by Will Durant
103. E.g., Mukerji, D. G., Visit India with Me, New York, 1929, 12.
104. Coomaraswamy, History, 95, PL LII.
105. Fischer, 248-9; Fergusson, i, 362-6.
106. Ibid., 368-72.
107. Dr. Coomaraswamy.
108. Coomaraswamy, History, XCVI.
109. Ibid., 169.
110. Gangoly, 29.
111. Coomaraswamy, History, fig. 349; Gangoly, xi.
112. Exs. in Gangoly, xii-xv.
113. Candee, Helen C., Angkor the Magnificent, 302.
114. Ibid., 186.
115. 131, 257, 294.
116. 258.
117. Fischer, 280.
118. Coomaraswamy, History, 173.
119. Havell, History, 327, 296, 376; Architecture, 207; Fergusson, ii, 87, 7.
120. Smith, Ox. H., 223; Frazer, R. W., 363.
121. Smith, f. 329.
122. Fergusson, ii, 309.
123. Ibid., 308n.
124. Lorenz, 376.
125. Chirol, India, 54.
126. Lorenz, 379.
127. Smith, Ox. H., 421.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Zimand, 31.
2. Smith, Ox. H., 502.
3. In Zimand, 32.
4. Ibid., 31-4; Smith, 505; Macauley, i, 504, 580; Dutt, R. C., The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age, 18-23, 32-3.
5. Macaulay, i, 568-70, 603.
6. Dutt, Economic History, 67, 76, 375; Macaulay, i, 529.
7. Ibid., 528.
8. Dutt, xiii, 399, 417.
9. Sunderland, 135; Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 343.
10. Dubois, 300.
11. Ibid., 607.
12. Eliot, iii, 409.
13. Monier-Williams, 126.
14. Frazer, R. W., 397.
15. Ibid., 395.
16. Eliot, i, xlvi.
17. Rolland, Prophets, 119; Zimand, 85-6; Wood, 327; Eliot, i, xlviii; Underwood, A. C., Contemporary Thought of India, 137L
17a. Rolland, 61, 260.
18. Ibid., xxvi; Eliot, ii, 162.
19. Brown, B., Hindus, 269.
20. Rolland, 160, 243; Brown, B., 264-5.
21. Rolland, 427.
22. Ibid., 251, 293, 449-50.
23. Ibid., 395.
24. Tagore, R., Gitanjali, New York, 1928, xvii; My Reminiscences, 15, 201, 215.
25. Thompson, E. J., Rabindranath Tagore, 82.
26. Tagore, R., The Gardener, 74-5.
27. Tagore, Gitanjali, 88.
28. Tagore, Chitra, esp. pp. 57-8.
29. Tagore, The Gardener, 84.
30. Thompson, E. J., 43.
31. Ibid., 94, 99; Fülop-Miller, 246; Underwood, A. C., 152.
32. Tagore, R., Sadhana, 25, 64.
33. The Gardener, 13-15.
34. Kohn, 105.
35. Zimand, 181; Lorenz, 402; Indian Year Book, 1929, 29.
36. “Close, Upton” (Josef Washington Hall), The Revolt of Asia, 235; Sunderland, 204; Underwood, 153.
37. Smith, Ox. H., 35.
38. Simon, i, 37; Dubois, 73.
39. Ibid., 190.
40. Havell, History, 165; Lorenz, 327.
41. Kohn, 426.
42. Simon, i, 38.
43. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, lviii, 191; Mukerji, A Son, 27; Sunderland, 247; New York Times, Sept. 24, 1929, Dec. 31, 1931.
