Sexuality in Islam
Page 33
29 Qastallāni, vol. VIII, pp. 103–4; Moslem, vol. V, p. 64; ‘Ainī, vol. IV, p. 496.
30 ‘Ainī, vol. IX, p. 494ff; vol. V, p. 597.
31 Fatāwā, vol. I, p. 335.
32 Fatāwā, vol. V, p. 356. Cf. also ‘Ainī, vol. II, p. 123.
33 Fatāwā, vol. V, p. 356. We must remember that these texts date from the seventeenth century.
34 Cf. Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Mahomet, p. 563.
35 Moslem, vol. IV, p. 13.
36 ‘Ainī, IX, p. 404ff.
37 Quran, ‘Women’, IV, 28, p. 76.
38 Ibn Mandhūr, Lisan al ‘Arab, vol. XVII, p. 286.
39 Salaheddin Asfadī, Kitāb al ghayth fi sharḥ ‘Lāmiyyaat al-‘Ajam’, 1st ed. in 2 vols. Cairo, 1305, vol. II, pp. 138–43.
40 My translation is based on the editions by Ah’mad Amīn and Ahmed Azzīn, Kitāb al-imtā’ wal mu-ānasa by Abu Hayan al-Tawhīdī, Beirut, Dar al-Hayat, undated, in 2 vols. Vol. II, p. 50.
41 Note on p. 50 of vol. II.
42 Ibid., pp. 52–3.
43 Quran, ‘The Earthquake’, XCIX, p. 654.
44 Tawḥīdī, op. cit., p. 60.
45 Yāqūt, Mu’jam al-udabā, vol. III, p. 190; cf. also vol. V, p. 343.
46 Ibid., vol. III, p. 186.
47 Ibid.
48 Aly Mazahéri, La Vie quotidienne des musulmans au Moyen Age, pp. 177–8.
49 The bibliography of this aspect of Muslim civilization is very rich. The greatest source is the collection of the Kitāb al-Aghānī, a good analysis of which has been done in Arabic by Muhammad Abdaljawād al-Asma’i, Abul faraj al-aṣfahāni wa kitābuhu al-Aghānī, Cairo, 1951. I would also refer to the following works: Aḥmad Amīn, Fajrul-Islam, 10th ed., Cairo, 1969, p. 122ff; Aḥmad Amīn, Dhuh’ā al-Islam, vol. II, 2nd ed., 1934, p. 88ff; P. Hitti, Précis d’histoire des Arabes, and in particular p. 103ff; G. Marçais La Berbérie musulmane, p. 184ff; H. Jenhani, al-Qayrawān, p. 150. For the Andalusian region I would refer to: Lévy-Provençal, Histoire de l’Espagne musulmane, especially to the second volume: Le Siècle du califat de Cordoue; and to Henri Pérès, La Poésie andalouse en arabe classique au XIe siècle.
50 The Thousand and One Nights, tr. Powys Mathers, London, 1958, vol. I, p. 5.
51 G. Bachelard, La Dialectique de la durée, p. x.
52 Ibid., p. x.
53 The Thousand and One Nights, ‘The Tale of Young Nur and the Warrior Girl’, vol. III, pp. 155–6.
54 The Thousand and One Nights, ‘The Tender Tale of Prince Jasmine’, vol. IV, p. 522.
55 The Thousand and One Nights, vol. IV, p. 522.
56 Enver Dehoï, L’Érotisme des Mille et une Nuits, pp. 48–9.
57 Arabian Nights, vol. IV, p. 299, trans. E. W. Lane. I have used the Lane translation here because that of Mardrus and Mathers does not make the author’s point. (Cf. The Thousand and One Nights, vol. IV, p. 532.)
58 Cf. Nikita Ellisseef, Thèmes et motifs des ‘Mille et une Nuits’, pp. 86–183. Enver Dehoï, ‘Petit dictionnaire de l’érotisme’, in L’Erotisme des Mille et une Nuits.
59 The Thousand and One Nights, vol. I, p. 242.
60 Ibid., I, pp. 4–5.
Chapter 11 Erotology
1 Quoted by Ghazali, Iḥyā, vol. I, p. 124.
2 Walnut bark, which gives the gums a carmine colour.
3 Salaheddin al-Munajjid, Jamāl al-mar-ati ’ind al-‘arab, Beirut, 1957, especially, pp. 36–7.
4 Jāḥiḍh, Mufākharat al-jawārī wal-ghilmān, quoted by Munajjid, p. 37.
5 Published by C. Pellat, Paris, 1953.
6 Salaheddin al-Munajjid, Jamāl al-mar-ati ‘ind al-‘arab, Beirut, 1957; al-Munajjid, Al-hayāt al-jinsiyya ind al-‘arab, Beirut, 1958; al-Munajjid, Bayn al-Khulafā wal khula-‘ā fil’asr al ‘abbāsi, Beirut, 1958.
