by Will Durant
52. 210.
53. 198.
54. Ibid.
55. 202-4.
56. 195.
57. 218.
58. 194.
59. 143.
60. CAH, i, 517-8.
61. Code, 228f.
62. Jastrow, 305, 362; Maspero, Dawn, 748; CAH, i, 526.
63. Harper, Code, p. 11.
64. Jastrow, 488; CAH, i, 513.
65. CAH, iii, 237.
66. Maspero, Dawn, 679, 750; CAH, i, 535.
67. Delaporte, 133-4.
68. Maspero, 636.
69. CAH, i, 529-32.
70. Maspero, 645-6.
71. Ibid., 644.
72. Ibid., 643, 650; Jastrow, 193.
73. Briffault, iii, 169.
74. CAH, i, 208, 530.
75. Ibid., 500.
76. Briffault, iii, 88.
77. Maspero, 537.
78. Cf. Langdon, Babylonian Wisdom, 18-21.
79. Maspero, 546.
80. Ibid., 566-72.
81. Jastrow, 453-9; Frazer, Adonis, 6-7; Briffault, iii, 90; CAH, i, 461; iii, 232.
82. Briffault, iii, 90; Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, liii.
83. Cf. e.g., Harper, 420-1.
84. Tabouis, 387.
85. Jastrow, 280; Maspero, 691-2.
86. Ibid, 687.
87. Ibid., 684-6.
88. Ibid., 689; Jastrow, 381; CAH, i, 531.
89. Jastrow, 249.
90. Maspero, 692.
91. Tabouis, 159, 165, 351.
92. Briffault, iii, 94.
93. Woolley, 125.
94. CAH, iii, 216-7.
95. Harper, Literature, 433-9.
96. Maspero, 682.
97. Jastrow, 253-4; Maspero, 643; Harper, lix.
98. Jastrow, 241-9.
99. Ibid., 267; Tabouis, 343-4, 374.
100. Williams, H. S., i, 74.
101. Tabouis, 365.
102. Herodotus, I, 199; Strabo, XVI, i, 20.
103. “This view is now generally discredited.”—Briffault, iii, 203.
104. So Farnell thinks—Sumner, Folkways, 541. Frazer (Adonis, 50) rejects this interpretation.
105. Frazer, 53.
106. Briffault, iii, 203.
107. Amos, ii, 7; Sumner and Keller, ii, 1273.
108. Frazer, 52; Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, i, 21-4, 109.
109. Briffault, iii, 220.
110. Jastrow, 309.
111. Maspero, 738-9.
112. Schneider, H., i, 155.
113. CAH, i, 547.
114. Ibid., 522-3; Hobhouse, 180; Maspero, 734
115. Ibid.
116. Herodotus, I, 196. Several writers, however, described the custom as flourishing 400 years after Herodotus; cf. Rawlinson’s Herodotus, i, 271.
117. Maspero, 737.
118. Section 132.
119. Sumner, Folkways, 378.
120. 141-2; Jastrow, 302-3.
121. 143.
122. CAH, i, 524; Maspero, 735-7; Code, 142.
123. Encyc. Brit., ii, 863.
124. Maspero, 739.
125. Harper, Literature, xlviii; CAH, i, 520.
126. Woolley, 118; White, E. M., 71-5.
127. Maspero, 739.
128. Ibid., 735-8.
129. III, 159.
130. Layard, ii, 411; Sanger, 42.
131. Herodotus, I, 196.
132. V, 1, in Tabouis, 366.
133. Delaporte, 199.
134. Jastrow, 31, 69-97; Mason, W. A., 266; CAH, i, 124-5.
135. Jastrow, 275-6; Delaporte, 198; Schneider, H., i, 181; Breasted, Conquest of Civilization, 152.
136. Schneider, i, 168.
137. Maspero, 564; CAH, i, 150.
138. Leonard, W. E., Gilgamesh, 3.
139. Ibid., 8.
140. Maspero, 57of.
141. Delaporte, ix.
142. Jastrow, 415.
143. Pratt, History of Music, 45; Rawlinson, iii, 20; Schneider, i, 168; Tabouis, 354; CAH, i, 533.
144. Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria, ii, 292.