44. Wood, III; Sunderland, 248.
45. Indian Year Book, 23.
46. Wood, 117.
47. Kohn, 425.
48. Prof. Sudhindra Bose, in The Nation, New York, June 19, 1929.
49. New York Times, June 16, 1930.
50. Hall, J. W., 427; Fülop-Miller, 272.
51. Ibid., 171.
52. Ibid., 174-6.
53. Gandhi, M. K., Young India, 123.
54. Ibid., 133.
55. Hall, 408.
56. Fülop-Miller, 202-3.
57. Ganadhi, Young India, 21.
58. Rolland, Mahatma Gandhi, 7.
59. Ibid., 40; Hall, 400.
60. Gray and Parekh, Mahatma Gandhi, 27; Parmelee, 302.
61. Simon, i, 249.
62. Fülop-Miller, 299; Rolland, Gandhi, 220; Kohn, 410-12.
63. Fülop-Miller, 177.
64. Ibid., 315.
65. Ibid., 186.
66. Gandhi, Young India, 869, 2.
67. Hall, 506; Fülop-Miller, 227.
68. Zimand, 220.
69. Fülop-Miller, 171-2.
70. Ibid., 207, 162.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. I am indebted for this quotation from the Book of Rites to Upton Close. Cf. Gowen and Hall, Outline History of China, 50; Hirth, F., Ancient History of China, 155.
1a. Reichwein, A., China and Europe: Intellectual and Artistic Contacts in the Eighteenth Century, 92.
2. Ibid., 89f., Voltaire, Works, New York, 1927, xiii, 19.
3. Keyserling, Creative Understanding,, 122, 203; Travel Diary, ii, 67, 58, 50, 57, 48, 68.
4. Lippert, 91; Keyserling, Travel Diary, ii, 53.
5. Smith, A. H., Chinese Characteristics, 98.
6. Giles, H. A., Gems of Chinese Literature: Prose, 119.
7. Williams, S. Wells, Middle Kinigdom, i, 5; Brinkley, Capt. F., China: Its History, Arts and Literature, x, 3.
8. Ibid., 2; Hall, J. W., Eminent Asians, 41.
10. Pittard, 397; Buxton, 153; Granet, Chinese Civilization, New York, 1930, 63; Latourette, K. S., The Chinese: Their History and Culture, 35-6; New York Times, Feb. 15, 1933.
11. Lowie, 182; Fergusson, J., History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, ii, 468; Legendre, A. F., Modern Chinese Civilization, 234; Granet, 64.
12. Ibid., 215, 230.
13. Gowen and Hall, 26-7.
14. Confucius (?), Book of History, rendered and compiled by W. G. Old, 20-1.
15. Giles, Gems, 72.
16. Hirth, 40.
17. Ibid., 53-7.
18. Wilhelm, R., Short History of Chinese Civilization., 124; Granet, 86.
19. Ibid., 87.
20. Confucius, Analects, XIV, xviii, 2, in Legge, Jas., Chinese Classics, Vol. I: Life and Teachings of Confucius.
21. Legge, 213n.
22. Hirth, 107-8; Latourette, i, 57; Gowen and Hall, 64; Schneider, H., ii, 796-8.
23. Granet, 78.
24. Ibid., 32-3; Hu Shih, Development of the Logical Method in Ancient China, 22; Latourette, ii, 52.
25. Ibid., 58-9; Granet, 87-8; Hirth, no.
26. Giles, H. A., History of Chinese Literature, 5.
27. Book of Odes, I, x, 8, and xii, 10, in Hu Shih, Pt. I, p. 4.
28. Cranmer-Byng, L., The Book of Odes, 51.
29. Tr. by Helen Waddell in Van Doren, Anthology of World Poetry, 1.
30. In Yang Chu’s Garden of Pleasure, 64.
31. Fenollosa, E. F., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, 14; Hirth, 59-62; Hu Shih, 28f; Suzuki, D. T., Brief History of Early Chinese Philosophy, 14; Murdoch, Jas., History of Japan, iii, 108.
32. Hu Shih, 12.
33. Legge, 75n.
34. In Hu Shih, 12.
35. Ibid., 13.
36. Ibid., 12.
37. Giles, History, 57; Legge, Jas., The Texts of Taoism, i, 4-5.
38. Giles, History, 57; Giles, Gems, 55.
39. Legge, Texts of Taoism, i, 4L
40. II, lxxxi, 3; I, lxv, 1-2.
41. In Suzuki, 81.
42. II, lvii, 2-3; lxxx. Parenthetical passages, in this and other quotations, are usually explanatory interpolations, nearly always of the translator.
