All-American Nativism

by Daniel Denvir

  193Emily Stewart, “Watch John McCain Defend Barack Obama against a Racist Voter in 2008,” vox.com, September 1, 2018.

  194Drew DeSilver and David Masci, “World’s Muslim Population More Widespread than You Might Think,” pewresearch.org, January 31, 2017.

  195Pew Research Center, “Growing Number of Americans Say Obama Is a Muslim.”

  196Jane Mayer, “The Making of the Fox News White House,” New Yorker, March 4, 2019.

  197Ashley Parker and Steve Eder, “Inside the Six Weeks Donald Trump Was a Nonstop ‘Birther,’” New York Times, July 2, 2016.

  198“Rep. Tom Tancredo: Bomb Mecca,” democracynow.org, July 19, 2005.

  199Ken Maguire, “Sikhs Lament Obama Plan to Bypass India Temple,” New York Times, October 21, 2010.

  200Pew Research Center, “7. How the U.S. General Public Views Muslims and Islam.”

  201“FBI: Bias Crimes against Muslims Remain at High Levels,” Intelligence Report, splcenter.org, February 27, 2013.

  202Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Laurie Goodstein, “Domestic Terrorism Hearing Opens with Contrasting Views on Dangers,” New York Times, March 10, 2011.

  203Chris Hawley, “NYPD Monitored Muslim Students All over Northeast,” ap.org, February 18, 2012.

  204Chris Lisee/Religion News Service, “Rep. Michele Bachmann’s Muslim Brotherhood Claims Draw Fierce Fire,” Washington Post, July 19, 2012; Russell Goldman, “Bachmann Opposed to Sharia Law, Says It ‘Usurps’ Constitution,” abcnews.go.com, November 2, 2011.

  205Pew Research Center, “After Boston, Little Change in Views of Islam and Violence,” people-press.org, May 7, 2013; Pew Research Center, “7. How the U.S. General Public Views Muslims and Islam.”

  206Nir Rosen, “The Flight from Iraq,” New York Times, May 13, 2007.

  207Rubén G. Rumbaut, “A Legacy of War: Refugees from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia,” in Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America, ed. Silvia Pedraza and Rubén G. Rumbaut, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1996.

  208“Iraq: Gallup Historical Trends,” gallup.com.

  209Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Transformation of the Global Order, London: Pluto Press, 2018, 205–6.

  210Mohamedou, A Theory of ISIS.

  211International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (German Affiliate) et al., “Body Count: Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the ‘War on Terror,’” calculators.io, March 2015, 15.

  212Neta C. Crawford, “United States Budgetary Costs of the Post-9/11 Wars through FY2019: $5.9 Trillion Spent and Obligated,” watson.brown.edu, November 14, 2018.

  213Fred Kaplan, “A Debt of Gratitude,” slate.com, March 13, 2007.

  214Daniel Schorn, “Transcript: Bush Interview,” 60 Minutes, cbsnews. com, January 14, 2007.

  215James Traub, “The Mess Obama Left behind in Iraq,” Foreign Policy, October 7, 2016.

  216Tal Kopan, “Donald Trump: I Meant That Obama Founded ISIS, Literally,” cnn.com, August 12, 2016.

  217John Greenberg, “War of Words: The Fight over ‘Radical Islamic Terrorism,” politifact.com, December 11, 2015; Andrew Prokop, “Why Republicans Want Obama to Denounce ‘Radical Islam’—and Why He Won’t Do It,” Vox, July 18, 2016.

  218“Declaration of Jihad against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holiest Sites,” ctc.usma.edu; “Full Text: Bin Laden’s ‘Letter to America,’” theguardian.com, November 24, 2002; Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019, 381–2.

  219Christopher Mathias, “Americans Think There Are 54 Million Muslims in America. There Are Only 3 Million,” huffpost.com, December 16, 2016.

