Silver, Sword, and Stone

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Silver, Sword, and Stone Page 60

by Marie Arana


  Great Famine, 66

  Greece, ancient, 146

  Gregory XIII, Pope, 264, 305

  Grijalva, Juan de, 381–82

  “Grito de Dolores, el,” 173

  Guamán Poma de Ayala, Felipe, 34, 39

  Guanajuato, Mexico, 25, 169, 324

  Guaraní people, 14, 75, 256, 261, 273–74, 295, 311, 338–39, 346, 347, 350, 362

  Guatemala, 26, 174, 181, 187–88, 192, 217–20, 244, 263, 265, 286, 289, 315, 330, 341, 343

  guerra a fuego y sangre (war of extermination), 307

  guerra al muerte, la (war to the death), 231, 245

  Guerrero, Gonzalo, 298

  Guerrilla Prince (Geyer), 205

  guerrilla warfare, 160–61, 164, 170, 181, 184, 197, 212–13, 216, 221, 224, 239, 326, 341, 352

  see also Shining Path; specific movements

  Guevara, Ché, 160, 311, 327–28, 341

  Guinea, Battle of, 43

  Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 320–21, 326

  Guzmán, Abimael “Gonzalo,” 225–32, 418

  Hacia una teología de la liberación (Gutiérrez), 320–21

  Haig, Alexander, 216

  Haiti, 141, 169–70, 199–200

  Hamilton, Alexander, 167

  hanan-hurin (conquer and divide) strategy, 149, 150, 152

  Hapsburg Empire, 12, 100

  Havana, 136, 161

  hearth stones, 263–64

  hearts, ritual extraction of, 60, 71, 107, 143, 247, 257, 272

  “Heights of Machu Picchu, The” (Neruda), 93

  Helen (Buergos’s girlfriend), 236–37, 360

  Hemming, John, 30, 74

  Henríquez, Raul Silva, 358

  Henry IV, king of Castile, 40

  Hidalgo, Miguel, 169, 173, 324

  hieroglyphics, 19, 264

  Hispaniola, 49, 51–52, 53, 54–57, 63, 76, 82, 140, 142, 152, 198–99, 283, 299, 428

  Hitler, Adolf, 71, 253

  HIV, 112

  Holy Communion, 297

  Holy Roman Empire, 67, 71

  Honduras, 49, 114, 117, 174, 209, 221, 330, 341, 357–58

  horse meat, black market in, 206–7, 222, 233

  horses, 31, 60, 86, 90, 146, 282

  huaca (sacred stone), 4, 37, 260–62, 290

  Huallaga River, 18, 355

  Huallpa, Diego, 94–95, 97

  Huamanga University, 226–28

  Huanca people, 262

  Huancavelíca, mercury mines of, 99

  Huascar, 30–31, 35–36, 85–86, 91, 152, 153

  Huayna Capac, Lord Inca, 13, 15, 16, 21, 23, 25, 30–37, 38, 39, 78–81, 85, 113, 152, 177, 375

  Huei Teocalli, 305

  huey tlatoani (supreme leader), 26

  Humala, Ollanta, 123

  human sacrifice, 3, 25, 36, 60, 92, 105, 106, 150, 151, 239, 248, 257–58, 260, 261, 271–75, 278, 288, 298