145. Cf. “The Lion of Babylon,” Jastrow Plate XVIII, a work of glazed title from the reign of Nebuchadrezzar II.
146. Herodotus, I, 180.
147. Tabouis, 313.
148. Jastrow, 10; Maspero, 624-7.
149. Jastrow, 258, 261, 492; Maspero, 778-80; Strabo, XVI, i, 6; Rawlinson, ii, 580.
150. Sarton, Geo., Introduction to the History of Science, 71.
151. Rawlinson, ii, 575; Schneider, i, 171-5; Lowie, 268; Sedgwick and Tyler, 29; CAH, iii, 238f.
152. Tabouis, 47, 317.
153. Schneider, i, 171-5.
154. Maspero, 545.
155. Tabouis, 204, 366.
156. New Orleans States, Feb. 24, 1932.
157. Code, 215-7.
158. 218.
159. Maspero, 78of; Jastrow, 25of.
160. Ibid.; Tabouis, 294, 393.
161. Herodotus, I, 197; Strabo, XVI, i, 20.
162. Schneider, i, 166.
163. Jastrow, 475-83; Langdon, If, 35-6.
164. Ibid., I.
165. Jastrow, 461-3.
166. Tabouis, 254, 382.
167. Daniel, iv, 33.
168. Tabouis, 230, 264, 383.
169. Maspero, Passing, 626.
170. CAH, iii, 208. Jastrow, 184, believes that it was the priestly party which, disgusted with the heresies of Nabonidus, admitted Alexander.
171. Jastrow, 185; CAH, i, 568.
CHAPTER X
1. CAH, i, 468.
2. New York Times, Dec. 26, 1932.
3. CAH, ii, 429.
4. Olmstead, 16; CAH, i, 126.
4a. N. Y. Times, Feb. 24, 1933; Mar. 20, 1934.
5. CAH, ii, 248.
6. Harper, Literature, 16-7.
7. Jastrow, 166-7; Maspero, Struggle, 663-4.
8. Ibid., 50-2; Maspero, Passing, 27, 50.
9. Ibid., 85, 94-5; CAH, iii, 25.
10. Diodorus, II, vi-xx; Maspero, Struggle, 617; CAH, iii, 27.
11. Maspero, Passing, 243.
12. Olmstead, 309.
13. Maspero, Passing, 275-6.
14. Ibid., 345; CAH, iii, 79.
15. Harper, Literature, 94-127.
16. Delaporte, 343-4.
17. Maspero, Passing, 412f.
18. Olmstead, 488, 494; CAH, iii, 88, 127; Jastrow, 182; Delaporte, 223.
19. Diodorus, II, xxiii, 1-2.
20. Olmstead, 519, 525-8, 531; Maspero, Passing, 401-2.
21. Rawlinson, ii, 235.
22. CAH, iii, 100.
23. Maspero, Passing, 7.
24. Ibid., 9-10.
25. Rawlinson, i, 474.
26. Ibid., 467.
27. Maspero, Struggle, 627-38.
28. CAH, iii, 104-7; Rawlinson, i, 477-9.
29. CAH, l.c.
30. Encyc. Brit., ii, 865.
31. Ibid., 863.
32. Maspero, Passing, 422-3.
33. Olmstead, 510, 531.
34. Ibid., 522-3, 558.
35. CAH, iii, 186.
35a. Olmstead, 331.
36. Rawlinson, i, 405.
37. Olmstead, 537.
38. Ibid., 518; Maspero, Passing, 317-9; CAH, iii, 76, 96-7; Delaporte, 353; Rawlinson, i, 401-2.
39. CAH, iii, 107.
40. Ibid.; Delaporte, 285, 352.
40a. Olmstead, 624.
