How Death Becomes Life
Page 33
Cooper, David K. C. Open Heart. New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2010.
Cooper, Thea, and Arthur Ainsberg. Breakthrough. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2010.
Fox, Renee C., and Judith P. Swazey. The Courage to Fail. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1978.
____. Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Gawande, Atul. Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes on an Imperfect Science. New York: Picador, 2002.
Hamilton, David. The First Transplant Surgeon. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2017.
____. A History of Organ Transplantation. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012.
Hardy, James Daniel. The Academic Surgeon: An Autobiography. Mobile, AL: Magnolia Mansions Press, 2002.
Heiney, Paul. The Nuts and Bolts of Life. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002.
Herman, Arthur. How the Scots Invented the Modern World. New York: MJF Books, 2001.
Hollingham, Richard. Blood and Guts: A History of Surgery. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008.
Lederer, Susan E. Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Malinin, Theodore I. Surgery and Life: The Extraordinary Career of Alexis Carrel. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979.
McRae, Donald. Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2006.
Medawar, Peter B. Advice to a Young Scientist. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
____. Memoir of a Thinking Radish. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Messikomer, Carla M., Judith P. Swazey, and Allen Glicksman, eds. Society and Medicine: Essays in Honor of Renee C. Fox. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
Miller, Franklin G., and Robert D. Truog. Death, Dying, and Organ Transplantation: Reconstructing Medical Ethics at the End of Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Miller, G. Wayne. King of Hearts. New York: Crown Publishers, 2000.
Moore, Francis D. A Miracle and a Privilege. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1995.
____. Transplant: The Give and Take of Tissue Transplantation. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964.
Mukherjee, Siddhartha. The Emperor of All Maladies. New York: Scribner, 2010.
Murray, Joseph E. Surgery of the Soul. Boston: Boston Medical Library/Watson Publishing International, 2001.
Najarian, John S. The Miracle of Transplantation. Beverly Hills, CA: Phoenix Books Inc., 2009.
Schumacker, Harris B. Jr. A Dream of the Heart. Santa Barbara, CA: Fithian Press, 1999.
Starzl, Thomas E. The Puzzle People. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
Terasaki, Paul, ed. History of Transplantation: Thirty-Five Recollections. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1991.
Tilney, Nicholas L. Transplant: From Myth to Reality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
Vigneswaran, Wickii T., Edward R. Garrity, and John A. Odell Jr., eds. Lung Transplantation: Principles and Practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2015.
Index
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, 202
addiction, 232, 233
see also alcoholism
Advice to a Young Scientist (Medawar), 53
ALC (alcoholic liver disease), 240, 244
alcohol, 233
Alcoholics Anonymous, 233
alcoholism, 212, 222, 233, 237–38
cirrhosis from, 225, 226, 230, 236, 244
hepatitis from, 217, 223–24, 225, 235, 237
liver transplants and, 222–38, 246
Herb’s story, 233–38
Lisa’s story, 225–32, 237–38
as mental illness, 222, 228, 231
Alexandre, Guy P. J., 282–83, 285, 286
alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, 311
alpha-gal epitope, 326–27
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 290
American Association for Thoracic Surgery, 126
American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot (Ferguson), 222
American Surgical Association (ASA), 187–88