  Humboldt, Alexander von, 15, 167

  hygiene, indigenous vs. European, 64, 382

  Iberian conquest, 41, 93–94

  map, xii

  Iglesia de la Virgen Fátima, 437

  Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 292

  immigration, 5, 135–37, 234–36, 242, 246

  Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S., 137, 234–35

  Inca civilization, 1, 2–3, 5, 18–19, 94, 98, 103, 261–62

  commonalities between Aztecs and, 25–26, 30–31, 84, 265–676

  mining in, 18, 59, 113, 126, 258

  myths of, 16, 18, 19–20

  religion of, 4, 144, 256–64, 272–73

  tripodal moral code of, 19, 335, 349, 359, 447

  violent legacy of, 151, 271–73

  wealth of, 79–80

  Inca Empire, 24–25, 32–33, 148, 192

  Aztec compared to, 84, 85, 265

  extent of, 14, 30–37, 85, 265, 293

  fall of, 34, 88–92, 109, 152–53, 259, 285, 290

  glories of, 11, 13–15, 20–21, 87

  Pizarro’s conquest of, 73–92, 93, 95, 96, 151–54, 362

  value of precious metals to, 2, 13–14, 19–22, 87

  wars of succession in, 35–37, 85–86

  incest, 25, 29, 30

  inculturation, 318–19

  India, 44, 48–50, 109, 120, 122, 268

  indianismo (return to indigenous roots), 270

  indigenismo (indigenous pride), 345–46

  indigenous people, 13, 18–24, 48, 126–28, 139, 144, 149, 150, 165–66, 173, 209–10, 299, 309, 325, 342

  advocacy for, 128–30, 147, 284–96, 307–12, 313, 320–37, 340–43, 348–50

  Catholicism imposed upon, 4, 37, 276–312

  commonalities among, 25–26, 30–31, 265–67

  debate over human rights of, 19, 52, 147, 209–10, 213, 286–88, 308

  decimation of, 76, 79, 84–85, 93, 138–42, 151–55, 196, 199, 208–10, 213, 219, 231, 244, 245, 284–86, 361, 428

  dispossession and displacement of, 195–96, 302–3, 361

  doomed resignation of, 128–30, 290–94

  eradication of culture of, 4, 37, 96, 98, 262, 264, 277–79, 283–90, 307, 388

  indigenous people (cont.)

  Eurocentric biased perception of, 19, 48, 255–56, 276, 278, 283, 287–88, 290, 295, 313, 330, 350, 361–62, 429

  exploitation of, 48, 51, 54–55, 58, 74, 76, 93–99, 101–4, 117, 121, 124, 129, 132, 147, 153, 189, 197, 217, 283–90, 299, 307, 309, 315, 335, 361, 428

  inculturation of, 318–19

  intellectual and cultural contributions of, 264–365

  Papal apologies to, 333, 347

  rights of, 168, 254, 262, 271, 282, 284–90, 306, 308

  tripodal moral code of, 19, 249, 259, 335, 447

  uncertain population figures for, 153–54

  violence against, 3, 138–45, 147, 149–50, 151–54, 208–10, 232, 283–90

  violence of, 4, 5, 94, 139, 142–50, 201, 247, 256–57, 350, 401

  Xavier’s affinity for, 271, 290–96, 310–12, 327, 338, 343, 348–50, 360–61

  see also specific civilizations and peoples

  indigenous religions, 13, 144, 150, 255–67

  Catholicism compared to, 280

  Catholicism incorporated into, 3–6, 299, 315–16, 323, 346

  comparisons of, 85, 105–8, 143–44, 260, 263, 265–67, 276–77

  creation and origin myths of, 256–57, 259–60, 266–67, 279

  decimated by Catholicism, 276–312

  overlaid by Catholicism, 4, 37–38, 108, 124, 290, 295, 299, 388

  religious tolerance in, 5–6, 276–79, 299

  spirituality in, 255–58

  violence in, 142, 151, 271–75, 277

  see also specific theologies, practices, and rituals

  indulgences, selling of, 71, 280–81, 427

  industrial age, 131

  Inter-American Commission on Human rights, 124

  Inti Raymi (winter solstice), 272

  Irala, Domingo Martínez de, 401–2

  Iraq War, 215

  iron, 23, 95, 120

  Isabella I, queen of Spain, 39–44, 47–49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 58, 66, 140, 141, 286, 297, 428

