The White King

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The White King Page 40

by Leanda de Lisle


  12. HMC, Lord de L’Isle and Dudley MSS, Vol. VI, p. 587.

  13. Approximately £1,400 today.

  14. The Several Speeches of Duke Hamilton Earl of Cambridge, Henry Earl of Holland, and Arthur Lord Capel, Upon the Scaffold Immediately before their Execution, On Friday the 9. of March. Also the several Exhortations, and Conferences with them, upon the Scaffold, by Dr Sibbald, Mr Bolton, & Mr Hodges (1649).

  15. The Correspondence of Bishop Brian Duppa and Sir Justinian Isham 1650–1660, ed. Sir Gyles Isham (1955), p. 75.

  16. Chevreuse had returned to England only once since the civil war and most unwillingly. In 1645 she had been forced, yet again, into exile from France, and was captured in the Channel by the Parliamentarian navy. They took her to the Isle of Wight and offered her back to Cardinal Mazarin who didn’t want her and so Chevreuse had journeyed on to Flanders. Victor Cousin, Secret History of the French Court Under Richelieu and Mazarin (1859), p. 165.

  17. Michael Prawdin, Marie de Rohan (1971), p. 190.

  18. Apologists for these events insist it has to be seen in the context of the Thirty Years War. But the Thirty Years War had ended several years previously. It has to be seen in the context of British history, not that of Germany.

  19. Carola Oman, The Winter Queen (1938, revd edn 2000), p. 157.

  20. Erin Griffey, On Display (2015), p. 186.

  21. These details are all given in a contemporary letter. HMC, Lord de L’Isle and Dudley MSS, Vol. VI, p. 623.

  22. Mémoires de Madame de Motteville, tr. Katherine Wormeley, Vol. II (1902), p. 86.

  23. Lettres de Henriette-Marie de France, reine d’Angleterre, à sa soeur Christine, duchesse de Savoie, Vol. V, ed. Hermann Ferrero (1881), p. 126.

  24. The ‘Assumption’ section of a painting of the Assumption of the Virgin was, however, cut off while in his care.

  25. Francis Haskell, The King’s Pictures (2003), pp. 146–50.

  26. James had been set up with his own court, and was an active Lord High Admiral: a title first given to him by his father aged five.

  Postscript

  1. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, quoted in David Nichol Smith, Characters from the Histories and Memoirs of the Seventeenth Century (1918), p. 53.

  2. Clarendon quoted in ibid., p. 49.

  3. Peter Heylyn quoted in John Milton, Observations Upon the Articles of Peace (1649), p. 96.

  4. Ibid.

  5. William Laud, Works (1847–60), Vol. III, p. 443.

  6. Clarendon quoted in Smith, p. 51.

  Appendix

  1. Mémoires de M. de La Rochefoucauld, etc. Together with the Memoirs of A. P. de La Rochefoucauld, Duke de Doudeauville, written by himself, ed. François Claude (1861), Vol. II, pp. 12–13. See also Mémoires de Louis-Henri de Loménie, Comte de Brienne, secrétaire d’état sous Louis XIV (1828), Vol. I, pp. 331–45.

  2. The only gift of diamonds mentioned in 1625, when Buckingham had last seen Anne, was a collar Buckingham had been given by Louis. Besides the French memoirs Sir Roger Coke also claimed the queen had sent Buckingham, if not a necklace, then her garter ‘and an exceedingly rich jewel’; Roger Coke, A detection of the court and state of England during the four last reigns… (1696), p. 234. On the diamonds mentioned in 1625 see CSPV 1625–6 (153). On real plots against Richelieu and the key role of Chevreuse, possibly the originator of the necklace legend, see http://journal.xmera.org/volume-2–no-1–summer-2010/articles/dobbie.pdf.

