Napoleon

by Emil Ludwig

  The only reason why the army had wasted away was the rigour of the climate. " His Majesty has never been in better health."

  The unfeeling, metallic tone ! Again we are listening to General Bonaparte who, having recovered confidence in his destiny, and having regained health, is able to use the old language. The incisive sentence at the close is, of course, added for the special benefit of Paris, which for several weeks has had no news as to his state of health. But, on the whole, the mood in which he ends the Russian campaign, exactly six months after it had begun, is one of heroic cynicism. The command of the army is handed over to Murat, who is to lead the survivors home. There are still nine thousand men under arms.

  On Foot into Warsaw

  Now there is something new. The Emperor embraces every one of the generals present. Is this the last coup of a trickster who wants to strengthen their waning loyalty ? Is he really overcome by his feelings ? Every one of these soldiers, that evening, could feel the beating of the Emperor's heart.

  He gets into the sleigh with Daru and Caulaincourt, and the three drive away. To be on the safe side, he travels under an assumed name, that of his secretary, Reneval. This is his fifth name. The fourth had been Napoleon.

  When they are driving through the snows across the Polish plain, he suddenly has the sleigh stopped at a cross road. This must be near Countess Walewska's mansion ; he wants to go there. Napoleon is on the flight from Russia, his head full of world-shaking plans ; he is forsaking his army because Paris needs him and he needs Paris—and now comes this lyrical thought, the painful recollection of a frustrated idyl. But the urgent warnings of his companions, who remind him that they are alone in a couple of sledges and that Cossacks are scouring the countryside, induce him to abandon his plan. He wraps his furs around him once more and goes to sleep.

  Five days afterwards he leaves the sleighs waiting on the bridge near Warsaw, and at noon goes on foot with Caulaincourt into the town. Should any one recognise him, they will face it out, and declare that the interlocutor is seeing ghosts, or must be mad. Napoleon sends Caulaincourt to the embassy ; but, in order to keep his own identity secret, he himself goes to an inn, which, of all names in the world, still calls itself the Hotel de l'Angleterre. The low-ceilinged whitewashed room is cold ; there is only green wood, and the maidservant cannot get the stove to light; he must keep on his furs, his cap, and his big boots, while he tramps up and down the room, thrashing his arms like a coachman to keep himself warm. It is thus he is found by two Polish noblemen for whom he has sent through the embassy. They can hardly believe their eyes, but the ghost laughs at their astonishment.

  Adventurer Once More

  " How long have I been in Warsaw ? A week ? No, only a couple of hours. It is but one step from the sublime to the ridiculous. How are you, Monsieur Stanislas ? . . . Dangers ? Not a bit of it. I thrive on excitement. The more I am tossed to and fro, the better I feel. The shadow kings grow fat in their palaces, but I put on flesh when riding my nag in the field. ... So you've been anxious here ? The army is in splendid condition. I have still one hundred and twenty thousand men ! Gave the Russians a good hiding everywhere. They never ventured to stand up against me. The army will winter in Vilna. I am returning to Paris, and there I shall raise three hundred thousand soldiers ! In six months I shall be back on the Memel.

  " I have been through other fights ! At Marengo I was beaten until six in the evening, but next day I was lord of Italy. At Aspern-Essling I made myself master of Austria, though the archduke believed he had held me in check there. It was not my fault that the Danube rose sixteen feet in one night. But for that, I should have finished off with the Habsburgs once for all. However, it was written in the stars that I was to marry an archduchess. . . .

  " The same thing in Russia. I can't prevent its freezing there. Morning after morning, the report was that ten thousand horses had perished during the night. Bon voyage ! Our Normandy horses cannot endure the cold like the Russians ; the same with our soldiers. . . . Perhaps people will say that I stayed too long in Moscow; but the weather was beautiful and I was waiting for peace. A great political drama ! Nothing venture, nothing have. One step from the sublime to the ridiculous ! . . . Who could have foreseen the burning of Moscow ? . . . I never felt better in my life ! " . . .

