by Will Durant
57. CAH, i, 550; iii, 226.
58. Woolley, 37.
59. Delaporte, 172.
60. Woolley, 37, 191.
61. Maspero, Dawn, 709-18.
62. Jastrow, 106; Woolley, 40, 144; Maspero, 630.
63. Ibid., 601.
64. Schäfer, H., and Andrae, W., Die Kunst des Alten Orients, 469; Woolley, 66.
65. CAH, i, 400.
66. Woolley, 46; N. Y. Times, April 13, 1934.
67. Schäfer, 482.
68. Ibid., 485.
69. Woolley, 188; CAH, i, 463.
70. Moret, 164; Childe, Ancient East, 216.
71. Hall, H. R., in Encyc. Brit., viii, 45.
72. Maspero, Dawn, 46; CAH, i, 255.
73. Ibid., 372.
74. Ibid., 255, 263, 581; De Morgan, 102; Hall, H. R., I.e.
75. Ibid., CAH, i; 579.
76. CAH, i, 263, 581.
77. CAH, i, 252, 581; Hall, l.c., 44-5.
78. De Morgan, 102.
79. Hall, l.c.; CAH, i, 581.
80. Such objects are pictured for comparison in De Morgan, 102.
81. Woolley, 187; Hall, I.e., 45.
82. Smith, G. Elliot, The Ancient Egyptians and the Origin of Civilization, xii.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Strabo, Geography, I, iii, 4.
2. Maspero, Dawn, 24.
3. Erman, A., Life in Ancient Egypt, 13; CAH, i, 317.
4. Erman, 29.
5. Diodorus Siculus, I, lxiv, 3. The face value of the talent in the time of Diodorus was $1,000 in gold, worth in purchasing power some $10,000 today.
6. Encyc. Brit., viii, 42.
7. In Capart, J., Thebes, 40.
8. The Harris Papyrus in Capart, 237.
9. Capart, 27; Breasted, J. H., Ancient Records of Egypt, ii, 131.
10. CAH, i, 116; ii, 100.
11. Breasted, Ancient Times, 97, 455; CAH, i, 117.
12. Ibid., II6.
13. De Morgan, 25; CAH, i, 33-6; Keith in N. Y. Times, Oct. 12, 1930; Moret, 117f.
14. Breasted in CAH, i, 86.
15. Encyc. Brit., viii, 42; Moret, 119; De Morgan, 92.
16. Moret, 119; CAH, i, 270-1.
17. Smith, G. Elliot, Human History, 264; Childe, Ancient East, 38.
18. Pittard, 419; CAH, i, 270-1; Smith, G. Elliot, Ancient Egyptians, 50.
19. CAH, i, 372, 255, 263; De Morgan, 102.
20. Maspero, Dawn, 45; CAH, i, 244-5, 254-6; Pittard, 413; Moret, 158; Smith, Ancient Egyptians, 24.
21. Maspero, Passing of the Empires, viii; De Morgan, 101.
22. Diodorus, I, xciv, 2. Diodorus adds, by way of comparison: “Among the Jews Moyses referred his laws to the god who is invoked as Iao.”
23. Ibid., I, xlv, I.
24. Encyc. Brit., viii, 45.
25. Schäfer, 209.
26. Ibid., 247.
27. Ibid., 211.
28. Ibid., 228-9.
29. Herodotus, II, 124.
30. Capart, J., Lectures on Egyptian Art, 98.
31. CAH, i, 335.
32. Maspero, Art in Egypt, 15.
33. Schäfer, 248.
34. Herodotus, II, 86.
35. In Cotterill, History of Art, i, 10.
36. Breasted, J. H., Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, 203.
37. CAH, i, 308.
38. Breasted, J. H., History of Egypt, 266-7.
39. Breasted, Ancient Records, ii, 78-121; Maspero, The Struggle of the Nations, 236-7.
40. Ibid., 237-9; Breasted, History, 273; White, E. M., 49.
41. CAH, ii, 65.
42. Ibid., ch. iv.
43. Ibid., 79.
43a. Breasted, History, 320.