  220Theodore Schleifer, “Donald Trump: ‘I Think Islam Hates Us,’” cnn. com, March 10, 2016.

  221Khaled A. Beydoun, “Islamophobia: Toward a Legal Definition and Framework,” Columbia Law Review Online, 116, 2016, columbialawreview.org.

  222Ryan Teague Beckwith, “Read Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump’s Remarks at a Military Forum,” time.com, September 7, 2016.

  223Liz Robbins, “On Long Island, Sessions Vows to Eradicate MS-13 Gang,” New York Times, April 28, 2017.

  224“Attorney General Jeff Sessions Delivers Remarks on Violent Crime to Federal, State and Local Law Enforcement: Central Islip, NY, Friday, April 28, 2017,” justice.gov.

  225Eugene Kiely, “Fact Check: Trump’s Gross Exaggeration on MS-13 Gang,” USA Today, June 29, 2017.

  226Aiden Quigley, “Trump Blames Obama for Allowing MS-13 Gang to Form in America,” politico.com, April 18, 2017.

  227“Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Immigration,” obamawhitehouse.archives.gov, November 24, 2010; “Remarks by the President on Comprehensive Immigration Reform in El Paso, Texas,” obamawhitehouse.archives.gov, May 10, 2011.

  228Laura Figueroa, “Donald Trump Cites Newsday Article on Gangs,” Newsday, December 7, 2016.

  229Michael Scherer, “2016 Person of the Year: Donald Trump,” Time, December 19, 2016.

  230Gabriel Stargardter, “U.S. Coaxes Mexico into Trump Plan to Overhaul Central America,” Reuters, May 4, 2017.

  Chapter Four

  *Pearce has a major interest in reproduction. He was recalled in 2011 but in 2014, as state Republican Party vice chair, proposed requiring that women on Medicaid take birth control.

  *It was a movement that would launch other movements, as Opal Tometi, who worked with Puente and other migrant justice groups, would go on to cofound Black Lives Matter.

  *In January 2019, Romney, shortly before he was sworn in as senator from Utah, would pledge to “speak out” against Trump’s “anti-immigrant” politics. Every new nativist radicalization appears as though out of the blue.

  *Their name has since changed to the more antiseptic CoreCivic, which pledges to “better the public good.”

  *Ultimately, the defendant was acquitted of murder but convicted on a gun charge, which at the time of this writing had been overturned on appeal.

  1Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Immigration,” November 20, 2014, available at obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.

  2Lynn Waltz, “The Price of Cheap Meat? Raided Slaughterhouses and Upended Communities,” Washington Post, April 11, 2018.

  3Nancy Lofholm, “Fear from Swift Plant Raid Resonates in Greeley Six Years Later,” Denver Post, January 4, 2013, updated April 30, 2016.

  4Miriam Valverde, “Did Senate Pass Immigration Bills in 2006, 2013 and House Failed to Vote on Them?,” PunditFact, politifact.com, January 26, 2018.

  5Chuck Plunkett and Anne Mulkern, “Raids Point to Call for Reform,” Denver Post, January 28, 2007, updated May 8, 2016.

  6Carl Hulse and David Herszenhorn, “Defiant House Rejects Huge Bailout; Next Step Is Uncertain,” New York Times, September 29, 2008.

  7George W. Bush, “President Bush Addresses the Nation on Immigration Reform,” May 15, 2006, available at georgewbush-white-house.archives.gov.

  8Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar, “U.S. to Bolster Arizona Border Security,” Los Angeles Times, March 30, 2005.

  9Leo Chavez, The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013, 140.

  10Fernanda Santos, “Day Laborers’ Lawsuit Casts Spotlight on a Nationwide Conflict,” New York Times, September 17, 2006.

  11Karin Brulliard, “Herndon Group to Keep Eye on Day Labor Sites,” Washington Post, October 22, 2005.

  12Ibid., 140.