  Such is the spate of words that for two hours flows from the mouth of a man who, after unspeakable losses, wishes to give the impression of desperate courage.

  Napoleon becomes an adventurer. To impress these Poles, who will pass on what he says, he invents an army which has

  Swiftly Westward

  vanished long since ; cold which really did nothing more than complete the destruction that other forces had begun; battles he never fought. He intersperses these figments with historical parallels of worldwide significance ; treats what has just been happening as if it were ancient history; appeals to providence ; and repeats no less than four times the cynically imposing aphorism about the sublime and the ridiculous, which blunts the edge of criticism. Great realist though he is, the world and what he is doing with it are becoming drama to him ; and thus Napoleon, when his own fortunes are declining, is slowly mounting the ascent towards supreme irony.

  The two Poles see nothing of all this. Their thoughts are concentrated upon their country's debts, and they would fain get money from this man who is still numbered among the great ones of the earth. They seize their opportunity when at length there is a pause in the torrent of speech. He gives them an order on the treasury for six millions, which he thinks will buy support for him in Poland. Then his visitors wish him a happy journey, and, with secret scorn, watch the incognito drive away hastily in his sleigh.

  Day and night, night and day, they glide swiftly westward; for Germany, too, is under snow. Day and night, night and day, questions, commands, and plans are churning in his brain. " Is England really invincible ? Now, the English can trade freely in the Baltic; English goods can enter Cadiz, and can make their way into the Levant. He must put off his scheme for the conquest of India, but will abate no jot of his other designs ! Will the Confederation of the Rhine still answer to his nod ? How will it be possible to explain this crash in Russia ? The disaster cannot be hushed up indefinitely. Is there any chance of raising another hundred and twenty thousand men in France ? Next year's levies must be called up in advance. Make peace with the pope at once, and with Spain likewise, for he must feel safe at his back. A National Guard, that was the best thought of the revolution; in that way he will be able to raise a million

  p :

  (Photograph in the Kircheisen Collection.) The Emperor's profile. Sketched during Mass in the Tuileries. Germain Bapst Collection.

  " How Is Herr Goethe? "

  armed citizens within three months."

  Night. Change of horses. He thrusts out his head.

  " Where are we ? " " In Weimar, Sire." " Weimar ? How is the duchess ? And how is Herr Goethe ?"

  VIII

  Forty bowed backs receive the beaten war lord on his return home. The sight of the court dresses which he has embroidered with his contempt revives his belief in the folly and the weakness of these men whose only wish is to be ruled. But his glance strays to the bars of the golden cage in which the son of liberty has locked himself up. He does not realise that the people of his capital are weary and disaffected ; and instead of following the example of his own youth, instead of with disarming frankness acknowledging the faults he hopes to better, he postures as Csesar before his servile officials, and rails at the weather god, though but yesterday he had boasted his power to make what weather he pleased throughout Europe.

  During the nine days' drive from Warsaw to Paris, the uncertain mood of the adventurer had given place once more to the steadily aspiring flame of the imperator. Although the Russian winter had set in later than usual, he carries off the reverse by saying : " The army sustained heavy losses, but that was because the winter began so early. . . . The king of Naples is not fitted for high command, and
he lost his head after my departure. ... All the same, I have three hundred battalions left, without bringing a single man back from Spain."

  Has his contempt for his fellows risen to such a pitch that he can serve up these fables to experienced men who have known the truth for months ? But their consciences are uneasy. They feel responsible for the October putsch, or at any rate guilty for not having made an end of the whole business within the first quarter of an hour. On the other hand the Emperor, whose own

  The Curse of Legitimacy

  heart accuses him, is glad to play the accuser, for it galls him that in the decisive hour they should have forgotten the empress and the heir to the throne. In memorable words, at the first reception in the Tuileries, he tries to hammer his point into the heads of his councillors.

