.
15. Fielden in Rajaji 93:172.
16. Sri Prakasa in Rajaji 89, Bharathan, Madras, 1967, p.9.
17. Prasad quoted by K.M. Munshi, Bhavan’s Journal, 3.12.67.
18. To author, New Delhi, 11.3.74.
19. Felton, IMR:177.
20. Quoted in Masti Venkatesa Iyengar, Rajaji, Bhavan, Bombay, vol.2, p.206.
21. Rau in Rajaji 93:275.
22. This and following paras based on incidents and events witnessed by author.
Bibliography
Apart from the Rajagopalachari and Devadas Gandhi Papers, the following private papers were consulted: the Pyarelal Papers; the Gandhi Sangrahalya collection in Ahmedabad and New Delhi; the CD. Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur, S.A.Brelvi, G.A. Natesan, B.G. Kher and Dhirubhai Desai Papers (all at the Nehru Memorial Library, New Delhi); & the Erskine, Linlithgow and Zetland Papers (all at the India Office Library, London).
Letters from & to C.R. were shown to me, or texts supplied, by, among others, the Prime Minister’s Office (some Nehru-C.R. letters); the family of Navaratna Rama Rao; Mirabehn; B. Shiva Rao; Henry Ramsey; P. Kodanda Rao; Mahavir Tyagi; J.B.L. Munro; the family of Khasa Subba Rau; and Margaret Tait.
Among officials who sent me written recollections were H.H. Carleston, Bimanesh Chatterjee, Peter Crombie, B.W. Day, W.W. Georgeson, R.B. MacEwen, F.W.A. Morris, D.I.R. Muir, J.B.L. Munro, A.J. Platt and J.F. Saunders.
Newspapers & periodicals studied included Amrita Bazar Patrika and The Statesman, Calcutta, Young India and Harijan, Ahmedabad, Hindustan Times, New Delhi, and The Hindu, Indian Express and Indian Review, Madras.
Other published material consulted included the following:
Ahmad, J. (ed.), Speeches & Writings of Mr Jinnah, Ashraf, Lahore, 1947.
Allana, G., Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah, Lahore, 1967.
Ashe, Geoffrey, Gandhi, Asia, Bombay, 1968.
Azad, A.K., India Wins Freedom, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1959.
Baliga, B.S., Tanjore District Handbook, Government of Madras, 1957.
Bapat, S.V. (ed.), Reminiscences of Lokamanya Tilak.
Bharathan, Madras, Rajaji 89, 1967, & Rajaji 93, 1971.
Birkenhead, Halifax, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1965.
Birla, G.D., In the Shadow of the Mahatma, Vakils, Feller & Simons, Bombay, 1968.
Bose, Subhas, The Indian Struggle, Asia, Bombay, 1968.
Brecher, M., Nehru, Oxford, London, 1959.
Campbell-Johnson, Alan, Mission with Mountbatten, Robert Hale, London, 1951.
Chand, Tara, History of the Freedom Movement, Pub. Div., New Delhi, 1972.
Chatterjee, Bimanesh, Thousand Days with Rajaji, Affiliated East- West, New Delhi, 1973.
Coupland, Reginald, The Indian Problem, Oxford, 1942.
Darbar, Gyanvati, Portrait of a President, two vols., Vikas, New Delhi, 1974.
Desai, Mahadev, The Story of Bardoli, Navajivan, Ahmedabad, 1929.