7 A copy is to be found in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, no. 3054–Ir–643 (1) I–982.
8 A copy is to be found in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, under the no. 3054–Ir–532 (1) I–892.
9 A copy of the manuscript is said to be at Damascus by al-Munajjid, op. cit., p. 121.
10 This book has often been published. I have worked on an edition published in Cairo, 1317h.
11 A copy is to be found in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, under the number 3061–3063–3064–58–87–58 99 IIr 334 (I) II–368. Another copy is in Tunis, the Abdellya Collection, no. 10–269.
12 Manuscript mentioned by al-Munajjid, op. cit., p. 124.
13 Copy in the Bibliothèque nationale, no. 3066–7.
14 Copy in the Bibliothèque nationale, no. 3039, fol. 146–51.
15 Two copies in the Bibliothèque nationale, 4643, fol. 201–36, and 5320, fol. 54–97, fol. 24–55.
16 Several manuscripts in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, no. 3060, fol. 138 v-145. Edition in Tunis, notably Mhamedi edition, undated, and the Cairo edition, undated.
17 Many editions. I have worked on the one published in Tunis (Mhamedi, undated). There are three manuscript copies in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris (nos. 6669, 6677 and 6693). A copy in Tunis, Abdellya Collection, no. 4200. Numerous French translations. The best and oldest is that published in 1886 by Isidore Liseux (new edition 1906, Paris). A recent edition was published by Leopold Blondeau, Paris, in 1960 under the tide Le Jardin enchanté. A fine illustrated copy may be consulted in the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, no. 974. Cf. also nos. 1147 and 1327.
18 Al-Jawāib, Constantinople. Many scholars regard this as a plagiarism of an Indian text. But the authenticity is of secondary importance here. Even if it is ‘false’, its evidence is authentic.
19 Ibid., p. 18.
20 Ibid., p. 30.
21 Ibid., p. 41.
22 Ibid., p. 54.
23 Alā Addīn As Shāfi‘ī, Nikāḥ, no. 3039, fol. III, v°–127 v°; Abderrahman Alshayzārī, Īḍāḥ fi asrār an nikāḥ, no. 2776, vol. 1–72; Muhammad Triqi al-Falātī, Mu‘āwanat al ikhwān fi mu‘āsharat al-niswān, no. 5622, fol. 8, 9 a; Ahmad Ibn Qulayta, Rushd al-labīb ila mu‘āsharati al-ḥabīb, no. 3051–2; Muhammad al-Tijānī, Tuḥfat al-‘arūs wa nuzhat al-nufūs, no. 3061–3; Khalil Aybaq As Safadī, Lau‘at al-sāqī wa dam-’at al bāki, no. 3074–3048, fol. 72–107; Muhammad Ibn ’Umal al-Ghazlāwī, Yāsamīn al rawḍ al-‘āṭir fī nuzhat al-khāṭir, no. 3069–70, fol. 1–38.
There are other anonymous manuscripts also: Irtiyāḥ al-ārwāḥ fi‘ādat an nikāḥ, no. 3039, fol. 109 v° 110; Misbāh fī asrār al-nikāḥ, no. 3039, fol. 36 v° – 61; Qiṣṣat lūt, no. 1932, 105 v°–115; Risāla fil jimā‘, no. 3039, fol. 30. Tuḥfat al-ash‘āb fi mu-’āsharat al-aḥbāb, no. 3039, vol. 51–259–267–268.
24 Arabic text, pp. 32–7; Cf. French text, ed. Blondeau, pp. 106–68.
25 Arabic text, p. 37–44; French trans., ed. Blondeau, pp. 169–82.
26 Loc. cit., p. 100.
27 Loc. cit., p. 102.
28 Jardin parfumé, p. 11.
29 Iḍāḥ, p. 1.
30 Abu Nawās, Diwān, p. 242.
31 Antaki, Tazyīn, p. 164.
32 Ibid., pp. 161–4.
33 Ibid., p. 170.
34 The Arabic text of The Perfumed Garden, p. 78; cf. the translations by Isidore Liseux, p. 16ff. and Bonneau, pp. 36 and 45. My own translation is more faithful. It follows the text closely without unnecessary editions.
