Savarkar
Page 70
145. Ibid., p. 259.
146. Ibid., p. 195.
147. Ibid., p. 190.
148. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , pp. 186–87.
149. Chitragupta. Life of Barrister Savarkar , p. 126.
150. ‘Personal Correspondence of Secretary of State Morley’, July 1909, Private Manuscripts, IOR/MSS/EUR/D/573/21, British Library, London.
151. Richard Popplewell. ‘The Surveillance of Indian Revolutionaries in Great Britain and on the Continent, 1905–14’. Intelligence and National Security . 3.1 (1998): 56–76, p. 62.
152. A.C. Bose. Indian Revolutionaries Abroad: 1905-1927. Select Documents , p. 55.
153. Ibid., p. 70.
154. David Garnett. The Golden Echo, Vol. I, p. 148.
155. Weekly Report of the DCI, 23 October 1909, OIOC, POS 3094, British Library, London.
156. Ibid., 25 December 1909, OIOC, POS 3095, British Library, London.
157. David Garnett. The Golden Echo, Vol. I , pp. 148–49.
158. English translation of the biography of Babarao Savarkar, http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/babarao-savarkar-v003.pdf ., pp. 34–35
159. Published in the Mahratta , 27 May 1938.
160. Translation by Anurupa Cinar, http://anurupacinar.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Sagaras-Translation.pdf
Chapter 6: Endgame London
1. Bimanbehari Majumdar. Militant Nationalism in India and Its Socio-religious Background, 1897–1917 (Calcutta: General Printers & Publishers, 1966), p. 94.
2. Testimony of Vishwanath Krishna Kale.
3. The entire episode of the Jackson murder in Nashik has been gleaned and reconstructed from extensive original sources of the court proceedings, witness depositions and the trial. Source material: ‘Savarkar Case; Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February 1911; IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778.
4. Testimony of Ganesh Balwant Vaidya.
5. Nasik Trial Judgment: Karve, Deshpande, Soman, Waman Joshi, Ganu and Datoo Joshi were arrested on 24, 23, 30, 22 and 22 December 1909 respectively. They made their statements on 6, 6, 3, 4, 2 and 5 January 1910 respectively.
6. Source: Testimonies of the accused accessed from ‘Savarkar Case; Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February 1911; IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778.
7. Aberdeen Press and Journal and The Times , 23 December 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
8. Daily Telegraph , 23 December 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
9. Belfast Telegraph , 31 December 1909, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
10. Emily. C. Brown. Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist , p. 79.
11. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London, p. 200.
12. Mlechchha means a non-Aryan tribe, a Greek settler in India, from that a non-Indian, thus a foreigner, the British in this case.
13. Indian Sociologist , January 1910.
14. Ibid.
15. This is suggested in S.L. Karandikar. Savarkar Charitra Kathan ( Pune: Modern Book Depot Prakashan, 1947), p. 332.
16. ‘Savarkar Case; Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February 1911; IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778.
17. Incident narrated by Jaywant D. Joglekar. Veer Savarkar: Father of Hindu Nationalism (n.p., 2006) and also by Harindra Srivastava, Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London .
18. R.A Padmanabhan. V. V. S. Aiyar, p. 73.
19. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 207.
20. Home Department/Political/Notes, 60-B, 1910; National Archives, New Delhi, p. 269.
21. Ibid., p. 271.
22. ‘The Savarkar Conspiracy’, Herald of Revolt , October 1912 issue (Guy Aldred, London).
23. Italicized comments by Guy Aldred.
24. Janaki Bakhle. ‘Savarkar (1883–1966), Sedition and Surveillance: the Rule of Law in a Colonial Situation’. Social History 35.1 (2010): 51–75, pp. 68–69.
25. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre. Freedom at Midnight (Noida: Vikas Publishing House, 2016), p. 361.