43. Yang Chu, 16, 19; Schneider, ii, 810; Hu Shih, 14; Wilhelm, Short History, 247.
44. I, xvi, 1-2.
45. I, xliii, 1; xlix, 2; lxi, 2; lxiii, 1; lxxviii, 1; lxxxi, 1; Giles, History, 73.
46. II, lxi, 2.
47. II, lvi, 1-2.
48. Granet, 55.
49. II, lvi, 2.
50. I, xvi, 1; II, lvi, 3; Parmelee, 43.
51. Legge, Texts of Taoism, 34; Life and Teachings of
Confucius, 64.
61. Legge, Texts, 34.
62. Ibid.
63. Szuma Ch’ien in Legge, Life, 58n.
64. Ibid.
65. Legge, Life, 55-8; Wilhelm, R., Soul of China, 104.
66. Hirth, 229.
67. Analects, VII, xiii.
68. VIII, viii.
69. XV, xv.
70. VII, viii.
71. VII, xii.
72. VI, ii, XI, iii.
73. XVII, xxii; XIV; xlvi.
74. Legge, Life, 65.
75. Ibid., 79.
76. V, xxvii.
77. VII, xxxii.
78. XIII, x.
79. IX, iv.
80. VII, i.
81. IV, xiv.
82. Legge, Life, 67.
83. XII, xi.
84. Legge, Life, 68.
85. Ibid., 72.
86. Ibid., 75.
87. IX, xvii.
88. Legge, 83.
89. Ibid., 82.
90. XV, xviii.
91. II, iv.
92. Legge, 82.
93. Mencius, Works of, tr. by Legge, III, l, iv, 13.
94. Wilhelm, Short History, 143; Legge, Life, 16.
95. Ibid., 267, 27; Hu Shih, 4.
96. XV, 40.
97. II, xvii.
98. XIII, iii.
99. III, xiii, 2.
100. IX, xv.
101. Legge, Life, 101; Giles, History, 33; Suzuki, 20.
102. Legge, 101.
103. XI, xi.
104. VI, 20.
105. VII, 20.
106. Giles, History, 69.
107. XV, ii.
108. Great Learning, I, 4-5, in Legge, Life, 266. I have ventured to change “illustrate illustrious virtue” in Legge’s translation, to “illustrate the highest virtue”; and the words “own selves” have been substititued for “persons,” since “the cultivation of the person” has now a misleading connotation.
109. XIV, xlv.
110. XV, xxxi; II, xiv; XIII, iii, 7.
111. VI, xvi.
112. Doctrine of the Mean, XII, 4, in Legge.
113. Analects, II, xiii.
114. Doctrine of the Mean, XIV, 5.
115. XV, xviii-xx.
116. XIV, xxix; XI, xiii, 3; D. of M. XXXIII, 2.
117. Ibid., XI, 3.
118. Li-chi, XVII, i, 11-2.
119. Spinoza, Ethics, Bk. III, Prop. 59.
120. D. of M., XXIX, tr. by Suzuki, 64.
121. Suzuki, 63.
122. Analects, XII, ii; V, xvi.
123. XV, xxiii.
124. XIV, xxxvi, 1-2.
124a. IV, xvii.
124b. XII, vi.
125. XIII, xxiii.
126. D. of M., XIV, 3.
127. IV, xxiv; V, iii, 2; XVII, vi; XV, xxi.
128. V, xvi; XVI, xiii, 5.
129. XVI, 10.
130. I, ii, 2; Legge, Life, 106.
131. IV, xviii; Li-chi, XII, i, 15; Brown, B., Story of Confucius, 183.
132. Great Learning, X, 5.
133. Analects, XII, vii.
134. XII, xix; II, ii, xx.
135. XII, xxiii, 3.
136. D. of M., XX, 4.
137. Analects, XIII, x-xii.
138. Great Learning, X, 9.
139. Analects, XII, xix; XV, xxxviii.
140. Li-chi, XVII, i, 28; iii, 23; Brown, Story of Confucius, 181.
141. Analects, XX, iii, 3.
142. Li-chi, XXVII, 33; XXIII, 7-8.
143. Ibid., VIL i, 2-3, quoted in Dawson, Ethics of Confucius, 299, from Chen Huang-chang, The Economic Principles of Confucius and His School. 182.