  13Jennifer Delson, “One Man’s Convictions Launched a Border Crusade,” Los Angeles Times, April 11, 2005.

  14Tyche Hendricks, “Civilian Border Patrols across the Country Have Helped Polarize Political Debate over Immigration Reform,” sfgate. com, December 5, 2005.

  15Jerry Seper, “Border Vigil Ends on Wary Note,” Washington Times, May 1, 2005.

  16Carla N. Argueta, “Border Security: Immigration Enforcement between Ports of
Entry,” Congressional Research Service, fas.org, April 19, 2016, 7.

  17Andorra Bruno, “Immigration-Related Worksite Enforcement: Performance Measures,” Congressional Research Service, fas.org, June 23, 2015, 5–6.

  18“Briefing Materials Submitted to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants,” Detention and Deportation Working Group, Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services and the Detention Watch Network, April 2007, 24.

  19George Lakoff and Sam Ferguson, “The Framing of Immigration,” Rockridge Institute, May 19, 2006.

  20Benton-Cohen, Inventing the Immigration Problem, 2–3.

  21Matthew Continetti, “Immigration Nation,” New York Times, November 8, 2006.

  22Ryan Grim, “Maureen Dowd Asked Rahm Emanuel to Weigh In on an Immigration Debate. His Record Is Abysmal,” theintercept.com, July 17, 2019.

  23Rachel L. Swarns, “Some Democrats Send a More Conservative Immigration Message,” New York Times, October 17, 2006.

  24Eunice Moscoso, “Both Parties’ Candidates Talk Tough on Immigration,” Austin American-Statesman, October 29, 2006.

  25Ibid.

  26“Split in Organized Labor over Immigration,” Associated Press, June 21, 2007.

  27Robert Pear and Carl Hulse, “Immigration Bill Fails to Survive Senate Vote,” New York Times, June 28, 2007.

  28Ibid.

  29“Media Coverage of Campaign Rises, War Coverage Falls, during the Second Quarter of 2007,” Pew Research Center, Project for Excellence in Journalism, August 20, 2007, 21.

  30Chris McGreal, “Shock Jocks: Voice of America or Voice of Hate?,” The Guardian, May 8, 2009.

  31Nicole Gaouette, “Talk Radio Fans Unite on Immigration,” Los Angeles Times, April 28, 2007.

  32“Media Coverage of Campaign Rises,” 21.

  33Trevor Zimmer, “Savage: ‘Bring in 10 Million More from Africa … They Can’t Reason, but Bring Them in with a Machete in Their Head,’” mediamatters.org, January 31, 2008.

  34Julia Preston, “Immigrants’ Speedy Trials after Raid Become Issue,” New York Times, August 8, 2008.

  35Courtney Crowder and MacKenzie Elmer, “Postville Raid Anniversary: A Timeline of Events in One of America’s Largest Illegal Immigration Campaigns,” Des Moines Register, May 10, 2018.

  36Randy Capps, Marc Rosenblum, Cristian Rodríguez, and Muzaffar Chishti, “Delegation and Divergence: A Study of 287(g) State and Local Immigration Enforcement,” Migration Policy Institute, January 2011, 10.

  37Michael Kiefer, “Sheriff Joe Arpaio Has Always Done It His Way,” Arizona Republic, September 11, 2015, updated September 22, 2015.

  38Nicholas Riccardi, “Migrants Survive Arizona Desert,” Los Angeles Times, July 20, 2006.

  39Jim Hill, “Arizona Criminals Find Jail Too In-‘Tents,’” cnn.com, July 27, 1999.

  40Tom Zoellner, “Partners in Pink Underwear,” slate.com, November 24, 2008.

  41“Sheriff Helping Inquiry, U.S. Says,” Dallas Morning News, September 12, 1995.

  42Richard Ruelas, “Arpaio Repaying Favor to Napolitano,” Arizona Republic, October 14, 2002.