26. Indulal Yagnik. Shyamji Krishna Varma: Life and Times of an Indian Revolutionary , pp. 286–87.
27. Daily Telegraph , 19 March 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
28. Willesden Chronicle , 25 March 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
29. Globe , 14 March 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
30. Daily Telegraph , 15 March 1910. Alleged Indian Sedition: Murder Abetment Charge, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
31. IOR/J&P 847-1910: 189/349/2, British Library, London.
32. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 219.
33. Ibid., pp. 220–21. Letter from Aiyar to Shyamji from 81, Clarendon Road, North Kensington (West), dated 15 March 1910.
34. Ibid., pp. 222–23.
35. Dhananjay Keer. Veer Savarkar , p. 67.
36. David Garnett. The Golden Echo, Vol. I , pp. 151–52.
37. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , pp. 224–27. For full text of the Will and Testament, see Appendix II.
38. Bose, A.C. Indian Revolutionaries Abroad: 1905-1927. Select Documents , p. 33.
39. Koregaonkar’s testimony from IOR/L/PJ/6/1069: ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction’, British Library, London.
40. ‘Judgment’ of the Special Tribunal Cases No. 2, 3, and 4 of 1910, pp. 8–9; from IOR/L/PJ/6/1069: ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction’, British Library, London.
41. Ibid.
42. ‘Testimony of Chanjeri Rao’, from IOR/L/PJ/6/1069: ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction’, British Library, London.
43. R. A. Padmanabhan. V. V. S. Aiyar , p. 80.
44. Solicitor General Sir Rufus Isaacs was later the viceroy of India, Lord Reading.
45. The Times , 25 April 1910.
46. Ibid. Here, Vinayak makes reference to the Arms Act of 1878 rendering it illegal for Indians to possess guns and any other weapons.
47. The Times , 2 May 1910.
48. London Daily News , 10 May 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
49. The Times , 3 June 1910.
50. Ibid.
51. Section 2 of the FOA reads: ‘When a person accused of having committed an offence (to which this part of the Act applies) in one part of (His) Majesty’s dominions, such person (in this Act referred to as a fugitive from that part) if found in another part of (His) Majesty’s dominions shall be liable to be apprehended and returned in manner provided by this Act to the part from which he is a fugitive.’
52. London Daily News , 3 June 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
53. Section 33 of the FOA: ‘Where a person accused of an offence can . . . be under this Act, or otherwise, tried for or in respect of the offence in more than one part of H.M’s Dominions, a warrant for the apprehension of such person may be issued in any part of (His) Majesty’s Dominions, in which he can, if he happens to be there, be tried, and each part of this Act shall apply as if the offence had been committed in the part of (His) Majesty’s Dominions where such warrant is issued, and such person may be apprehended and returned in pursuance of this Act, notwithstanding that in the place in which he is apprehended, a Court has jurisdiction to try him.’
54. Section 10 of the FOA: ‘Where it is made to appear to a Supreme Court that, by reason of the trivial nature of the case, or by reason of the application for the return of a fugitive not being made in good faith in the interests of justice or otherwise, it would, having regard to the distance, to the facilities of communication, and to all the circumstances of the case, be unjust or oppressive or too severe a punishment to return the fugitive either at all, or until the expiration of a certain period, such Court may discharge the fugitive, either absolutely or on bail, or order that he shall not be returned until after the expiration o
f the period named in the order, or may make some such other order in the premises as the Court seems just.’
55. The Times , 4 June 1910.
56. ‘The Savarkar Conspiracy’, Herald of Revolt , Vol. 2, No. 10, London, October 1912; IOR/L/PJ/6/1198; File 3899, ‘Proposed Prohibition of the “Savarkar Issue” of Herald of Revolt’ , British Library, London.
57. The Times , 17 June 1910.
58. The Times , 21 June 1910.
59. Ibid., 22 June 1910.
60. ‘The Savarkar Conspiracy’, Herald of Revolt , Vol. 2, No. 10, London, October 1912; IOR/L/PJ/6/1198; File 3899, ‘Proposed Prohibition of the “Savarkar Issue”’ of Herald of Revolt’ ; British Library, London.