44. Weigall, A., Life and Times of Akhnaton, 8.
45. Erman, 20.
46. So a stele of Amenhotep III expresses it in Capart, Thebes, 182.
47. Ibid., 182, 197.
48. Diodorus, I, xxxi, 8.
49. Herodotus, II, 14.
50. Erman, 199.
51. Herodotus, II, 95.
52. Maspero, Dawn, 330.
53. Genesis, xlvii, 26.
54. Erman, 441.
55. Erman, A., Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, 187.
56. Maspero, Dawn, 65; Lippert, 197.
57. Maspero, Dawn, 331-2.
58. Moret, 357.
59. Rickard, T. A., i, 192-203; De Morgan, 114.
60. Diodorus, III, xii, tr. by Rickard, i, 209-10.
61. Erman, Life, 451-5.
62. Breasted, Ancient Times, 64; Maspero, Struggle, 739.
63. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 105.
64. Diodorus, I, lxxiv, 6.
65. Ibid.
66. Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, 283.
67. Erman, Life, 124-5.
68. Maspero, Struggle, 441.
69. Diodorus, I, lii; Rickard, i, 183.
70. N. Y. Times, April 16, 1933.
71. Herodotus, II, 124; Wilkinson in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii, 200n.
72. Capart, Thebes, 32.
73. Erman, Life, 488-93; Borchardt and Ricke, Egypt, p. v.
74. CAH, ii, 423.
75. Erman, Life, 494.
76. Maspero, Struggle, 109.
77. Ibid., 285, 289, 407, 582; CAH, ii, 79.
78. Maspero, Dawn, 330; Schneider, H., i, 86.
79. CAH, ii, 212.
80. Diodorus, I, lxxvii, 2.
81. Diodorus, I, lxxv, 3.
82. Sumner, Folkways, 236.
83. Diodorus, I, lxxviii, 3.
84. Hobhouse, 108; Maspero, Dawn, 337, 479-80; Erman, Life, 141.
85. Maspero, Dawn, 337.
86. Capart, Thebes, 161.
87. Breasted, J. H., Dawn of Conscience, 208-10.
88. Erman, Life, 67; Diodorus, I, lxx.
89. Erman, Life, 121.
90. Moret, 124.
91. Erman, Literature, 27.
92. Maspero, Dawn, 278.
93. Breasted, History, 75.
94. Erman, Life, 153, Sumner, Folkways, 485.
95. Maspero, Dawn, 51.
96. Erman, Life, 76.
97. In Briffault, i, 384.
98. In White, E. M., 46.
99. Petrie, Sir W. F., Egypt and Israel, 23.
100. Hobhouse, 187.
101. Ibid., 185.
102. Ibid., 186; Erman, Life, 185.
103. Petrie, 23.
104. Frazer, Adonis, 397.
105. Briffault, i, 384.
106. Diodorus, I, lxxvii, 7; lxxx, 3.
107. Maspero, Struggle, 272.
108. Briffault, ii, 174.
109. Ibid., 383.
110. Maspero, Struggle, 503; Erman, Life, 155.
111. Ibid.; Sanger, W. W., History of Prostitution, 40-1; Georg, 172.
112. Erman, Life, 247f.
113. Sumner, Folkways, 541; Maspero, Struggle, 536.
114. Erman, Life, 387.
115. In Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 324; cf. Proverbs, xv, 16-7. For further correspondence between the Egyptian and the Jewish authors cf. Breasted, 372-7.
116. Hobhouse, 247; Maspero, Dawn, 269; Struggle, 228.
117. Strabo, XVII, i, 53.
118. Erman, Literature, xxix; 47.
119. Maspero, Dawn, 195; Encyc. Brit., vii, 329.
120. Spearing, 230.
121. Maspero, Dawn, 47-8, 271.
122. CAH, ii, 422.
123. Breasted, History, 27; Erman, Life, 229f; Downing, Dr. J. G., Cosmetics, Past and Present, 2088f.
124. CAH, ii, 421.
125. Maspero, Struggle, 504; Erman, Life, 212.
126. Schäfer, 235.
127. Sumner, Folkways, 191; Maspero, Struggle, 494; CAH, ii, 421.
128. Maspero, Dawn, 57, 49if.
129. CAH, ii, 421.
130. Diodorus, I, lxxxi; Mencken, H. L., Treatise on the Gods, 117.
131. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 278.