41. Maspero, Passing, 269.
42. Delaporte, 282; CAH, iii, 104-7.
43. Maspero, Passing, 91, 262.
44. Olmstead, 87.
45. CAH, iii, 13.
46. Delaporte, vii.
47. Faure, i, 90.
48. Maspero, 545-6.
49. CAH, iii, 90-1.
50. Ibid., 89-90.
51. Delaporte, 354.
52. CAH, iii, 102, 241, 249.
53. Breasted, Ancient Times, 161; Jastrow, 21.
54. Maspero, 461-3.<
br />
55. Encyc. Brit., ii, 851.
56. Rawlinson, i, 277; Delaporte, 338; Jastrow, 407; CAH, iii, 109.
57. Schäfer, 555; now in the British Museum.
58. Schäfer, 531.
59. Ibid., 546; in the British Museum.
60. Oriental Institute, Chicago.
61. British Museum.
62. Schäfer, Tafel XXXIV.
63. Ibid., 537, 558-9; Jastrow, f. p. 24.
64. Faure, i, 91; Br. Mus.
65. Rawlinson, i, 509.
66. Schäfer, 656.
67. E.g., Baikie, f. p. 213; and Pijoan, i, figs. 175-6.
68. Fergusson, History of Architecture, i. 35, 174-6, 205.
69. Rawlinson, i, 299.
70. Layard, ii, 262f.
71. Jastrow, 374; translation slightly improved.
72. Br. Mus.
73. Rawlinson, i, 284.
74. CAH, iii, 16, 75-7; Maspero, Passing, 45, 260-8, 310-4, 376; Pijoan, i, 121, 111; Jastrow, 415; Schäfer, 542-3.
75. Maspero, Passing, 460.
76. Harper, Literature, 125-6.
77. CAH, iii, 127.
78. Diodorus, ii, xxiii, 3.
79. Preserved in Diodorus, II, xxvii, 2. Cf. Maspero, Passing, 448.
80. Nahum, iii, 1.
CHAPTER XI
1. Cowan, A. R., Master-clues in World History, 311; Petrie, Egypt and Israel, 26.
2. Breasted, Conquest of Civilization, 192n.
3. Encyc. Brit., xi, 600-1.
4. Hrozný, F., ibid., 603.
4a. New York World-Telegram, Mar. 16, 1935.
5. Ibid., 606. Certain archeologists (e.g., Hrozný) have been especially moved by the lenience of the Hittite code with sexual perversions.
6. CAH, iii, 200.
7. Herodotus, IV, 64.
8. Maspero, Passing, 479f; Hippocrates, Airs, Waters, Places, xvii-xxii.
9. Ibid., xvii.
10. Frazer, Adonis, 219f
11. Ibid.; Maspero, Passing, 333.
12. Frazer, 34, 219-24; Hall, M. P., An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic Philosophy, 36.
13. Herodotus, I, 93.
14. Ibid., I, 87.
15. Febvre, L., Geographical Introduction to History, 322.
16. Moret, 350.
17. Herodotus, II, 44.
18. Strabo, XVI, ii, 23.
19. Diodorus Siculus V, xxxv; Rickard, i, 276.
20. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. 1903, i, 296, in Rickard, i, 278.
21. Maspero, Struggle, 191f, 203, 585; Day, Clive, A History of Commerce, 12-14; Briffault, i, 463; Sedgwick and Tyler, 14.
22. Rickard, i, 283.
23. Herodotus, IV, 42.
24. Maspero, Struggle, 199, 740-1.
25. Arrian, II, xv.
26. Ibid., VI, 220.
27. Zechariah, ix, 3.
28. XV, ii, 23.
29. Frazer, Adonis, 183-4; Maspero, Struggle, 174-9; Bebel, A., Woman under Socialism, 39; Briffault, iii, 220; Sanger, The History of Prostitution, 42.
30. Sedgwick and Tyler, 15; Doane, T. W., Bible Myths, 41.
31. E.g., Herodotus, V, 58.
32. Dussaud, in Venkateswara, 328.
33. CAH, i, 189.
34. Maspero, Struggle, 572f.
35. Proceedings of the Oriental Institute, Chicago, March 29, 1932.
36. New York Times, Aug. 8, 1930.
37. Ward, C. O., The Ancient Lowly, ii, 83, 85.
38. CAH, ii, 328-9.
39. Frazer, Adonis, 32-5.
40. Ibid., 225-7; Maspero, Struggle, 154-9.
41. Ibid., 160-1.
42. Deut., xviii, 10; 2 Kings, xxiii, 10; Sumner, Folkways, 554.
43. Frazer, 84; Maspero, Passing, 80; CAH, iii. 372.
44. Mason, W. A., History of the Art of Writing, 306; Maspero, Passing, 35; Rivers, W. H., Instinct and the Unconscious, 132.