35 Ibid., ed. Bonneau, p. 99.
36 Ibid., chap. XIX, ed. Bonneau, p. 247ff.
37 Suyūtī, al Rahma, chap. XXXIV, p. 135.
38 Rujū’ al-shaikh ilā ṣibāh, p. 21.
39 Ibid., p. 54.
40 Ibid., p. 59.
41 Ibid., p. 54.
42 Ibid., p. 59.
43 Ibid., p. 50.
44 Ibid., p. 65.
45 Le Jardin parfumé, ed. Bonneau, p. 248.
46 Ibid., p. 249.
47 Rujū‘ al-shaikh, p. 51.
48 al-Raḥma, p. 124.
49 Two desert plants whose French or Latin names I have been unable to find.
50 Al Raḥma, p. 125.
51 Ibid., p. 124.
52 Ibid., pp. 127–8.
53 Le Jardin parfumé, ed. Bonneau, pp. 242–3.
54 Ibid., p. 131.
55 Ibid., p. 148.
56 Ibid., p. 150.
57 Ibid., p. 152. Indeed, according to Arab tradition, the foetus may cease to develop for an indeterminate time, often for several years, before resuming its normal development.
58 Ibid., pp. 244–5.
59 Ibid., p. 248.
60 Ibid., p. 135.
61 Ibid., pp. 96–9.
62 Ibid., p. 101. Of course the positional eroticism is very important. But it does not seem to me to have been treated with sufficient originality. Nefzāwi particularly recommends ten or twenty-four positions, depending on the text. Some of these are recommended in cases of anatomical deformation (the infirm, the hunchbacked). Indeed there is a passage suggesting the uses to which ah amputee’s stump might be put, for example.
63 Suyūtī, Iḍhāḥ, p. 78; cf. also Nashwat al-sakrān, pp. 28, 31, 32; Salaheddin al-Munajjid, Jamāl al mar-at, p. 47.
64 For example, The Book of Pleasure, Bah Nameh, was translated from the Turkish into Arabic several times (cf. the French translation by Abdel Haq Efendi Erze-roumi, undated, ‘Enfer’ of the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, no. 20). We tend to fall too often into the vulgar and obscene, though Europeans have often exaggerated this aspect.
65 Ibn ‘Abd Rabbih, Al ‘aqd al-farīd, vol. III, pp. 209–30, ed Cairo, 1300h.
66 Muhammad Haqqui al-Nāzli, Khazinat al asrār, ed. Cairo, 1307h., ‘Chapter of the virtues of verses and hadiths for the amendment of the Zāni and zānia’, p. 77ff.
67 Shams al-dīn al-Anṣāri, Kitāb al-siyāsa fi‘ilm al-firāsa, Cairo, 1299h., lithograph, cf. pp. 19, 26, 37.
68 Al-Abshīhi, Al-Mostatraf, trans. Rat, vol. II, chaps. LXVIII–LXXIII.
69 Ibn Al-Qayyam al-Jawzia, Akhbār al nisā, Beirut, 1960; cf. in particular Chaps. VII devoted to zinā.
70 Gérard Zwang, article ‘Odorat’, in Dictionnaire de sexologie, p. 274.
Chapter 12 Certain practices
1 A. Bouhdiba, ‘Le Hammam’, A la Recherche des normes perdues, p. 121.
2 J. Carcopino, La Vie quotidienne à Rome, p. 298.
3 Ibid.
4 Cf. W. and G. Marçais, Les Monuments arabes de Tlemcen, pp. 162–9. Cf. also H. Terrasse, ‘Trois bains mérinides du Maroc’, in Mélange W. Marcais, p. 311ff.
5 Cf. Ali Mazahéri, La Vie quotidienne des musulmans, pp. 68–70. The Thousand and One Nights provides innumerable references of great value; cf. in particular the tale of Abusir and Abu Qīr (931th–940th Nights).
6 For this passage I have used, in addition to my personal knowledge of the question and various readings, the following sources: A. Mazahéri, op. cit., pp. 67–8; Ah’mad Amīn, Qamus, pp. 95–7 and pp. 362–74; H. Pérès, La Poésie andalouse, pp. 311–18; E.-G. Gobert, pamphlet Tunis et les parfums, extracts from which were published in Les Nouvelles esthétiques, mai-juin 1963, under the title of ‘Parfums et cosmétiques en Tunisie’.