  Israel, 182

  Iturbide, Agustín de, 244

  Jamaica, 70

  James, Saint, as Santiago “Matamoros,” 276, 384

  Japan, Japanese, 44, 47, 49, 52, 97, 260

  Jefferson, Thomas, 104, 117, 164, 170

  Jehovah Witnesses, 225

  Jesuit order (Society of Jesus), 217, 294–96, 316, 332, 339, 423

  disbanding and resurgence of, 296, 305, 313, 316

  education promoted by, 295–96, 306, 309

  missionary work of, 290–96, 309–12

  training for, 251–54, 292–94, 296, 310, 320, 346

  see also Albó, Xavier

  Jesuit Revelations, 290

  Jesus Christ, 251, 260, 288, 312, 318

  incorporated into indigenous religions, 316, 318

  lessons of, 322, 326–27, 334, 338

  Jews, 316

&
nbsp; forced conversion and purge of, 41, 42, 50, 376–77, 401

  Moorish massacre of, 399

  prejudice against, 240

  violence against, 141, 274

  Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo, 144–45, 297

  Joao, king of Portugal, 44, 50

  John Paul II, Pope, 325, 326, 333–34, 347

  Johnson, Lyndon, 213

  John XXIII, Pope, Church overhaul of, 322, 325

  Juana la Beltraneja, 40

  Juanico, (slave), 283, 428

  “Juanita,” the Ice Maiden, 272

  Juárez, Benito, 194, 195

  Juárez, Mex., 5, 248

  Juliaca, 127, 131, 359

  Julius II, Pope, 71, 378

  Kafka, Franz, 212

  Kalashnikov AK-47 rifles, 183–84, 188

  kalpa (sacrificial ritual, 35

  Kennedy, John F., 161, 187

  Key West, 137, 232–34

  kharisiri (goblins), 309, 348

  kidnappings, 212, 216, 221, 224, 225, 242, 356

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 327

  Kinich Ahau, 106, 108

  Kissinger, Henry, 119, 188, 191, 213–14, 328, 409

  Knight of the Order of the Condor of the Andes, 348

  Krauze, Enrique, 364, 447

  Kruijt, Dirk, 220

  Kublai Khan, 49

  Kuczinski, Pedro Pablo, 243

  Kwang Chow, 44

  Labyrinth of Solitude, The (Paz), 133

  Lacandón jungle, 340–41

  “Lady of Cao,” 22

  La Garriga, 252–54

  La Malinche, 61–62, 298, 299

  Landa, Diego de, 307

  Landaverde, Gustavo Alberto, 446

  language, 258–59

  Aztec, 26

  interpreters of, 61, 298

  pride in, 327

  of racial designations, 345–46, 403

  subjugation of, 271, 291

  Xavier’s talent for, 292, 293, 311, 348–49

  La Rinconada, 1, 3, 37, 45–46, 107, 130, 248, 337

  hellish conditions of, 110–13, 124–28, 131, 359, 392

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 3, 139, 141, 262, 379, 428, 429