CHAPTER XII
1. Exod. iii, 8; Numb, xiv, 8; Deut. xxvi, 15, etc.
2. Quoted in Huntingdon, E., The Pulse of Asia, 368.
3. New York Times, Jan. 20, 1932; May 17, 1932.
4. CAH, ii, 719n; Encyc. Brit., xiii, 42.
5. Gen. xi, 31.
6. Petrie, Egypt and Israel, 17.
7. CAH, ii, 356.
8. Breasted, Dawn of Conscience, 349.
9. Maspero, Struggle, 70-1, 442-3.
10. Exod. xii, 40; Petrie, 38.
11. Exod. i; Deut. x, 22.
12. Exod. i, 12.
13. Josephus, Works, ii, 466; Contra Apion, i.
14. Strabo, XVI, ii, 35; Tacitus, Histories. V, iii, tr’n Murphy, London, 1930, 498.
15. Exod, V, 4-5; Ward, Ancient Lowly, ii, 76.
16. Schneider, i, 285.
17. United Press Dispatch from London, Jan. 25, 1932.
18. New York Times, April 18, 1932.
19. Numb, xxxi, 1-18; Deut. vii, 16, xx, 13-17; Joshua viii, 26, x, 24f, xii.
20. Ibid., xi, 23; Judges V, 31.
21. CAH, iii, 363; Maspero, Passing, 127; Struggle, 752; Buxton, Peoples of Asia, 97.
22. Renan, History of the People of Israel, i, 86.
23. Schneider, i, 300; Mason, Art of Writing, 289.
23a. N. Y. Times, Oct. 18, 1934.
24. Maspero, Struggle, 684.
25. Judges xvii, 6.
26. I Sam. viii, 10-20; cf. Deut. xvii, 14-20.
27. Judges xiii-xvi; xv, 15.
28. 2 Sam. vi, 14.
29. I Kings ii, 9.
30. 2 Sam. xi.
31. 2 Sam. xviii, 33.
32. I Kings iii, 12.
33. I Kings iv, 32.
34. I Kings ix, 26-8.
35. Ibid.
36. I Kings x.
37. Ibid., x, 14.
38. Jewish Encyclopedia, ix, 350; Graetz, H., Popular History of the Jews, i, 271.
39. Renan, ii, 100.
40. 2 Chron. ix, 21.
41. Maspero, Struggle, 737-40.
42. Josephus, Antiquities, VIII, 7.
43. I Kings iii, 2.
44. I Chron. xxix, 2-8.
45. CAH, iii, 347.
46. Ibid.
47. 2 Chron. iii, 4-7; iv, passim.
48. 2 Chron. ii, 7-10, 16; 1 Kings v, 6.
49. 2 Chron. ii, 17-18.
50. Cf. I Kings vi, I, with vii, 2.
51. Fergusson, History of Architecture, i, 209-11.
52. Shotwell, J., The Religious Revolution of Today, 30.
53. Josephus, VIII, 13.
54. CAH, iii, 428.
55. Numb, xxi, 8-9; 2 Kings xviii, 4.
56. Allen, G., Evolution of the Idea of God, 192f; Howard, C., Sex Worship, 154-5.
57. Smith, W. Robertson, Religion of the Ancient Semites, 101.
58. Reinach, History of Religions (1930), 176-7.
59. Exod. vii.
60. New York Times, May 9, 1931.
61. Exod. xii, 7, 13.
62. Exod. xxxiii, 19.
63. Gen. xxxi, 11-12.
64. Exod. xxxiii, 23.
65. I Kings xx, 23.
66. Exod. xv, 3.
67. 2 Sam. xxii, 35.
68. Exod. xxiii, 27-30.
69. Lev. xxv, 23.
70. Exod. xiv, 18.
71. Numb, xxv, 4.
72. Exod. xx, 5-6.
73. Ibid., xxxii, 11-14.
74. Numb, xiv, 13-18.
75. Gen. xviii.
76. Deut. xxviii, 16-28, 61. Cf. the formula of excommunication in the case of Spinoza, in Willis, Benedict de Spinoza, 34.