  " The apostles of the rights of man are really to blame for all that has happened. They declared rebellion to be a duty. They flattered the people, imputing to it a sovereignty it is incapable of exercising. They destroyed respect for law by establishing the supremacy of an assembly which knew nothing of administration and law, instead of holding fast to the nature of things ! Any one who wishes to build up a State once more, must be guided by the very opposite principles. History depicts the human heart, and we must study history if we would learn the merits and defects of legislation. . . . When I undertook the reconstruction of France, my prayer was that I might be spared for a considerable number of years, seeing that what has been destroyed in a moment will take a long time to refashion. The State needs courageous officials. ' The king is dead; long live the king !' That was the watchword of our fathers. The phrase makes us realise the advantages of monarchy."

  Were it not for the prettily turned expression about history and the human heart, Emperor Francis might have subscribed to this speech, and it might have been an ornament to the pages of any of the familiar expositions of monarchical doctrine. Why should people go on quarrelling about such matters ? The ancient dispute between tradition and revolution has been settled, now that the son of the revolution has acknowledged the supremacy of tradition. No matter whether an heir be named Bourbon or Bonaparte ! When we compare the two fathers we see that they are very much alike ! His marriage with the daughter of one who rules by right divine has complicated the problem, and has sophisticated his own genius.

  Or does he believe no more than half of what he is saying ?

  Contradictions of Monarchy

  Before setting out on the Russian campaign, he had frankly explained his plans to Metternich: " The legislature belongs to me ; all I need is to put the key of the deliberative chamber in my pocket. France is less suited for democracy than a good many countries. . . . When I get back, therefore, I shall transform the Senate and the Council of State into an Upper House and a Lower House, most of whose members I shall myself nominate. These will constitute a real popular representation, consisting only of experienced business men, without an ideologue among them. Then France will be satisfactorily ruled, even under a prince who is a mere figure-head (and such will come), for whom the ordinary education of hereditary princes will suffice."

  These Csesarist ideas betray the monarchist, but also the sceptic. Although, when he shows people his son's portrait, they tell him that the little boy is the loveliest child in France, the flattered father knows perfectly well that dynasties last a long time whereas genius is fleeting. Foreseeing the decadence of his own blood, having studied that decadence in the annals of all princely houses, he wants to rid himself of waverers that he may fortify the position of his heir. For the very reason that he understands the contradiction inherent in monarchy, he wishes to build his own monarchy on a rock.

  For the time being, his business is to buttress it anew with the power of the sword. What has been the fruit of the war games in which he moved his myriads over Europe ? Those leather-bound muster rolls of his contained the death sentences of numberless youths, even though there were marshals' batons to be won by a few among the best of them ! Of the old guard, four hundred men, and of the cavalry guard, eight hundred men, made their way back to Konigsberg; a few thousand officers and sergeants, broken men most of them, have survived the storms of war. Except for the auxiliaries, who are not under France's orders, that is all that remains of the Emperor's hosts. Marshal Ney, on his flight from Russia, seems like a hero out

  A Stroke of Luck

  of a Greek tragedy when he reaches Prussia, and makes his way into the first Prussian government office on his route. When old acquaintances look at him incredulously, as if questioning who this man can be, he rejoins with a superb gesture : " I am the rear guard of the Grand Army."

  A new army must be made, and it must be made in a few weeks. The year 1813 will supply one hundred and forty thousand recruits, but where are the rest to come from ? The Emperor has a magic wand, and can conjure up men whenever he needs them. The passing of a new law is all that is requisite for the levying of the National Guard and for the drafting of eighty thousand soldiers from the dependencies of France. Add one hundred thousand belonging to the oldest conscript levies ; and call up the youngsters who should not, properly speaking, be enrolled until 1814. Soon he will have half a million under arms once more. " The French people," he says to the Prussian envoy, " will follow me whatever I do, and, if needs must, I shall arm the women ! "

  With unbroken will, he charms into existence the innumerable machines without which he cannot ply his trade. But how shall he explain these unexpected measures to the people ? The enemy is far from the frontier.