  43Richard Ruelas, “No Governor Bid for Arpaio,” Arizona Republic, April 3, 2002.

  44Simon van Zuylen-Wood, “The Chaos Candidate Returns to His Favorite Tinderbox,” Politico Magazine, August 23, 2017.

  45Stephen Lemons, “Neo-Nazis and Extreme Right-Wingers Love Joe Arpaio, and There’s Evidence that the MCSO Keeps Them Close,” Phoenix New Times, May 14, 2009.

  46Robert Anglen and Susan Carroll, “Case Sounds Vigilante Alarm,” Arizona Republic, April 13, 2005.

  47Paul Rubin, “Dangerous Mind,” Phoenix New Times, August 26, 2004.

  48Fernanda Santos, “Sheriff Joe Arpaio Loses Bid for 7th Term in Arizona,” New York Times, November 9, 2016.

  49Daniel Gonzalez, “Arpaio Keeps the Heat on Migrants,” Arizona Republic, October 17, 2007.

  50John Grooms, “Pendergraph Ties to Prison Industry Raise Questions,” clclt.com, October 26, 2010.

  51Capps, Rosenblum, Rodríguez and Chishti, “Delegation and Divergence,” 22.

  52Janet Napolitano, letter to Michael Chertoff, July 1, 2005.

  53Mike Sunnucks, “Napolitano, Arpaio Say Immigration Cooperation Lacking,” Phoenix Business Journal, August 15, 2006.

  54Elvia Diaz, “Step against ‘Coyotes,’” Arizona Republic, March 15, 2005.

  55Randal Archibold, “Arizona County Uses New Law to Look for Illegal Immigrants,” New York Times, May 10, 2006.

  56Robert Robb, “Governor Is Focused on Immigration,” Arizona Republic, September 4, 2005.

  57Rene Gutel, “Gov. Napolitano’s Move Leaves Some Arizonans Angry,” Day to Day, npr.org, November 25, 2008.

  58Dan Nowicki, “McCain, Kyl Pressing Napolitano on Arpaio,” Arizona Republic, December 13, 2009.

  59Randal Archibold, “Immigration Hard-Liner Has His Wings Clipped,” New York Times, October 6, 2009.

  60Janet Napolitano, Speech at the Center for American Progress, Washington, DC, November 13, 2009.

  61John Podesta, Remarks at the Center for American Progress, Washington, DC, November 13, 2009.

  62“STATEMENT: CAP Applauds Secretary Napolitano’s Stance on Immigration Reform,” Center for American Progress, November 13, 2009.

  63Carrie Budoff Brown, “Dems’ Tough New Immigration Pitch,” politico.com, June 10, 2010; Alfonso Gonzales, Reform without Justice: Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, 128–9.

  64“Secure Communities,” ICE.gov (archived May 5, 2009).

  65Ana Gonzalez-Brown, “More Mexicans Leaving than Coming to the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, November 19, 2015, 5.

  66Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC), “TRAC Immigration: Removals under the Secure Communities Program; ICE Data through October 2018,” trac.syr.edu (accessed August 9, 2019).

  67Daniel Denvir, “How Centrists Failed Immigrants,” Jacobin, November 4, 2016.

  68Julia Preston, “Firm Stance on Illegal Immigrants Remains Policy,” New York Times, August 3, 2009.

  69Bonnie Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001, 76.

  70“Southwest Border Sectors: Total Illegal Apprehensions by Fiscal Year,” published by the United States Border Patrol; “Tucson Sector Arizona,” cbp.gov, modified June 10, 2019.

  71“Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio, Who Grew Up in Springfield, Being Probed for Treatment of Illegal Immigrants,” The Republican, March 29, 2009.

  72Marc Perry, “State-to-State Migration Flows: 1995 to 2000,” United States Census, August 2003.

  73Wan He and Jason P. Schachter, “Internal Migration of the Older Population: 1995 to 2000,” United States Census Bureau, August 2003.