77. Exod. xx, 5; xxxiv, 14; xxiii, 24.
78. Ruth i, 15; Judges xi, 24.
79. Exod, xv, 11; xviii, II.
80. 2 Chron. ii, 5.
81. Ezek. viii, 14.
82. Jer. ii, 28; xxxii, 35.
83. 2 Kings V, 15.
84. 2 Sam. vi, 7; I Chron. xiii, 10.
85. Sumner, Folkways, 554.
86. CAH, iii, 451f.
87. Numb, xviii, 23.
88. Ezra vii, 24.
>
90. Numb, xviii, 9f.
91. Isaiah xxviii, 7; Judges viii, 33; ix, 27; 2 Kings xvii, 9-12, 16-17; xxiii, 10-13; Lamentations ii, 7.
92. Ezek. xvi, 21; xxiii, 37; Isaiah, lvii, 5.
93. Amos ii, 6.
94. CAH, iii, 458-9; Frazer, Adonis, 66.
95. Jer. xxix, 26.
96. Maspero, Passing, 783.
97. Applied by G. B. Shaw to Christ in “The Revolutionist’s Handbook,” appended to Man and Superman.
98. CAH, vi, 188.
99. Like Isaiah xl-lxvi.
100. CAH, iii, 462.
101. Amos v-vi.
102. Ibid., iii, 12, 15.
103. New York Times, Jan. 7, 1934.
104. Hosea viii, 6-7.
105. 2 Kings xviii, 27; Isaiah xxxv, 12.
106. Maspero, Passing, 290; CAH, iii, 390.
107. Sarton, 58.
108. Isaiah vii, 8.
109. Ibid., xvi, 7.
110. III, 14-15; V, 8; x, if.
111. I, I if.
112. Amos ix, 14-15.
113. Isaiah vii, 14; ix, 6; xi, 1-6; ii, 4. The final passage is repeated in Micah iv, 3.
114. Hosea xii, 7.
115. 2 Kings xxii, 8; xxiii, 2; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 15, 31-2.
116. Sarton, 63; CAH, iii, 482.
117. 2 Kings xxiii, 2, 4, 10, 13.
118. 2 Kings xxv, 7.
119. Psalm CXXXVII.
120. Jer. xxvii, 6-8.
121. XV, 10; xx, 14.
122. V, I.
123. V, 8.
124. XXXIV, 8f.
125. VII, 22-3.
126. XXIII, 11; V, 31; iv, 4; ix, 26.
127. XVIII, 23.
128. IV, 20-31; V, 19; ix, I.
128a. Arguments for doubting Jeremiah’s authorship of Lamentations may be found in the Jew. Encyc., vii, 598.
129. Lam. i, 12; iii, 38f; Jer. xii, 1.
130. Ezek. xvi, xxiii.
131. Ibid., xxii, xxxviii, 2.
132. Ibid., xxxvi.
132a. CAH, vi, 183; Enc. Brit., iii, 503.
133. Isaiah lxi, I.
134. Ibid., xl, 3, 10-11; liii, 3-6.
134a. CAH, iii, 498.
135. LXV, 25.
136. XLV, 5.
137. XL, 12, 15, 17, 18, 22, 26.
138. Ezra i, 7-11; Maspero, Struggle, 638f; Passing, 784.
139. Nehemiah x, 29.
140. 2 Kings xxii, 10; xxiii, 2; Nehem. viii, 18.
141. CAH, vi, 175.
142. Enc. Brit., iii, 502.
142a. Jew. Encyc., v, 322.
143. Ibid.; Sarton, 108; Maspero, Passing, 131-2.
144. CAH, iii, 481.
145. Doane, Bible Myths, chapter i, passim.
146. Ibid., 10.
147. Ibid., ch. i.
148. Cf. Doane, 18-48.
149. Sarton, 63.
150. Renan, iv, 163.
151. Reinach (1930), 19; Frazer, Sir J. G., The Golden Bough, 472.
152. Exod. xxi-ii; Lev. xviii.
153. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 189.
154. Garrison, History of Medicine, 67.
155. Ibid.