61. Ibid.
62. A left-wing Irish republican political party that was active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It was founded by Arthur Griffith on 28 November 1905. It had close associations with several Indian revolutionaries including Shyamji, Madame Cama and Vinayak Savarkar.
63. David Garnett. The Golden Echo, Vol. I , p. 157.
64. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 234.
65. Government of Bombay, Home Department (Special) 60-B/1910, 18/195, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
66. Herald of Revolt , October 1912, p. 99.
67. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , pp. 235–36.
68. R.A. Padmanabhan, V.V.S. Aiyar , pp. 85–86.
Chapter 7: L’Affaire Savarkar
1. ‘Savarkar Case: Conduct of the Police Officials’. IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
2. This entire sequence has been reconstructed from the several letters exchanged between officers and the departmental inquiry reports that contain the testimonies of all the key players in this incident. Gleaned from: ‘Savarkar Case: Conduct of the Police Officials’. IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
3. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London, p. 247.
4. Translation by Anurupa Cinar, http://anurupacinar.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Atmabal-Translation.pdf
5. Statement of Mr Guider, ‘Savarkar Case: Conduct of the Police Officials’. IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No, 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
6. No. 5730 of 1910, Judicial Department. ‘Savarkar Case: Conduct of the Police Officials’. IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
7. Ibid., p. 253.
8. Quoted in a letter from L.D. Carnegie of the British Embassy in Paris to Sir Edward Grey, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. ‘V.D. Savarkar: Arrest and Extradition; Escape and Recapture at Marseilles’. IOR/L/PJ/6/994. British Library, London.
9. Quoted in Daily Gazette , 25 July 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
10. Daily Press , 21 July 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
11. London Daily News , 20 July 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
12. Weekly Report of the DCI, 27 September 1910 and 11 October 1910, p. 2, OIOC, POS 3095, British Library, London.
13. Weekly Report of the DCI, 23 August 1910, OIOC, POS 3095, British Library, London.
14. Weekly Report of the DCI, 16 August 1910, OIOC, POS 3095, British Library, London.
15. Weekly Report of the DCI, 8 November 1910, OIOC, POS 3095, British Library, London.
16. ‘Shall he be given up?’, Evening Telegraph , 25 July 1910, BNA.
17. No. 26218/10 and no. 280 (26255), IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
18. J. & P. 2395. IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
19. Telegram from the governor of Bombay, 23 July 1910, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
20. J. & P. 2521, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
21. Note on Minute dated 29 July 1910, #1441063, National Archives, London.
22. Minutes of Interdepartmental Committee Meeting, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
23. Annex 2–Copy of Opinion of Attorney General on Savarkar’s case. IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
24. Telegram from governor of Bombay, 5 August 1910, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
25. Telegram from Secretary of State to governor of Bombay, 15 August 1910, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
26. Annex 2–Foreign Office statement dated 24 September 1910, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
27. ‘Savarkar Case: Conduct of the Police Officials’, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
28. Telegram from governor of Bombay, 20 August 1910, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
29. Annex 2–Foreign Office statement dated 24 September 1910, IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
30. Ibid.
31. Letter from F.A. Campbell dated 30 September 1910, ‘Savarkar Case: Proceedings at The Hague (including result)’, IOR/L/PJ/6/1077, File No. 1131, British Library, London.
32. J. & P. 3317. IOR/L/PJ/6/1058, File No. 284, 26 March 1910 to 25 January 1911, British Library, London.
33. FO 881/9746 ‘Savarkar Arbitration Case’, National Archives, London.
34. Ibid. Appendix.
35. ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778, 9 December 1910 to 23 February 1911, British Library, London.