132. Erman, Life, 328, 384.
133. Ibid., 256; E
rman, Literature, xliii.
134. Ibid., 185.
135. Erman, Life, 256, 328.
136. Schneider, H., i, 94.
137. Erman, Life, 447; Breasted, History, 97.
138. Erman, Literature, xxxvii, xlii.
139. Maspero, Dawn, 46.
140. Erman, Literature, xxxvi-vii; Erman, Life, 333f Breasted Ancient Times, 42; Maspero, Dawn, 221-3; De Morgan, 256.
141. Father Batin, address at Oriental Institute, Chicago, March 29, 1932; CAH, i, 189; Sprengling, M., The Alphabet, passim.
141a. N. Y. Times, Oct. 18, 1934.
142. Maspero, Dawn, 398.
143. CAH, i, 121; Erman, Literature, 1; Breasted, Development, 178.
144. Breasted, J. H., Oriental Institute, 149f.
145. Erman, Life, 370.
146. Erman, Literature, 30-1.
147. Ibid., 22-8.
148. Maspero, Dawn, 438.
149. Maspero, Struggle, 499.
150. Maspero, Dawn, 497.
151. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 71.
152. Erman, Literature, 35-6.
153. CAH, ii, 225.
154. Exs. in Erman, Literature, xxx-xxxiv.
155. Erman, Life, 389.
156. Schneider, H., i, 81.
157. Breasted, Ancient Records, i, 51.
158. Schneider, H., i, 91-2.
159. Erman, Literature, 109.
160. Erman, Literature, xxv-vii; Maspero, Struggle, 494f.
161. Maspero, Dawn, 204.
162. Hall, M. P., An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolic Philosophy, 37.
163. Sedgwick, W. T., and Tyler, H. W., A Short History of Science, 312.
164. Maspero, Dawn, 328.
165. Sedgwick and Tyler, 29.
166. Schneider, H., i, 85-6.
167. CAH, ii, 216; Encyc. Brit., viii, 57.
168. Sedgwick and Tyler, 30.
169. Ibid., 89; Breasted, J. H., Conquest of Civilization, 88.
170. Williams, H. S., History of Science, i, 41.
171. Ibid., i, 34.
172. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 251.
173. Tabouis, G. R., Nebuchadnezzar, 318; Breasted, Ancient Times, 91.
174. Strabo, XVII, i, 46; Diodorus, I, 1, 2.
175. Herodotus, II, 4; CAH, i, 248; Breasted, History, 14, 33; Ancient Times, 45; Erman, Life, 10; Childe, Ancient East, 5; Williams, H. S., i, 38f; Maspero, Dawn, 16-7, 205-9; Moret, 134; Schneider, H., i, 85; Sedgwick and Tyler, 33; Frazer, Adonis, 280, 286-9; Encyc. Brit., iv, 576; v, 654.
176. Ebers Papyrus, 99, if, in Erman, Life, 357-8.
177. Ibid., 353.
178. Garrison, 57.
179. Herodotus, II, 84; III, 1.
180. Erman, Life, 362.
181. Garrison, 55-9; Maspero, Dawn, 217; Breasted, Conquest of Civilization, 88.
182. Smith, G. Elliot, The Ancient Egyptians, 57.
182a. Himes, Norman, Medical History of Contraception, Chap. II, §1. The suppositories contained chemicals identical with those now used in contraceptive jellies. The matter, however, is not beyond doubt.
183. Erman, Life, 360; Maspero, Dawn, 219-20; Harding, T. Swann, Fads, 328.
184. Garrison, 53.
185. Smith, G. E., Ancient Egyptians, 62; Diodorus, I, xxviii, 3.
186. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 353n.