7 Al-Ghazāli, Iḥyā, vol. I, p. 130.
8 Cf. Fatāwa, vol. V, p. 327ff. and p. 363ff.
9 Al-Ghazāli, Iḥyā, vol. I, also p. 137ff.
10 ‘Uqbāni, p. 268; cf. also le Traité de Hisba by Ibn Abderraouf, Hesperis, vol. I–III, fasc. III, 1966, pp. 367–70.
11 Ibid., p. 269: ‘lā siyyamā mā yad‘ū ilaihi ittilā’u ba‘ḍi-l-fāsiqāti ‘alā mahāsini-l-ukhrā min taḥarruqi shahwati-l-tafā‘uli alladhi yakhtāru ba‘ḍuhunna ladhdhatahu ‘an mujāma‘ati lrajuli.’
12 Cf. H. Pérès, La Poésie andalouse, p. 34; A. Amīn, Qamus, p. 179.
13 Oum El Khir, ‘Le hammam’, chronique de la revue Faiza, no. 9, novembre 1960.
14 Ahmad Sefrioui, La Boîte à merveille, pp. 11–14, Paris, Le Seuil, 1954.
15 ‘Tale of Sard Ben Ward’.
16 The Thousand and One Nights, Arabic text, 790th Night, vol. II, pp. 12–17.
17 Quoted by J. Carcopino, op. cit., p. 304. ‘Baths, wine and lust may corrupt our bodies, but they make life worth living.’
18 Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddinia, Arabic text, ed. Cairo, undated, p. 86.
19 A. Amīn, Qamus, p. 187.
20 Fatāwā Hindiyya, vol. V, p. 356.
21 Moslem, vol. I, p. 34ff; Tabari, Annales, I, 154; Gaudefroy-Demombynes, p. 63; Muhammad Essad Bey, Mahomet, p. 55.
22 Iḥyā, vol. I, p. 132.
23 Fatāwā, vol. V, p. 357.
24 Ibid., p. 357.
25 Fatāwā Qadhi-Khan, vol. III, p. 409.
26 Quoted by Ghazāli, Iḥyā, vol. I, p. 132.
27 A. Mazahéri, La Vie quotidienne des musulmans, p. 47.
28 C.-A. Julien, Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord, p. 92.
29 Ah’mad Amīn, Qamus, p. 187.
30 Dictionnaire de sexologie, p. 321.
31 Genesis, 17, 9–14.
32 Cf. Dictionnaire des religions, p. 84.
33 The origin of circumcision, according to Frazer, in Oeuvres of Marcel Mauss, vol. I, p. 142.
34 Exodus, 4, 24–6.
35 P. Gordon, L’Initiation sexuelle et l’évolution religieuse, p. 68.
36 Maryse Choisy, Moïse, p. 91.
37 Ibid., p. 92.
38 Ibid., p. 94.
39 Ibid., p. 96.
40 Galatians, 6, 12–15.
41 Ghazāli, Iḥyā, vol. I, p. 132.
42 In addition to personal experience, my main sources here are: Salah al-Rizgui, Al-Aghāni al-Tūnusiyya, pp. 171–5; Aḥmad Amīn, Qamus, pp. 187–9.
43 My translation here is from the version given by Salah Rizgui, loc. cit., p. 187: ‘Ulik mṭahhar wu ‘qābiq ‘arās wu ḥsānik ywalwal mā bīn l-ghrūs.
– Ulik mṭahhar wu ‘qa biq shbāb wu ḥsānik ywalwal mā bin l’uzzah.
– Wīnī um l-maṭahhar, wīnī khāltu tjī tarmī drāhim ‘alā ‘ammārtū.’
44 Yussef al-Masry, Le Drame sexuel de la femme dans l’Orient arabe, p. 67.
45 Ibid., p. 110ff; cf. also Aḥmad Amīn, Qamus, pp. 188–9.
46 L’Érotisme des Mille et une Nuits, p. 125.
47 The Thousand and One Nights, vol. I, p. 516.
48 Ibid. Cf. Marie Bonaparte, La Sexualité de la femme, p. 321.
49 Rachid Boujedra, La Répudiation, p. 71.
50 P. Gordon, L’Initiation sexuelle, pp. 10–11.
51 P. 389.
52 Quran, ‘Women’, IV, 3–4, p. 72 and 28–31, p. 76; ‘The Believers’, XXIII, 5 and 6, p. 343; ‘The Stairways’, LXX, 29–31, p. 607.
53 Quran, ‘Light’, XXIV, 33, p. 356.
54 Cf. Tabari, Tafsīr, vol. XVII, 88; Razi, vol. VI, pp. 308–9.
55 For these forms of pre-Islamic nikāḥ I have referred to ‘Ainī, who comments on one of Aysha’s hadiths, vol. IX, pp. 414–15.
