Early China: A Social and Cultural History
Page 42
as Zhou regional state 132
Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 67
Luoyang 洛陽 163, 165
Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露) 309
Ma Heng 馬衡 313
magistrates, state of Qin 195
“Man-eating Tiger” bronze 78
Manchurian Plain, topography of China 2
Mandate of Heaven see Heaven’s Mandate
Manner (Li 禮), philosophy concept 214
Maodun 冒頓, Shanyu 268
Marquis Yi 乙, tomb of 203
Marxism 11
and Western theories, Neolithic China 20
maternal uncles, role in Han Empire 276
matrilineal society, Jiangzhai 27–29
Mawangdui 馬王堆, Han Dynasty tombs 211, 221, 306
layout and contents 319–320
May Fourth Movement (1919) 10
measurements standardization, Qin 240, 248–249
medieval manuscripts inventory, Dunhuang 7
Mencius 214
Mencius
good government 215, 216
Guodian texts 221
human nature 214–215, 216, 222
land tax 194
legitimacy of political power 215
life of 209, 214
as philosopher 214–216, 226
Shi 士 175
in state of Wei 214
“Well Field” system 190
Meng Tian 蒙恬, General 250
Merchant Lü 呂 see Lü Buwei
meritocracy, Qin 239
metallurgy
Erlitou 46–47
Longshan millennium 36
sectional mold casting 46–47
Miaopu 苗圃, bronze casting foundry 73
mid Western Zhou
administrative officials 147, 167–168
bronze
“appointment inscriptions” 149–150
birds 126, 127
culture 126–127
geometric patterns 127
bureaucratization 147–152
burial bronzes 126–127
early Qin 229–231
foreign relations 153
government bureaucratization 147–152
Grand Secretariat 147–148
military administration 148–149
promotion in government 149–150
ritual system 153
Royal Household management 147–148
royal succession abnormality 153
Three Supervisors 147
transition 152–154
Middle Shang, discovery of 78–83
migration of peoples 154, 180, 182
archaeology 181
military
administration in mid Western Zhou 148–149
campaigns of Shang state 109–110, 120
campaigns in Warring States period 187–188
forces in Spring and Autumn period 197–199
offices in Warring States period 195–196
texts of Warring States period 201–202
military service
in “Commandery” unit 194
in counties 171
of entire population 198
in Warring States period 194–195
Ming and Qing archival documents reclamation (1909) 7
mining in Early China 63–64
“Modern Texts,” Han Empire 312–314, 315
Mohism 226–227, 320
Morgan, Louis Henry 28
mortuary art
depiction of history 322–323
Eastern Han 321–323
“Mother Wu,” cauldron cast for 78
Mozi 墨子 209, 226–227
Mozi 墨子 226
multi-region model of development, Neolithic cultures 17–19
Muye 牧野, battle of 120–121
Nanjing Academica Sinica, Anyang excavations 9, 10–12
Naturalism 227, 228
core concepts 305
Huang-Lao 307
maturity of 305–306
relationship between culture and nature 304–306
Nature Derives from Mandate 222
Neo-evolutionism 21
Neolithic China
bipolar paradigm 17
cultural development 15–20
early farming 22–25
marks as early writing 36
Marxist and Western theories 20
multi-region model of development 17–19
products of particular regions 15, 17
regions of culture 17
social development 20–22
three critical inventions 22
New Dynasty
founding of 277
reforms 277–279
“nexus ancestors” 146–147
Nianzipo 碾子坡, dating of 113–115
Nienhauser, William H. 65
Selected Reading 65
“Nine Articles” of Han law 288
“Nine Ministers,” Han Empire 284–285
Nine Temples, Chang’an 277
Ningxia, partial occupation by Qin 241
Nivison, David Shepherd, Selected Reading 228
No Action (Wuwei 無爲), philosophy concept 218, 220, 308
nomadic culture, Yimencun tomb 181
Nomadism, northern steppe regions 267, 268–269
North America, Early China studies 12–14
North China
climate in early times 3
farming in 6000–4000 BC 24, 25–27
North China Plain
pre-Qin texts 2
topography of China 2
“Oath of Alliance,” Spring and Autumn period 165, 177
offerings, to Shang royal ancestors 100–103
oracle bones
earliest writing system 90
first publication 67
inscriptions
Anyang 79, 113
developmental history 90–91, 92
the “Four Lands” 107–108
pre-dynastic Zhou 117
Shang mention of Zhou 113
Shang military campaigns 109–110
sudden emergence of 90–92
Shang 商 Dynasty 8–9, 51
and shells
Anyang 7
five-period scheme 96