  as advocate for indigenous rights, 282–90, 306, 308, 313, 319, 324, 348

  Latin America, 18–25

  authoritarian rulership in, 192–222

  Christian spiritual conquest of, 276–312

  clash of violent cultures in, 135–62

  defined by profiteering from external forces, 113–32

  economic domination of, 148–50

  effect of conquest on, 93–96

  global isolation of, 164–65

  inherited ongoing traits of, 351–62

  least violent sites in, 242

  liberation movements in, see revolutions, Latin American

  losing mindset in, 128–30, 351–62

  maps, xi, xii, xiii

  most dangerous places in, 5, 173–74, 241, 357

  three formative components of, 1–8; see also mineral wealth; religion; violence

  U.S. biased perception of, 190–91, 222

  Latin language, 316, 323

  La Violencia (Colombian civil war), 223, 351–52

  Lenin, Vladimir, 228

  Leo X, Pope, 280

  Letelier, Orlando, 214

  “Letter from Jamaica” (S. Bolívar), 193

  liberation theology, 319, 320–29, 333–35, 338, 340–43

  Lima, Peru, 12, 16, 226, 228–29, 232, 243, 247, 331–32

  limpieza de sangre (racial purity), 141, 240

  Lincoln, Abraham, 171

  Lisbon, Portugal, 44, 47

  Lizardi, Julian de, 350

  London, economic power of, 95, 97, 103–4, 116, 118, 121, 177, 392

  London Daily News, 208, 210

  London Times, 164–65

  Lope de Vega, 71

  López, Carlos Antonio “El Excelentísimo,” 176

  López Rega, José, 211–12

  Lorton Prison, 135, 237

  Los Angeles, drugs and gangs in, 235, 246

  los Ríos, Diego de, 79

  Louis XVI, king of France, 167

  Lourdes Rosales, Maria de, 247

  Luque, Hernando de, 76–77, 82, 300

  Luther, Martin, 281, 427, 428

  Lutheranism, 287

  Macedo, Edir, 337

  Madero, Francisco, 196

  Madrid, scandal in, 163–65

  Maduro, Nicolás, 242, 353–54

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 75

  Mainz, archbishop of, 280

  Mallo, Manuel, 168

  Mama Huaco, 260

  Mama Ocllo, 19–20, 259

  Managua, Nicaragua, 197, 198, 220, 221

  mancha, la (the stain), 345

  Manco Capac, 19–20, 259

  Mandela, Nelson, 327

  mano dura (hard hand), 193, 195, 224, 245, 253

  Maoists, 45

  Mao Tse-tung, 18, 227–29

  Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), 246

  Marcos, Subcomandante, 341–42

  María Luisa, queen of Spain, 163, 168

  Mariátegui, José Carlos, 151

  Mariel boat lift, 135–37, 207–8, 222, 232–35

  Marielitos, 233–35

  Marines, U.S., 117–18, 197, 199–200

  marriage, 3, 30, 45, 46, 125, 167, 376

  Martí, José, 2, 222

  Marx, Karl, 228

  Marxists, Marxism, 160, 187, 203–4, 205, 215, 224, 321–23, 326, 341–42

  Mary I, queen of England, 289–90

  Maryknoll missions, 318

  Matanzas, 161, 183, 190, 235

  Matthew, book of, 267

  Maximilian I, king of Mexico, 185

  Mayan Empire, 14, 143, 217, 298

  Mayan people, 19, 23, 24, 61, 93, 173, 196, 219, 244, 256, 260, 261, 263, 264–65, 285, 299, 307, 319

  Medellín, Colombia, 225, 352, 355

  poverty conference in, 325

  Medina, Danilo, 121

  Medina, Spain, 294–95

  Méndez, Julio César, 218

  mendicant orders, 303, 311

  see also specific orders

  Mendoza, Pedro de, 75, 402

  Mendoza de Ascarza, Angélica, 247

  Mercurio, El, 138

  mercury, 37, 99, 121, 128, 247

  Mesoamerica, religions of, 260, 262

  mestizos, 90, 158, 240, 289, 313, 344

  metallurgy, 22–23, 31

  Mexica civilization, 26–27, 60–62, 84, 93, 95, 146, 265, 271, 276

  Mexican Revolution, 116

  “Mexican Song” (Paz), 194

  Mexico, 2, 23–30, 60–73, 99, 102, 104, 113, 116, 121, 132, 138, 148, 153, 154, 160, 173, 179, 192, 194–96, 217, 244, 245, 286, 289, 308, 314–15, 318, 343, 356, 406

  postrevolutionary political chaos in, 103, 194–96

  revolutions in, 103, 168–69, 173–74, 196, 239, 245, 340–43

  violence in, 173–74, 194–96, 209, 245, 247–48, 341–43

  see also Aztec civilization; Aztec Empire

  Mexico City, 189, 273, 279, 281, 305, 341, 426

  Miami, 135, 248

  Micaela (wife of Amaru II), 158

  Michelangelo, 282

  middle class, 128, 132, 336, 353

  military:

  Aztec, 27–28

  coups by, 189, 212, 392

  crackdowns of, 103, 195, 215–16, 218–19, 243, 293, 326, 334, 341, 352, 355

  Inca, 32–33

  and U.S. intervention in Latin America, 115, 117–20, 187–91, 197, 199–200, 218, 419

  youth and violence in, 209, 273

  Minas Gerais, 104, 320, 339

  mineral wealth, 258–64

  dispersed out of Latin America, 4–5, 14, 83, 95–96, 100, 109, 114, 120, 128–32, 148, 223, 367

  European roots of quest for, 39–44

  as formative component of Latin American culture, 1–8, 11–134, 361–62

  hunger for, 39–72, 97, 98, 120, 130, 132, 286–87

  indigenou
s uses of, 19–23, 25–26, 27–28, 32, 64, 66, 69, 79, 84, 92

  terrorism and, 121–22

  see also mining; specific ores

  mining, 1–2, 4–5, 41, 123–24, 254, 270–71

  ecological devastation of, 11–13, 109–11

  hardships and perils of, 1–4, 11, 16–18, 37–38, 45–46, 59–60, 110–13, 124–28, 131, 328, 359, 446

  historical perspective of, 11–38

  illegal, 109–13, 122, 124, 128

  luck and chance in, 107–8, 110, 130

  myths and legends of, 15, 105–8

  ongoing obsession with, 105–32

  Miranda, Francisco de, 167

  miserabiles, 210, 306

  Mises, Ludwig von, 108

  missionaries, 34, 58, 88, 179, 255, 262, 276, 281, 288–96, 298, 305–6, 307, 308, 309–10, 317, 319–29, 338–40

  advocacy for indigenous people by, 285–90, 307–12, 320–29

  beneficial effects of, 306, 308–12

  contest for religious ascendancy among, 302–4

  destructive zeal of, 264, 275

  injustices of, 306–9

  role in Spanish conquest of, 297–309

  twentieth century adaptation of, 317–19

  see also specific orders and individuals

  Misti volcano, 273

  mitmaq, mita (labor force), 3, 19, 98, 111

  Mixcoatl, Andrés, 297

  Mixtecs, 373

  Moche people, 2, 22, 105–7, 143, 265

  Moctezuma I, Mixtec emperor, 373

  Mollendo, 227–28

  Monroe, James, 408

  Monroe Doctrine, 117, 187, 190, 408

  T. Roosevelt’s corollary to, 198, 411

  Montesquieu, 101, 167

  Montezuma II, Aztec emperor, 26–31, 39, 62, 68, 84, 131, 143, 247, 299

  Cortés and, 14, 25–26, 29–30, 60–68, 88, 142, 152, 259, 276, 278, 297–300, 304, 349, 381–82

  Montoneros, 212

  Moors, 22, 25, 39, 74, 240, 274, 399

  Morales, Evo, 328, 347, 348, 349, 360

  Motolinía (Franciscan friar), 287, 308, 429

  Muísca people, 22, 39, 93, 144–45, 146, 149, 297

  mummies, 36, 38, 260, 272–73

  Museum of the Pontifical Biblical Institute, Jerusalem, 274

  Nahua people, 53, 285, 298, 299, 319

  Nahuatl language, 26, 279, 429

  Napoleon I, emperor of France, 71, 102, 163–65, 168, 169

  Napoleon III, 195

  Napoleonic Wars, 169, 171, 239

  Narváez, Pánfilo de, 67–70, 284

  National Guard, El Salvador, 333–34

  National Guard, Nicaraguan, 221

  National Guard, U.S., 234

  National Liberation Army (ELN), 224, 326

  National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), 182, 184

  National Revolutionary Movement, Bolivian, 270–71

  National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 182

  National University of Saint Augustine, 227

  Native Americans, 104, 128, 132, 344

 

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