19 Colonel Paul D. Harkins, cited in Patton, War As I Knew It.
20 Patton, War As I Knew It.
21 Blumenson, Patton Papers: 1940–1945.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Patton, War As I Knew It.
25 Blumenson, Patton Papers: 1940–1945.
26 Hobart R. Gay, cited in Blumenson, Patton Papers: 1940–1945.
27 Martin Blumenson. Patton: The Man Behind the Legend, 1885–1945 (New York: William Morrow, 1985).
28 Lt. Gen. Wladyslaw Anders. Russian Volunteers in the German Army in World War II (1997), accessed 2015. Feldgrau.com (German military history website).
29 Blumenson, Patton.
30 Colonel Paul D. Harkins, cited in Patton, War As I Knew It.
Chapter Thirteen: These Proceedings Are Closed
1 Samuel Eliot Morison. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. XII: Leyte, June 1944–January 1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961); J.F.C. Fuller. The Decisive Battles of the Western World II (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1955). The short account of the Battle of Leyte Gulf comes principally from these two sources.
2 Douglas MacArthur. Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
3 D. Clayton James. The Years of MacArthur Volume II (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975).
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Geoffrey Perret. Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life of Douglas MacArthur. (Holbrook, Mass.: Adams Media Corp., 1996).
8 Henry C. Godman. Supreme Commander (Harrison, Ark.: New Leaf Press, 1980).
9 Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die.
10 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
11 Ibid.
12 James, Years of MacArthur Volume II; Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die.
13 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
14 James, Years of MacArthur Volume II.
15 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
16 Roger Olaf Egeberg. The General: MacArthur and the Man He Called “Doc” (New York: Hippocrene, 1983).
17 Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die.
18 James, Years of MacArthur Volume II.
19 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
20 Egeberg, The General.
21 William Manchester. American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978).
22 Egeberg, The General.
23 James, Years of MacArthur Volume II.
24 Ibid.; Manchester, American Caesar.
25 Manchester, American Caesar.
26 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
27 George C. Kenney. General Kenney Reports (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1949).
28 James, Years of MacArthur Volume II.
29 Kenney, General Kenney Reports.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
Chapter Fourteen: Old Soldiers Never Die
1 Ed Cray. General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman (New York: Cooper Square Press, 1990).
2 Katherine Marshall. Together (New York: Tupper & Love, 1946).
3 Leonard Mosley. Marshall: Hero for Our Times (New York: Hearst Books, 1982).
4 Ibid.
5 Cray, General of the Army.
6 Forrest C. Pogue. George C. Marshall: Statesman 1949–1959 (New York: Viking, 1987); Cray, General of the Army.
7 Mosley, Marshall.
8 Martin Blumenson. The Patton Papers: 1940–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974).
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Robert H. Patton. The Pattons: A Personal History of an American Family (New York: Crown, 1994).
14 Blumenson, Patton Papers: 1940–1945.
15 Robert H. Patton, The Pattons.
16 Ibid.
17 Douglas MacArthur. Reminiscences: General of the Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
18 General George C. Kenney. The MacArthur I Know (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1951).
19 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
20 Kenney, The MacArthur I Know.
21 MacArthur, Reminiscences.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Geoffrey Perret. Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life of Douglas MacArthur. (Holbrook, Mass.: Adams Media Corp., 1996).
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 William Manchester. American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978).
30 William Safire, ed. Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004).
NOTES ON SOURCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This is my tenth book of history. I always begin by acknowledging “those dogged biographers and historians who have gone before,” and I see no reason to abandon the practice now. They are the ones who, before files and indeed huge documents could be ordered over the Internet, would spend countless hours in libraries and archives throughout the country—and in some cases the world—digging into records, squinting into microfilm viewers, copying material by hand, or relentlessly standing at the Xerox machine. To each and every one of you my hat is off.
As with my previous book The Aviators, this is not a full-blown biography of the three army generals; such a book that examines every orifice would likely be several thousand pages long. But nor are the three intertwined stories merely sketches. As my editor once observed, I have actually written three books here. It is nice being able to “cherry-pick,” but I find it lamentable that there was so much richness in these characters’ lives that I wasn’t able to include for fear of sawing down entire forests for the printing paper.
As in The Aviators, the three subjects of The Generals either wrote their own autobiographies or memoirs (MacArthur’s Reminiscences; Patton’s War As I Knew It) or in George Marshall’s case did extensive interviews with his early biographer that are available to the public. Some argue that memoirs or other autobiographic material are self-serving, which is probably true, but one could argue the same thing about what the subject says to an interviewer. I find them useful, but the collected papers are more so. Biographer Martin Blumenson put together a fascinating three-volume collection of nearly every letter, scrap of paper, or military order associated with George S. Patton that I find superior as a research tool. Dr. Forrest Pogue’s four-volume biography of Marshall is accompanied by a 641-page collection of interviews and reminiscences in which the author submitted questions to the general, who was near the end of his life, that he would answer speaking into a Dictaphone. There are some very good biographies of MacArthur, beginning with the three-volume study by Clayton James entitled The Years of MacArthur. The much-heralded American Caesar by William Manchester is a good read, but a more reliable biography is Old Soldiers Never Die by Geoffrey Perret.
For MacArthur’s experiences in World War I, I relied heavily on the 42nd Infantry “Rainbow” Division’s official history, Americans All, published in 1936; the 1919 history of the 167th Infantry Regiment; and Nimrod Frazer’s Send the Alabamians, which relates unknown details of the Battle of Croix Rouge Farm. For general information on the issues and causes of both world wars, I depended largely on my own works A Storm in Flanders and 1942: The Year That Tried Men’s Souls and on my knowledge of the subject.
For insightful and delightful peeks into the lively private life of George Patton, several books by family members are must-reads: The Button Box by Patton’s daughter Ruth Ellen; Before the Colors Fade by brother-in-law Fred Ayer Jr.; and The Pattons: A Personal History of an American Family by Patton’s grandson Robert H. Patton.
The Internet offers a wealth of information these days provided you select it carefully and discriminately. Significant newspapers and periodicals are available online—either subscribe or pay an individual fee and all the news the New York Times sees fit to print
is at your fingertips.
The usual suspects (mostly) provided, variously: support, comfort, encouragement, research, and/or money to see the project through. My editor at the Geographic, Lisa Thomas, who is now editor in chief there, has been a saint, as has associate editor Anne Smyth, who is seeing the book to its conclusion. Ann Day of publicity has been available night and day. Though I didn’t have my magic line editor Andrew Carlson this time, stepping into his shoes is the highly talented editor Phil Marino, who has managed to make sense of the mess I sent him. My longtime copy editor Don Kennison has once more saved me from myself. My faithful executive assistant Dr. Wren Murphy has again organized all of my research with graciousness and skill. And literary agent (and author) Keith Korman read every word of this book as it was produced, chapter by chapter, offering keen suggestions (and making snide, incisive comments). To these and all the others too numerous to mention I owe an undying debt of gratitude.
Winston Groom
Point Clear, Alabama
April 5, 2015
P.S. Thanks to my friend Tommy Moore of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for the delightful story of MacArthur and the football coach at the Waldorf.
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