Huayuanzhuang discovery 96–97
King Wu Ding 武丁 96
non-Shang divination 98–99
Zhou 118–119
Ordos region
archaeological finds 265–268
bronze manufacturing 267
conquered by Qin 268
extent of 265
period of decline 267
see also Lower Ordos
organizational power, Erlitou 47
Oriental Archaeology Research Center of Shandong University, selected reading 89
“Origins of the Way” (Daoyuan 道原) 306
paleoclimatology in China 2–4
paleography 6
Pang , Zhou royal city network 123–124
Pankenier, David W., astronomical historian 33
Panlongcheng 盤龍城 63
passports in Han Empire 300
“Peace and Affinity” policy of Han Empire 269
peasantry
Han Empire 295, 297
selling themselves 295
Peerenboom, R.P. 307
Selected Reading 324
Peiligang 裴李崗 site, charcoal samples 23
periodization, Anyang 78–81
philosophical texts
archaeological discoveries 221
see also Guodian
philosophy
Confucius 212–213
see also Confucianism; Confucius
Dong Zhongshu 309–311
early Chinese 209
Han Fei 224
see also Han Fei
Mencius 214–216
see also Mencius
Mohism 226–227, 320
Naturalism 227, 305
see also Huang-Lao philosophy;
Naturalism
Sophists 227
traditions 209
Warring States period 304, 305
Zhou Dynasty philosophers 112, 207–228
Zhuangzi 莊子 218–220
see also Zhuangzi
philosophy concepts
Being Natural (Ziran 自然) 219
Benevolence (Ren) 213, 214, 215, 218, 222–223, 227
Confusianism 212–213, 222, 226–227, 311
Craftiness (Qiao) 222–223
Dao 道 217–219
Daoism 216–220
Disputation (Bian) 222–223
Filial Piety 218
“Five Elements” 227, 305
Good Government 215, 216
Huang-Lao 黃老 306–308
Human Nature 214–215, 225
Individualism 217
Legalism 224–226, 228
Loyalty 218
Manner (Li 禮) 214
No Action 218, 220
No Action (Wuwei) 308
“Prime” 310
Profit (Li 利) 222–223
Righteousness (Yi 義) 214, 215, 218, 222–223
Ritual (Li 禮) 212–213, 214–215, 219
source of political power legitimacy 215, 225
“Teaching and Transforming” (jiaohua 教化) 309
The Way see philosophy concepts, Dao
Universal Love 227
Virtue (De 德) 208, 217
Wisdom (Zhi 智) 214, 222–223
yin 陰 and yang 陽 227, 305
piece-mold technology, bronze culture 203
Pingcheng 平城 269
Pingliangtai 平糧台 early fortified “town” 30–31
Plato 209
Pleistocene Epoch 3
political
contracts
social–cultural meaning 177
Spring and Autumn period 177
economy, meaning of state 42
power
legitimacy according to Han Fei 225
legitimacy according to Mencius 215
science, meaning of “state” 41
struggle in state of Jin 172–173
poll tax, Qin 239–240
polygamy, Zhou elite 141
population
Han Empire 283, 295–297
migration 154, 180, 182
registration in state of Chu 193
“Post-Early civilization” period 210
pottery
assemblage during Shang and Zhou 127, 134
development in Zengpiyan 24–25
high-quality Longshan 35
invention of 24–25
pre-dynastic Zhou 113–116
Western Zhou 127
localized types 127
Powers, Martin J. 322
Selected Reading 324
pre-dynastic Zhou 112–117
ancestor worship 117
oracle-bone inscriptions 117
pottery 113–116
pre-Qin texts, North China Plain marshes 2
prejudice against Rong and Di peoples 181–182
“Prime,” philosophy concept 310
primogeniture 141, 145
Shang Dynasty 103, 104
Profit (Li 利), philosophy concept 222–223
promotion, mid Western Zhou government 149–150
punishment
in Han Empire 289, 291, 293
Han Fei 225–226
Qi 契, ancestor of Shang people 54
Qi 齊, Duke Huan of 165, 166–167
Qi 齊, state of 164, 165, 172
army size 199
battles, fourth- and third-century BC 189
Changcheng (“Long Wall”) 185
conquest by Qin 245
enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268
Mencius 214
as Zhou regional state 132, 153
Qiang Fang 羌方 110
Qin 秦
“barbarians” 234
capital transferred to Yueyang 櫟陽 235
“County” (Xian 縣) reformed by Shang Yang 商鞅 236–239
early culture 231
early history 229–235
in eastern Gansu 241
“Five-Family Units” of peasants 236
foundation of Han Empire 283, 308
genesis of Qin people 230–231
Heaven’s Mandate 234–235
land ownership 239
long wall construction 241
meritocracy 239
population ranking system 239
private land ownership 239
in Shaanxi 231
Shang Yang’s reforms 235–241
Shuihudi 睡虎地 laws and statutes 237
in southern Ningxia 241
succession to be approved by Zhou king 234
taxation 239–240