187. Diodorus, I, lxxxii, 1-2.
188. Pliny, Historia Naturalis, VIII, in Tyrrell, Dr. C. A., Royal Road to Health, 57.
189. Herodotus, II, 77.
190. Erman, Life, 167-96; Capart, Thebes, figs. 4 and 107-9.
191. Maspero, Art, 132.
192. Pijoan, i, 101; Fergusson, Jas., History of Architecture in All Countries, i, 22; Breasted, History, 100.
193. E.g., Maspero, Struggle, xi.
194. At Beni-Hasan, Lisht, etc.
195. At Medinet-Habu.
196. Maspero, Art. 84.
197. Schäfel, Tafel VI; Breasted, Dawn, 218.
198. Fry, R. E., Chinese Art, 13.
199. Schäfer, 358; Capart, Lectures, fig. 176.
200. Maspero, Art, 174.
201. Schäfer, 343; CAH, ii, 103.
202. Baikie, Jas., Amarna Age, 241, 256. All three are in the State Museum at Berlin.
203. Cairo Museum; Maspero, Art, fig. 461; Schäfer, 433.
204. Athens Museum; Maspero, Struggle, 535.
205. Schäfer, 445.
206. Louvre; Schäfer, 190.
207. Cairo Museum; Schäfer, 246-7.
208. Cairo Museum; Schäfer, 254.
209. Capart, Thebes, 173f
210. Cairo Museum; Breasted, History, fig. 55; Maspero, Art, fig. 92.
211. Ibid., fig. 194.
212. Schäfer, Tafel IX.
213. E.g., Schäfer, 305, 418.
214. Maspero, Art, fig. 287.
215. Schäfer, 367.
216. Ibid., Tafel XVI.
217. Maspero, Art, 67.
218. Erman, Life, 448; CAH, ii, 422.
219. CAH, ii, 105; Erman, 250-1.
220. Breasted, Ancient Records, ii, 147.
221. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 299.
222. Cf. Plato, Timæus, 22B.
223. Maspero, Dawn, 399.
224. Brown, B., Wisdom of the Egyptians, 96-116; Breasted, Dawn, 136f.
225. Ibid., 198.
226. Breasted, Development, 215.
227. Ibid., 188; Dawn of Conscience, 168.
228. Breasted, Development, 182.
229. Maspero, Dawn, 639.
230. Ibid., 86.
231. Ibid., 95, 92.
232. Ibid., 156-8.
233. Ibid., 120-1.
234. Renard, 121.
235. Capart, Thebes, 66; Maspero, Dawn, 119; Struggle, 536.
236. Maspero, Dawn, 102-3.
237. Briffault, iii, 187.
238. Hommel in Maspero, Dawn, 45.
239. Howard, Clifford, Sex Worship, 98.
240. Diodorus, I, lxxxviii, 1-3; Howard, C., 79; Tod, Lt.-Col. Jas., Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, 570; Briffault, iii, 205.
241. Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 183.
242. Maspero, Dawn, 110-1.
243. Breasted, Development, 24-33; Frazer, Adonis, 269-75; 383.
244. Diodorus, I, xiv, 1.
245. Frazer, Adonis, 346-50; Maspero, Dawn, 131-2; Macrobius, Saturnalia, I, 18, in McCabe, Jos., Story of Religious Controversy, 169.
246. Encyc. Brit., IIth ed., ix, 52.
247. Moret, 5; Maspero, Dawn, 265.
248. Herodotus, II, 37.
249. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 46, 83.
250. Breasted, Development, 293; Brown, B., Wisdom of the Egyptians, 178; Maspero, Dawn, 199.
251. Translation by Robert Hillyer, in Van Doren, Mark, Anthology of World Poetry, 237.
252. In Maspero, Dawn, 189-90.
253. Breasted, Development, 291.
254. Erman, Life, 353; exs. in Erman, Literature, 39-43.
255. Maspero, Dawn, 282; Briffault, ii, 510.
256. Erman, Life, 352.
257. Herodotus, II, 82.
258. Breasted, Development, 296, 308.
258a. Capart, Thebes, 95.