amylase, 173
anastomosis, vascular (reconnection of blood vessels), 21–27, 32
Anatomy of Hope, The (Groopman), 239
aneurysms, 22
Angelou, Maya, 1, 255
animals
cats, 115–16
dogs, 22, 24, 25, 26, 122–23, 126–27, 135, 139–40, 142
heart bypass in, 115–16, 122–23, 126–27, 139–40
mice, 30
monkeys, 160
organ transplantation in, 25, 27, 60, 74
in dogs, 28, 71, 83, 94, 95, 98, 140, 148, 149, 158, 165, 168–69, 183, 186–88, 191, 200
of hearts, 25, 89, 98, 140, 144, 148, 149
of kidneys, 25, 71, 77, 78, 83, 94, 95, 98
of livers, 183, 186–88, 191, 200
of lungs, 25, 158
in mice, 60, 65, 66, 87
in pigs, 89–90, 94, 98, 202
in rats, 98
skin grafts, 60, 62, 65, 66, 87
xenotransplantation, 322–28, 338
baboons in, 325
chimpanzees in, 157, 159, 323–25, 326
FDA and, 325–26
moratorium on, 325
pigs in, 338
rhesus monkey in, 323
viruses and, 326
antibiotics, 59–60
antithymocyte globulin (ATG), 204
anuria, 77–78
arteries, 38
Ascher, Nancy, 295, 335–36
ascites, 17, 185, 189, 191, 226, 244, 263, 311
asepsis, 27
atomic bombs, 91
atrial septal defect (ASD), 123, 127–28, 140
atrioventricular canal, 125
azathioprine, 95–96, 97, 99, 189, 191, 204, 324
baboons, 325
Baby Fae, 325
Banting, Frederick, 163, 168
Barnard, Christiaan, 135–39, 141–44, 328, 333
bypass and, 136, 137–38, 148–50, 151
celebrity of, 151, 333
character and personality of, 139, 142–43, 333
heart transplantation and, 143
first heart transplant, 144–52, 155, 157, 289
second heart transplant, 151–52
Hume and, 143
kidney transplantation and, 143
Lillehei and, 137–38, 319
One Life, 130
Shumway and, 138–39
Wangensteen and, 135–37, 139, 141
Barnard, Marius, 147–48, 150
Barnett, Ross, 159
Bavolek, Cecilia, 127–28
Beck, Carl, 24
Beecher, Henry Knowles, 287–89
Bell, Alexander Graham, 30
Belzer, Folkert, 165
benzol, 29
Berk, Hendrik, 48
Best, Charles, 168
bile, 185, 191, 213, 252, 263–64, 313
biliary atresia, 191
Billingham, Rupert Everett, 62–65
bladder, 39, 165
Blaiberg, Philip, 151–52
blood clots, 45
blood sugar, 166–71
closed-loop pump system for monitoring, 177
blood vessels, reconnection of (vascular anastomosis), 21–27, 32
bone marrow, 90, 91, 92
bones, 56
Borel, Jean-François, 97–98
bowel, in pancreas transplants, 164–65, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174
brain, 135
death of, 260
death defined as, 74, 144, 153–54, 273, 285–91
Brand, Russell, 222
Brent, Leslie, 65
Brigham, the (Peter Bent Brigham Hospital), 71–74, 77–79, 81, 82, 84–87, 90–91, 94–96, 187–89, 200, 287
Bright’s disease, 45, 78, 92
Bruce (father of donor Kylie), 279–
82
Bruning, Jan, 45
burn victims, 73, 82
antibiotics and, 59–60
Medawar and, 59–62
skin grafts for, see skin grafts
Burroughs Wellcome, 94–95
Caleb (donor), 277–79
Calne, Roy, 31–32, 93–95, 96, 98–99, 156, 189, 282–86, 304, 322, 333, 335, 337
liver transplant work of, 202–4
cancer, 213, 305, 337
Cape Town, South Africa, 135, 136, 137
Barnard’s first heart transplant in, 144–52, 155, 157, 289
cardiovascular surgery (cardiac surgery; heart surgery), 110, 112, 119, 130–62
author’s residency in, 109–12
bypass in, 112, 135–36, 139–40
in animals, 115–16, 122–23, 126–27, 139–40
Barnard and, 136, 137–38, 148–50, 151
cross-circulation, 122–26, 129, 135, 140
DeWall-Lillehei bubble oxygenator, 129, 135, 141–42
Gibbon’s invention of, 103, 113–16, 119–21, 122, 126–29
membrane oxygenator for, 52, 129
cardiac arrest in, 140
closed heart surgery for war wounds, 119
heart transplantation, see heart transplants
hypothermia in, 123, 135, 139
Karp and, 110–12
open-heart, 103–29
Carnegie, Andrew, 28
Carnot, Marie-François-Sadi, 21
Carrel, Alexis, 21–32, 59, 91, 324
eugenics and, 30–31
lay press and, 26
Lindbergh and, 30, 31
Man, the Unknown, 30–31
Nobel Prize awarded to, 29, 31
organ transplant work of, 23, 25–29, 31, 32, 40, 43, 52, 59–61, 66, 103
publishing of, 26
vascular anastomosis (reconnection of blood vessels) work of, 21–27, 32
wound-perfusion system of, 29–30