144. Latourette, i, 80-1.
145. Legge, Life, 106.
146. D. of M., XXX-XXXI.
147. Hu Shih, 109f.
148. Hirth, 307.
149. Mencus, VII, i, 26, in Hu Shih, 58.
150. Hu Shih, 72.
151. Ibid., 57, 75; Latourette, i, 78.
152. In Hirth, 281.
153. Hu Shih, 69-70.
154. Thomas, E. D., Chinese Political Thought, 29-30.
155. Hu Shih, 58.
156. Mencius, Introd., III.
157. Wilhelm, Short History, 150; Hu Shih 197.
158. Hu Shih, 62.
159. Mencius, Introd., 93.
160. Yang Chu, 10, 51; Latourette, i, 80.
161. Mencius, Introd., 96; Yang Chu, 57.
162. Mencius, Introd., 96-7.
163. Hirth, 27-9.
164. Mencius, III, ii, 9.
165. Mencius, Introd., 14-18.
166. Ibid., 42.
167. Ibid., I, ii, 3; ii, 5; pp. 156, 162.
168. Ibid., 12.
169. VI, i, 2.
170. I, i, 7.
171. III i, 3.
172. I, i, 3.
173. II, i, 5.
174. Thomas, E. D., 37; Williams, S. Wells, i, 670.
175. IV, ii, 19.
176. Mencius, Introd., 30-1.
177. VI, ii, 4.
178. VII, ii, 4.
179. Quoted in Thomas, E. D., 37.
180. I, i, 3.
181. II, 11, 4.
182. VII, ii, 14.
183. V, ii, 9; I, ii, 6-8.
184. Mencius., Introd., 84.
185. Ibid., 79-80.
186. Ibid., 86.
187. In Hu Shih, 152.
188. Legge, Texts of Taoism, V, 5.
189. Ibid., Introd., 37.
190. XVII, II.
191. In Thomas, E. D., 100.
192. XI, i.
193. XVI, 2; IX, 2.
194. XII, II.
195. XII, 2.
196. II, 2; XX, 7; Giles, Gems, 32.
197. II, 7; XXII, 5.
198. VI, 7.
199. In Suzuki, 36.
200. XVII, 4; Hu Shih, 146.
201. XVIII, 6.
202. II, 11; tr. by Giles, History, 63.
203. VI, 10; tr. by Suzuki, 181-2.
204. In Giles, History, 68.
205. In Reichwein, 79f.
206. Ibid.
207. Ibid., 84.
208. Wilhelm, Soul of China, 233.
209. Thomas, E. D., 25.
210. Voltaire, Works, iv, 82.
211. Reichwein, 131; Hirth, vii.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Giles, Gems, 33.
2. Granet, 37; Gowen and Hall, 84; Giles, History, 78.
3. Granet, 41.
4. Voltaire, Works . iv, 82.
5. Granet, 37, 97-8, 101-3; Boulger, D. C., History of China, i, 68-70; Wilhelm, Short History, 157.
6. Boulger, i, 71.
7. Granet, 38.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 103; Schneider, ii, 790; Wilhelm, Short History, 160-1; Lautourette, 1,96.