Xianyang 咸陽 as capital 240
Zhou relationship 234
Qin conquests
Chu 245
Fujian 250
Guangdong 250
Guangxi 250
Ordos region 268
Qi 245
Shu 蜀 and Ba 巴 241
Sichuan Basin 241
Wei 245
Yan 244–245
Yiqu 義渠 241, 268
Qin Empire
administration 246–249
civil officials 246–248
commanderies 246
consolidation of 245–250
counties 231, 236, 246, 250
creation of 245
currency standardization 249
dynasty 6
extent of at death of First Emperor 246
founding of 183
Great Wall 246, 250
highway system 246
measurements standardization 240, 248–249
northern demarcation of 246, 250
overthrown 257–259
writing systems 249, 311
Qin, state of 180
army size 199
battles, fourth-century BC 188–189
border walls 186
Commandant, office of 195
conscription 194–195
counties 168
“Horizontal” strategy 189
magistrates 195
rise to superpower among warring states 188–189
small farmer households 191–192
as Zhou regional state 132
see also Qin; Qin conquests; Qin Empire
Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, topography of China 1–2
Qiyi 岐邑
archaeology 124
pre-dynastic Zhou capital 117
Zhou capital 155
Zhou royal city network 123–124
rammed earth wall, significance of 30
rank society, Han Empire 283, 292–293
Rawson, Jessica, Selected Reading 138
“Rectification of Names” (Zhengming) 212, 213
“Red eyebrows” rebel army 279
reforms, New Dynasty 277–279
regional
kingdoms of Han Empire 260, 262–264
rulers of Western Zhou 154–155
states see Zhou regional states
“Regional Systems and Cultural Types” theory 17–18
religion
role of writing 91
Sanxingdui 87–88
Shang Dynasty 99–103
Zhou 143–147
Ren Fang 人方 110, 120, 121
Shang military campaigns against 120
rice
Cishan–Peiligang culture 24
cultivation 24
domestication at Diaotonghuan 24
Hangzhou Bay 24
Righteousness (Yi 義), philosophy concept 214, 215, 218, 222–223
Ritual (Li 禮), philosophy concept 212–213, 214–215, 219
Roman Empire
Han description of 279–281
Han Empire 279–282
comparison 285–286
Rong 戎 peoples 180–181
early Qin 231
ethnical differen
ces 181
prejudice against 181–182
relationship with Zhou regional states 180–181, 231
Zuo Commentary 181
royal
ancestors in Shang Dynasty 100–103
divination 96
lineage in Shang Dynasty 103–106
succession rules in Shang Dynasty 103–104, 105–106
Ruler Wen 文 279–281
sacrifices, Shang Dynasty 99–103
sacrificial
activities at Anyang 71
bronzes of lineage system 146
“sacrificial circle” = one year 102–103
Sahlins, Marshall 21, 29
salary scales of Han officials 286
Sanxingdui 三星堆
Anyang 110
burial remains 87–88
human life-size bronze statue 87
religion 87–88
Sichuan 86–88
Schneider, Laurence A., Selected Reading 14
scribes, Han Empire 318
scripts
Clerical Script 249
Small Seal 249
stone classics 313
see also writing systems
seafaring in early times 4–5
seashells, Western Zhao currency 136
“Second-year Statutes” 289–294
sectional mold casting 46–47
segmentary lineage system 21, 29
Selected Reading
Allan, Sarah 111
Anyang Work Team of the Institute of Archaeology, CASS 74, 89
Bagley, Robert 89, 111
Bielenstein, Hans 282, 302
Blakeley, Barry B. 182
Chang, Chun-shu 303
Chang, K. C. 40, 65, 89, 111
Chen, Xingcan 40, 65
Hsu, Cho-yun 139, 161, 182
Ch’u, T’ung-tsu 302
Crawford, Gray W. 40
Creel, Herrlee G. 14, 182
Di Cosmo, Nicolas 282
Dirlik, Arif 14
Durrant, Stephen 324
Falkenhausen, Lothar von 40, 182, 206
Feng, Yu-lan 228
Fiskesjö, Magnus 40
Franke, Herbert 14
Graham, A. C. 228
Harper, Donald 324
Honey, David 14
Hui, Victoria 206
Keightley, David 111
Kern, Martin 256
Kinney, Anne Behnke 303
Lewis, Mark Edward 205, 256, 282
Li, Feng 139, 161, 256
Linduff, Katheryn 139, 161
Liu, Li 40, 65
Loewe, Michael 161, 256, 302
McNeal, Robin 182
Nienhauser, William H. 65
Nivison, David Shepherd 228
Oriental Archaeology Research Center of Shandong University 89
Peerenboom, R. P. 324
Powers, Martin J 324
Rawson, Jessica 138
Schneider, Lawrence A. 14
Shaughnessy, Edward 139, 161
Sima Qian 324
Thorp, Robert 65, 89
Twitchett, Denis 282, 302
Underhill, Anne 40
Wang Zhongshu 282, 324
Weld, Susan Roosevelt 182
Wu Hung 324
Xu Pingfang 徐芳 40
Service, Elman 21
“Seven Military Classics” 202
Shaanxi region, divination 98