56 ‘Ainī, vol. III, p. 230: ‘wa la siyyama nis-u miṣra fa inna fīhinna biḍ‘an la tūsafu wa munkarātun la tumna‘u.’
57 Ibid., p. 230.
58 Cf. Maqrīzi, Khitat, vol. I, p. 89.
59 M. Mazahéri, La Vie quotidienne des musulmans au Moyen Age, p. 64.
60 Ibid., p. 65.
61 Ibid., p. 65.
62 J. Berque, Le Maghreb d’hier à demain, p. 326.
63 Ibid., p. 326.
64 These paragraphs were written after carrying out an investigation in the ‘field’; I have also used an unpublished report by Othman Larifi, La prostitution réglementée dans la capitale (Tunis).
65 Two sources confirm one another: Najib Maḥfūdh’s Qasr-al-shauq, pp. 393–4 and Rachid Boujedra, La Répudiation, pp. 152–4.
66 Cf. Sylvestre de Sacy, Christomathie arabe, vol. I, p. 104ff.
67 Cf. Ibn ‘Udhara, ‘Al-bayān al-mughrib fi akhbār al-maghrib’, vol. I, p. 126, Leiden, ed. Dozy, 1859.
68 Many examples could be cited. Two particularly good ones are: Muhammad Abdel’Adhim Azirquāni, ‘Albighā’ in Alhidāya al is
lamia, vol. IV, 1353h., p. 195ff; Mustapha Abdelwahid, Al-Islām wal mushkila ṭūl jinsiyya, p. 87ff.
69 Othman Larifi, loc. cit.
70 Enver Dehoï, L’Érotisme des Mille et une Nuits, p. 177.
71 In Najib Maḥfūdh, Qasr al-shauq, p. 396.
72 In ‘Le teste du dessin chez les prostituées’, by Sami Ali, in Al majalia al jinā-iyya al qaumiyya, vol. I: no. 2, juillet 1958, p. 103.
73 In the same number, ‘Abdelmonem al-Melīgī, ‘La représentation de l’être humain chez les prostituées d’après le test du Rorschach’. Cf. also the study of prostitution in Cairo, published by the Egyptian National Centre, ‘Al bighā fil qāhira’, 1961.
74 Loc. cit., p. 266.
75 Loc. cit., p. 264, introduction by A. Chenoufy, pp. 149–50.
76 Ibid., p. 262.
77 Ibid., p. 261.
78 Ibid., p. 264.
79 Ibid., p. 264.
80 Kitāb al fisāl fi l milal wal aḥwā wa lniḥāl, Cairo, 1317h., 2 vols; cf. vol. I, p. 135 and vol. II, p. 114.
81 Kitāb naqt al-‘arūs fi tawārīkh al-khulafā, Cairo, 1951, pp. 72–3.
82 Kitāb al-akhlāq wa l siyar, Beirut, 1961, trans. N. Tomiche, p. 58.
83 Ibid., p. 59.
84 The Thousand and One Nights, vol. I, p. 347ff.
85 Ibid., vol. II, p. 1ff.
86 Ibid., vol. I, p. 66ff.
87 Chemseddine, Hanifa, Mahbouba et moi, Tunis, undated (probably about 1920).
88 La Répudiation, p. 71.
89 Ibid., p. 179.
90 Ibid., p. 57.
91 Ibid., p. 134.
92 Ibid., p. 136.
93 Ibid., p. 137.
94 Ibid., p. 168.
95 Ibid., pp. 106–7. Cf. also an attempted seduction in an oven (p. 241) and a scene in which the mother surprises her son in the middle of sexual intercourse with a boy of his own age (p. 242).
96 Ibid., p. 241.
97 Ibid., p. 241.
98 Abu Nawās, Diwān, p. 116; cf. Jamel Ben Cheikh, ‘Poésies bachiques d’Abu Nawās’, in Bulletin d’études orientales, vol. X, VII, 1963–4, p. 60ff. Cf. also Abu Nawās, Diwān, pp. 242–572. In The Thousand and One Nights the tale of the Sea Rose (vol. IV, p. 405ff) tells of a veritable change of sex caused by magic. Cf. Enver Dehoï, loc. cit., p. 208 and Habib Ezzayat, La Femme garçonne en islam.
99 Salaheddin al-Munajjid, Jamāl al-marāti ‘inda al arab, p. 71.