10. Gowen and Hall, 84f; Giles, History, 78.
11. Hall, J. W., Eminent Asians, 6.
12. Boulger, i, 64.
13. Ibid., 62; Latourette, i, 99.
14. Granet, 38-40; Boulger, i, 77; Giles in G(owen) & H (all), 92.
15. Boulger, i, 106; Granet, 44.
16. Szuma Ch’ien in Granet, 113.
17. Ibid.
18. Granet, 112-3.
19. Ibid., 118.
20. Fenollosa, i, 77.
21. Waley, Arthur, Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, 27; G & H, 102.
22. Granet, 113-5.
23. Wilhelm, Short History, 186, 194.
24. Lautourette, i, 121.
25. Ibid., 120-2.
26. Ibid., 122.
27. G & H, 118.
28. Ibid., 117-21.
29. Fenollosa, i, 117.
30. Voltaire, Works, xiii, 26.
31. Tu Fu, Poems, tr. by Edna W. Underwood, xli.
32. Li-Po, Works, done into English Verse by Shigeyoshi Obata, 91.
33. Tu Fu, xlviii.
34. In Li-Po, I.
35. In Tu Fu, xli.
36. Murdoch, History of Japan, i, 146.
37. Waley, Chinese Painti
ng, 142.
38. Ibid., 97.
39. Wilhelm, Short History, 224.
40. Williams, S. Wells, i, 696f.
41. Li-Po, 20.
42. Ibid., 95.
43. Ibid., 30.
44. Williams, S. Wells, i, 697.
45. Li-Po, 31.
46. G & H, 113.
47. Li-Po, 100.
48. Ibid., 84.
49. 138.
50. 191.
51. 71.
52. 55.
53. 97.
54. Ibid., ii.
55. Ibid., 25.
56. Giles, History, 50.
57. Translations by Arthur Waley, Amy Lowell and Florence Ayscough, in Van Doren, Anthology, 18-20.
58. Waley, Arthur, 170 Chinese Poems, 106-8.
59. Ibid., 162.
60. Ibid., 168.
61. In Van Doren, 24.
62. Giles, History, 156; Ayscough, Florence, Tu Fu: The Autobiography of a Chinese Poet, 105.
63. Ibid., 75.
64. Tu Fu, Poems, 118, 184, 154.
65. Ibid., 95.
66. 30, 7, 132.
67. 137.
68. 72, 133, and introd.
69. Williams, S. Wells, i, 602.
70. Giles, History, 276.
71. Ibid., 102.
72. Ibid.
73. Thomas, E. D., 5.
74. Giles, History, 200-3.
75. Ibid., 160.
76. G & H, 156.
77. Wilhelm, Short History, 255; Giles, History, 258.
78. Williams, S. Wells, i, 820; Latourette. ii, 220.
79. Ibid., 221.
80. Wilhelm, 141.
81. Pratt, History of Music, 32-5.
82. Giles, Gems, 117.
CHAPTER XXV
1. G & H, 142.
2. Ibid., 141.
3. Ibid., 140-3; Latourette, i, 252-7; Wilhelm, 237-8; Murdoch, iii, 106f; Fenollosa, ii, 33, 57.
4. G & H, 133, quoting Walter T. Swingle, Librarian of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
5. Carter, Invention of Printing 2.
6. Ibid., 3.
7. Ibid., 96.
8. Sarton, 369.
9. Carter, 25.
10. Ibid., 145; Sarton, 512.
11. Carter, 41.
12. Ibid., 43, 183.
13. G & H, 133.
14. Carter, 250.
15. Ibid., 178, 171.
16. Ibid., 177-8; Sarton, 663.
17. Ibid.; G & H, 164; Giles, History, 296.
18. Chu Hsi, Philosophy of Human Nature, 75; Bryan, J. J., Literature of Japan, 122; Latourette, i, 262-3; Williams, S. Wells, i, 683; Wilhelm, Short History, 249-50; Aston, W. G., History of Japanese Literature, 226-7.
19. Chu Hsi, 68.
20. Wilhelm, 249-50.
21. Wang Yang-ming, Philosophy, tr. by Fredk. G. Henke, 177-8.
22. Armstrong, R. C., Light from the East: Studies in Japanese Confucianism, 121; Brinkley, Capt. F., Japan: Its History, Arts and Literature, iv, 125.
23. Wang Yang-Ming, 8, 12, 50, 59.
24. Brinkley, Japan, iv, 125.