36. The Times , 7 October 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
37. Homeward Mail from India, China, and the East , 15 August 1910, British Newspaper Archive (BNA).
38. ‘Savarkar case: Reference to Arbitration’, IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 3823, 30 September 1910 to 10 February 1911, British Library, London.
39. London Daily News , 23 August 1910, BNA.
40. Born on 2 December 1855, Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar was a Saraswat Brahmin. He served as a Dakshina Fellow at Elphinstone College and completed his law degree in 1881. In 1885, he was sent to England as part of a three-member committee to advocate Indian general elections in Britain. On his return, he joined the INC on 28 December 1885 and became president of the Lahore Congress Session in 1900. In 1901, he was appointed a judge at Bombay High Court. For his loyalty and service, the British knighted him in 1910. In fact, the judge who had sentenced Tilak in the sedition case, Justice Dawar, was also knighted immediately after passing the sentence. (Source: M.C. Chagla. Roses in December: An Autobiography [ Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1975]). He was appointed as the first non-political president of the Bombay Legislative Assembly after the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. Even today his statue stands at the Bombay University Convocation Hall and his portrait hangs in the Bombay High Court. While Jawaharlal Nehru was studying at Harrow, his father, Motilal Nehru, sent him a letter with a photograph of Chandavarkar, advising him to follow the latter as his ideal. (Source: B.R. Nanda. The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal [London: Allen & Unwin, 1962]).
41. ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February 1911, IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778.
42. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , pp. 265–66.
43. Ibid., p. 267.
44. As listed in the warrant of arrest issued against Vinayak dated 8 February 1910 by a magistrate of first class for Nasik, Bombay Presidency. ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of
Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February 1911, IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778.
45. Ibid. Judgment in the Case.
46. The Poona branch was led by Keshav Shripad Chandwadkar, popularly known as Brahmagiri Bua.
47. Sedition Committee Report, secret report published by Government of India, 1918, p. 32.
48. Key witnesses in the case were Raghunath Venkatesh Gosavi, Vaman Narhari Dani, Hari Narayan Pimple, Keshav Sakharam Sindhakar, Keshav Raoji Gondhalekar, Ramachandra Appaji Ballad, Kashinath Shamras Phatak, Chaturbhuj Jhaveribhai Amin Patidar, Harishchandra Krishnarao Koregaonkar, Chanjeri Rama Rao, Gopal Krishna Patankar, Ganesh Balwant Vaidya, Trimbak Krishna Burkule, Dattatraya Panduranga Joshi, Krishnaji Raoji Lele, Shaikh Lal, E.J. Parker, J.A. Guider and others. Their detailed oral testimonies are recorded in: ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February 1911, IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778.
49. Ibid.
50. J.A. Guider’s Testimony, ibid.
51. R.V. Gosavi’s testimony, ibid.
52. Incidentally, the manner of initiating members and the process of taking oaths was strikingly similar to how Mazzini recruited members for his ‘Young Italy’, as also was the process in other Italian secret societies such as Carbonari.
53. Bapu Joshi’s testimony: ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February, IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File No. 778.
54. Chaturbhuj Amin’s testimony, ibid.
55. Patankar’s testimony, ibid.
56. E. Parker’s testimony, ibid.
57. Judgment of the Nasik Conspiracy Case, ibid., p. 12.
58. Ibid.
59. Gopal Krishna Patankar’s testimony, ibid.
60. Barve’s testimony, ibid.
61. Kashikar’s testimony, ibid.
62. Narayanrao Damodar Savarkar’s testimony, ibid.
63. Judgment of the Nasik Conspiracy Case, ibid., p. 12.
64. Harindra Srivastava. Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London , p. 269
65. This meant a jail term for twenty-five years.
66. Judgment of Nasik Conspiracy Case, pp. 13, 29, ‘Savarkar Case: Trial and Conviction; Question of Extradition in Case of Failure at the Hague’, 9 December 1910 to 23 February, IOR/L/PJ/6/1069, File no. 778.