  A stroke of luck ! At the close of the year, Yorck, a Prussian general, acting on his own initiative, enters into an agreement with his Russian neighbours, declares the force under his command neutral, and thus opens the door to a change in the military situation for which the German nation has long been eager. The Emperor can use the incident in order to whip up the enthusiasm of the French. For the moment, the treason of his ally costs him no more than twenty thousand men ; but it serves as the text for a manifesto in Paris, and for hectoring letters to the princes of the Confederation of the Rhine. He would not, says Napoleon, need their help at all, had not Yorck's secession compelled his army to withdraw.

  The summons of France is actually obeyed. The German

  The German Spirit

  princes, including the Habsburg ruler, once more collect money and levy troops. One of them is servile enough to send an assurance that he is " delighted to be able to give the Emperor opportunity for winning fresh laurels." The king of Prussia cashiers Yorck, and assures the Emperor of his fidelity to the alliance. But Frederick William conveys a hint to the tsar, goes to Breslau, wobbles between the parties, what time a wave of enthusiasm is spreading far beyond Prussia's borders, and threatening to sweep away the debile monarch. Youths, politicians, and poets are voicing the call of national sentiment. Stein is the man to treat with the tsar on behalf of his country, and in Konigsberg the baron takes matters into his own hands.

  The Emperor is ever on the watch. In a circular, he warns the princes against the intrigues of those " who by rebellion and revolution are trying to give Germany a new form. Should they succeed in infecting the Confederation of the Rhine with their doctrines, intolerable sufferings may await these territories."

  He feels the stirring of the new spirit. Now, for the first time, does the Emperor seem to become aware of the growth of a national sentiment among the Germans, as among the Spaniards. Shortly before the Russian campaign, he had said that hardly so much as a night watchman was needed to keep the Germans quiet. " Since Germany has no America, nor yet a sea, nor yet a great number of strongholds, nor even Englishmen as there are in Spain, there is nothing to be afraid of and would not be though the Germans were as lazy, dirty, superstitious, and monk-ridden as the Spaniards. How could there be anything to fear from such honest, reasonable, cool-headed, and patient people, who have so little inclination to violence that throughout the war not one of our soldiers has been murdered in Germany ? "

&nb
sp; A wonderfully true picture of the Germans, and yet there is a slight miscalculation. He has overlooked the romanticism by which these people can be stirred, and without a knowledge of

  The Rhythm of an Epoch

  which they cannot be understood. Of course the Italian, with his fiery imagination, cannot grasp the nature of an imagination that works slowly and lacks ardour. Napoleon, who knows how monarchical the Germans are in their sentiments, believes that when he holds the princes in his hands he must be master of the German people.

  Besides, were the Germans a people ? Was this realm, which ten years earlier had been formally liquidated by the abdication of the last of its emperors, really anything more than a " metaphysical concept " ? Only for a moment, only for two years, will the German peoples be united. Then, as soon as the enemy's power has been broken, they will fall asunder once more. Not for half a century, and not until another Napoleon threatens them, will they at length become a nation—though even then, only a fragment. So atrophied was Napoleon's own sense of nationality, that the quarrels and jealousies of the German princes made him believe that the Germans were disintegrated for all time ; whereas, had he been able to understand the forces that were at work, he would have realised that the jealousies of the rival sovereign houses were the only obstacle to the reunion of these kindred stocks.

  But the sublime breathing of history sometimes determines the rhythm of an epoch even in despite of the will of the genius that animates it. In sweeping curves, during these years, the spirit of liberty returns to her primal home in the hearts of the people. For, just as Bonaparte, in the name of liberty, had defeated the princes and stirred the peoples to revolt; so now, in the name of liberty, the peoples arose to defeat him, the prince of princes. Doubtless this great movement of destiny was complicated by numerous petty wishes, and blurred by minor circles. It is not the force of legitimism which now, after twenty years, is at last gathering strength to slay the spirit of revolt. Pallid, disunited, decadent, and with never a great figure among them, are the princes in the league they form against the one