Carrel patch, 25, 37
Caserio, Sante Geronimo, 21
cats, 115–16
cattle twins, 62–65
cellophane, 46, 48, 49
central line (central venous catheter), 105–8
Cervantes, Miguel de, 35
chimerism, 64–65
chimpanzees, 157, 159, 323–25, 326
China, 80
choledocholithiasis, 213
Church, George, 327
Churchill, Winston, 30, 67
Cindy (patient), 11–20
cirrhosis, 185, 191, 213, 226, 263, 311
alcoholic, 225, 226, 230, 236, 244
C.L. (donor), 255–56, 259–63, 264–68
Cleveland Clinic, 52, 303
closed-loop pump system, 177
Cole, L. J., 63
Collip, James Bertram, 168
coma, 283, 286, 289
complications, 309–21
after kidney transplant, 310, 317–21
after liver transplant, 311–15, 331–32
metaphorical box and, 316
morbidity and mortality conferences and, 315–16
Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes on an Imperfect Science (Gawande), 309
Confucius, 130
Cooley, Denton, 155–56, 335
Cooper, Joel, 161–62
Cornell University Medical College, 40–43
Courage to Fail, The (Fox and Swazey), 334–35
Crick, Francis, 30
CRISPR/Cas9, 327
cross-circulation, 122–26, 129, 135, 140
CT scans, 90, 315
Cushing, Harvey, 26–27
Cutting for Stone (Verghese), 329
cyclosporine, 97–99, 156, 160, 161, 162, 170, 204–5
Dakin, Henry, 29–30
D’Alessandro, Dr., 8, 9, 10, 258–61, 263, 264
Dameshek, William, 94
Dan (father of donor Caleb), 277–79
Darvall, Denise, 144–49
Darvall, Edward, 144–45, 146
Darvall, Keith, 144
Darvall, Myrtle, 144–45, 146
death
determination of, 144, 146–47, 282–90
Barnard’s heart transplant and, 144, 147
brain death as, 74, 144, 153–54, 273, 285–91
coma and, 283, 286, 289
heartbeat and, 273, 283–87
Tucker case and, 153–54
Uniform Determination of Death Act, 291
withdrawal of life support, 272–73
dermatome, 55, 57
Daniels, Leonard Polak, 47
Davis, Jefferson, 323–24
delayed graft function (DGF; anuria), 77–78
Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 188
DeWall, Richard, 129
DeWall-Lillehei bubble oxygenator, 129, 135, 141–42
diabetes, 163, 165–66, 186, 224
blood sugar in, 166–71
closed-loop pump system for monitoring, 177
brittle, 167
hypoglycemic unawareness and, 167
insulin and, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 177
kidney failure and, 167, 168, 169
pancreas transplants for,
“Diabetes and Insulin” (Banting), 163
dialysis, 19, 40, 43–52, 51–52, 71, 74, 85, 175–76, 301, 322–23, 325
Hume and, 73
Kolff’s invention of, 44–52, 66, 72–73, 113, 129, 139
dogs, 22, 24, 25, 26, 122–23, 126–27, 135, 139–40, 142
organ transplants in, 28, 71, 83, 94, 95, 98, 140, 144, 148, 149, 158, 165, 168–69, 183, 186–88, 191, 200
Donald, Hugh, 62–63
donors, 269
see also organ donors, deceased; organ donors, living
Doucette, Mel, 96
Dream of the Heart, A (Shumacker), 103
Duke University, 336
duodenum, 313
Ebert, Robert, 287–88
Edison, Thomas A., 67
Einstein, Albert, 33
El Diablo (disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome), 171–76
Elion, Trudy, 95
Eliot, T. S., 101
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 255
Emperor of All Maladies, The (Mukherjee), 207
Epidemics (Hippocratic School), 292
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticogram), 243, 312
esophagectomies, 309–10
ethical and legal issues, 282–91, 337–38
death, determination of, 144, 146–47, 282–90
Barnard’s heart transplant and, 144, 147
brain death as, 74, 144, 153–54, 273, 285–91
coma and, 283, 286, 289
heartbeat and, 273, 283–87
Tucker case and, 153–54
Uniform Determination of Death Act, 291
organ allocation and, 246–47
“Ethics and Clinical Research” (Beecher), 287
eugenics, 30–31
eyes, 56
Fae, Baby, 325
FDA, 161, 205, 325–26
Ferguson, Craig, 222
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 269
FK506, 205
Fletcher, Joseph, 154
Flexner, Simon, 28
Ford, Henry, 30
Fox, Henry M., 84
Fox, Renee, 334–35
gall bladder, 213, 264
Gary (patient), 310–15
Gawande, Atul, 309
Gene (stepfather of donor C.L.), 269, 260, 267
gene editing, 327, 337
Gibbon, John, Jr.