259. Ibid, 76.
260. In Weigall, Akhnaton, 86.
261. Breasted, Development, 315.
262. E.g., Breasted, Ancient Records, ii, 369.
263. Breasted, Development, 324f.
264. The parallelisms are listed in Weigall, Akhnaton, 134-6, and in Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 182f.
265. Breasted, Development, 314.
266. Weigall, 102, 105.
267. Capart, Lectures, fig. 104.
268. Weigall, 103.
269. Petrie in Weigall, 178; Breasted, History, 378.
270. Weigall, 116; Baikie, 284.
272. Baikie, 435.
273. CAH, ii, 154; Breasted, History, 446.
274. Ibid., 491.
275. Capart, Thebes, 69.
276
. Erman, Life, 129.
277. Weigall, A., Life and Times of Cleopatra.
278. Faure, Elie, History of Art, i, p. xlvii.
CHAPTER IX
1. Maspero, Passing of the Empires, 783.
2. CAH, i, 399.
3. The quotations are from Heraclitus, Fragments, and Mallock, W., Lucretius on Life and Death.
4. Harper, R. F., Code of Hammurabi, 3-7.
5. Jastrow, M., Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, 283-4.
6. Sumner, Folkways, 504.
7. CAH, iii, 250.
8. Harper, Code, 99-100.
9. CAH, i, 489; Maspero, Struggle, 43-4. 10.
10. Maspero, Dawn, 759; Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, iii, 22-3; McCabe, 141-2; Delaporte, 194-6.
11. CAH, ii, 429; iii, 101.
12. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, 220.
13. Maspero, Passing, 567.
14. Jastrow, 466.
15. Daniel, iv, 30.
16. Rawlinson, ii, 510.
17. Herodotus, I, 178. Strabo, to prove his moderation, says 44 (XVI, i, 5).
18. Tabouis, 306.
19. Rawlinson, ii, 514; Herodotus, I, 180.
20. Diodorus, II, ix, 2.
21. Tabouis, 307.
22. Herodotus, I, 181.
23. CAH, i, 503.
24. Diodorus, II, x, 6; Strabo, XVI, i, 5; Maspero, Passing, 564, 782; CAH, i, 506-8; Rawlinson, ii, 517.
25. Maspero, Dawn, 761.
26. CAH, i, 541.
27. Berosus in Tabouis, 307.
28. Maspero, Dawn, 763-4; Delaporte, 107.
29. Maspero, Dawn, 556.
30. Strabo, XVI, i, 15. Attendants extinguished the flames with torrents of water.
31. Layard, A. H., Ninevah and its Remains, ii, 413.
32. Code of Hammurabi, sections 187-9; Delaporte, 113.
33. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 119; CAH, i, 501.
34. Lowie, 60; Maspero, Dawn, 769; CAH, i, 107, 501; ii, 227.
35. East India House Inscription in Tabouis, 287.
36. Xenophon, Cyropaedia, V, iv, 33. The probable invention of this letter by Xenophon hardly lessens its pertinence.
37. Tabouis, 210.
38. Maspero, Dawn, 751-2.
38a. Jastrow, 292n.
39. Ibid., 326; CAH, i, 545; Maspero Dawn, 749, 761; Delaporte, 118, 126, 231; Tabouis, 241.
40. Cf. e.g., Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, xlviii-ix.
41. Encyc. Brit., ii, 863.
42. Code, 48.
43. CAH, i, 526; Maspero, Dawn, 760; Delaporte, no; Jastrow, 299.
44. Delaporte, 122; Maspero, Dawn, 720.
45. CAH, i, 520-1; Maspero, Dawn, 742-4; Jastrow, 326.
46. Maspero, 735.
47. Ibid., 708.
48. Olmstead, A. T., History of Assyria, 525-8.
49. Code, 2, 132.
50. Delaporte, 134.
51. Code, 196.