  74“John Tanton’s Network,” splcenter.org (accessed August 4, 2019).

  75“American Border Patrol/American Patrol,” splcenter.org (accessed August 4, 2019).

  76Phillip Reese, “California Exports Its Poor to Texas, Other States, While Wealthier People Move In,” Sacramento Bee, March 5, 2017; James Allen and Eugene Turner, “Migrants between California and Other States,” California Geographer 47, 2007, 1–26.

  77Patrick McDonnell, “Brash Evangelist,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2001.

  78“American Border Patrol/American Patrol.”

  79Jazmine Ulloa, “Bilingual Education Has Been Absent from California Public Schools for Almost 20 Years. But That May Soon Change,” Los Angeles Times, October 12, 2016.

  80Richard Marosi, “Decade Later, Prop. 187 Has an Echo in Arizona,” Los Angeles Times, October 23, 2004.

  81Tyche Hendricks, “Issue of Illegals Roiling Arizona / New Law Denies Public Services to Such Immigrants,” sfgate.com, February 28, 2005.

  82Michael Kiefer, “Another Ariz. Immigration Law Shot Down by 9th Circuit,” Arizona Republic, October 15, 2014.

  83Alia Beard Rau, “Limit on Illegal-Immigrant Lawsuits Faces Test of Constitutionality
,” Arizona Republic, May 30, 2011.

  84Mike Madden and Yvonne Wingett, “Initiatives Curbing Migrant Rights Win Majorities,” Arizona Republic, November 9, 2006.

  85Jesse McKinley, “Arizona Law Takes a Toll on Nonresident Students,” New York Times, January 27, 2008.

  86Scott Jordan, “A State on the Borderline,” National Institute on Money in Politics, followthemoney.org, January 4, 2008.

  87Randal Archibold and Jennifer Steinhauer, “Welcome to Arizona, Outpost of Contradictions,” New York Times, April 28, 2010.

  88Nigel Duara, “Arizona’s Once-Feared Immigration Law, SB 1070, Loses Most of Its Power in Settlement,” Los Angeles Times, September 15, 2016.

  89Cindy Carcamo, “Arizona Loses Appeal over Part of Law Aimed at Day Laborers,” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2013.

  90Alia Beard Rau, “Arizona Immigration Law Was Crafted by Rising Star Activist,” Arizona Republic, May 31, 2010.

  91Michele Waslin, “Discrediting ‘Self Deportation’ as Immigration Policy,” Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Council, February 2012.

  92Laura Sullivan, “Prison Economics Help Ariz. Immigration Law,” Morning Edition, npr.org, October 28, 2010.

  93Nicole Santa Cruz, “Arizona Bill Targeting Ethnic Studies Signed into Law,” Los Angeles Times, May 12, 2010.

  94Tim Gaynor, “Arizona Lawman Joe Arpaio’s Re-election Bid Divides County,” Chicago Tribune, November 1, 2012.

  95Morley Safer, “60 Minutes Footage Shows Arpaio When He Was Ruthless ‘Joe the Jailer,’” cbsnews.com, August 26, 2017; Marc Lacey, “U.S. Finds Pervasive Bias against Latinos by Arizona Sheriff,” New York Times, December 14, 2011.

  96Jennifer LaFleur, “Tale of Three Cities: Foreclosures Don’t Always Follow the Script,” propublica.com, December 17, 2010.

  97“Arizona: Population and Labor Force Characteristics, 2000–2006,” Pew Research Center, Pew Hispanic Center, January 23, 2008, 9.

  98“RealtyTrac Year-End Report Shows Record 2.8 Million U.S. Properties with Foreclosure Filings in 2009,” RealtyTrac, January 14, 2010.

  99Arizona Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, data.bls. gov (accessed August 5, 2019).

  100Mark Muro and Kenan Fikri, “Mountain Monitor–Second Quarter 2011,” Brookings Mountain West, September 2011, 5.