cardiopulmonary bypass machine of, 103, 113–16, 119–21, 122, 126–29
retirement from heart surgery, 128
Watson and, 120
Gibbon, Maylie, 114
Gibson, Tom, 61–62
Gladwell, Malcolm, 11, 314
Gladys (patient), 90–92
Glidden, Frances, 124–25
Glidden, Gregory, 123–24, 135
Glidden, Lyman, 124–25
Gohlke, Mary, 160–61
Gretzky, Wayne, 314
Groopman, Jerome, 239
Groote Schuur Hospital, 141
Guthrie, Charles Claude, 24–25
Guy’s Hospital, 93–94
Hall, Tom, 161–62
Halsted, William, 27
Hamburger, Jean, 74, 75–76, 83
Hamilton, David, 289
Hanks, Tom, 292
Hardy, James, 157–59
harmonic scalpel, 297
Harrison, J. Hartwell, 86
Harvard Medical School, 81, 287–88, 289, 327
health care system, 231–32
heart, 7, 103, 112
artificial, 52, 337–38
author’s surgical residency experience with, 116–19
and determination of death, 273, 283–87
disorders and defects of, 119–20
atrial septal defect (ASD), 123, 127–28, 140
atrioventricular canal, 125
patent ductus arteriosus, 127, 128
pulmonary valve stenosis, 142
tetralogy of Fallot, 125, 142
ventral septal defect (VSD), 123–26, 127–28, 137–38, 140
heart attacks, 131
peripartum cardiomyopathy and, 131–32
surgery on, see cardiovascular surgery; heart transplants
vena cava and, 6, 7, 9–10, 115, 137, 138
heart-lung machine (cardiopulmonary bypass machine), 103, 113–16, 119–21, 122, 126–29
heart transplants, 99, 103–4, 112–13, 134, 140, 143–61, 289
in animals, 25, 89, 98, 140, 144, 148, 149
from animal to human, 157, 159, 325
Barnard and, 143
first heart transplant, 144–52, 155, 157, 289
second heart transplant, 151–52
of Cooley, 155–56
failures and subsequent moratorium on, 156
heart-lung, 160–61
of Hume and Lower, 152–55
media and, 156
progression of, 155
public support for, 289
Shumway’s work in, 140–41, 148, 152, 156–57, 159–60
for Tina, 130–34
hemodialysis, see dialysis
Heneman, Herbert, 233–38
hepatic artery, 250, 262
hepatitis, 72, 96, 212, 240, 246
alcoholic, 217, 223–24, 225, 235, 237
NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), 224, 240
Herb (patient), 233–38
Herrick, Richard, 83–87, 91, 96
Herrick, Ronald, 83–87, 91, 96
Herrick, Van, 83–84
Hippocratic School, 292
Hiroshima, 91
Hitchings, George, 95
Hitler, Adolf, 31, 47
Holtz, Howard, 125
Hufnagel, Charles, 71, 72
Hume, David, 70–74, 76–80, 83, 94, 126, 143, 188, 189, 328, 333, 335
Barnard and, 143
dialysis and, 73
heart transplant of, 152–55
hydrocephalus, 77
hypertension, 224