  INDEX

  Act of Parliament, against Strafford, 125–126

  Act of the Trial of Charles Stuart, King of England, 260–261

  Adolphus, Gustavus, 82

  The Agreement of the People, 230, 235

  America. See colonies

  Anglo-French war

  Buckingham encouraging, 57

  Buckingham expenses and defeat in, 60

  Charles I fundraising for, 58–59

  historic defeat in, 59–60

  naval offenses launched in, 59

  Parliament voting on finances for, 61–62

  peace and end to, 75–77

  Anglo-Spanish war

  Breda battle in, 43–44, 51

  Cadiz battle in, 46–48, 50–51

  finances for, 44–46, 53–54

  Parliament voting for, 42

  Puritan view on, 18n

  Anna of Denmark, 4–5, 8, 16

  death of, 13

  Anne, Stuart (Princess of England, Scotland and Ireland), 87

  death of, 118

  Anne of Austria (Queen of France), 30, 290

  Buckingham courtship of, 34–35

  de Chevreuse friendship with, 33

  Henrietta Maria loan from, 184

  taxes of, 268

  The Three Musketeers story and, 295–296

  ‘Answer’ (Charles I), 159

  Arminianism/Arminians, 68

  Buckingham support for, 51–52

  predestination and, 51

  Arminius, Jacobus, 51

  art

  Charles I collection of, 289

  Charles I portraits, 87–88, 102, 227

  following Reformation, 6–7

  Henrietta Maria and Hudson, J., portraits, 63

  of Henrietta Maria destroyed by Clotworthy, 175

  in Holland home, 141

  Marie de’ Medici portraits by Rubens, 30

  in Spain purchased by Charles I, 21

  Van Dyck portraits of Charles I, Henrietta Maria, and family, 87–88, 102

  Ashburnham, John, 178, 211, 234

  Bampfield, Joseph, 238

  Basilikon Doron (Royal Gift), 9–10, 40, 95

  Basing House, 208–209

  Batten, William, 247

  Battle of Cheriton, 183–184

  Battle of Cornwall, 193

  Battle of Cropredy Bridge, 193

  Battle of Edgehill, 167–171, 174

  Battle of Langport, 206

  Battle of Leicester, 201–203, 265

  Battle of Lostwithiel, 193

  Battle of Lutzen, 82

  Battle of Marston Moor, 187–188, 190

  Battle of Newbury, 192, 195

  Battle of Philiphaugh, 208

  Battle of Towton, 187–188

  Battle of White Mountain, 16

  Benlowes, Edward, 171

  Berkeley, John, 234

  Bertie, Robert. See Lindsey, Robert

  Bishops’ War, second, 106, 111–112

  Boleyn, Anne, 54

  Bolton massacre, Royalists committing, 194n

  Book of Common Prayer, Parliament abolishing, 200

  Book of Sports, 236

  Bourbons, 23

  ‘Boy’ (hunting poodle of Rupert), 191–192

  Bradshawe, John (Chief Justice), 259–266, 283

  Breda battle, in Anglo-Spanish war, 43–44, 51

  Brentford, Rupert attack on, 172

  Bristol, Rupert victory in, 179

  Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, 43

  Anglo-French war encouraged by, 57

  Anglo-French war expenses and defeat of, 60

  Anne of Austria courted by, 34–35

  appearance of, 3, 60

  Arminianism supported by, 51–52

  Carlisle, L., relationship with, 55, 57

  Charles I mentored by, 13–14, 18–19

  children of, 241–242

  criticism and attacks against, 46–47, 60, 62–63

  French arrival of, 29–30

  funeral of, 66

  Holland opportunity from death of, 67

  impeachment case against, 52–53

  James I support of, 19

  murder of, 64–66

  Remonstrance against, 62–63

  Richelieu meeting with, 31–32

  Rubens commissioned by, 30–31

  in Spain, 19–22

  speeches and songs attacking, 63

  The Three Musketeers story and, 295–296

  burial, of Charles I, 280–282

  See also funerals

 
; Cadiz battle, in Anglo-Spanish war, 46–48, 50–51

  Calvinism/Calvinists

  Catholic traditions abhorred by, 11

  Puritans compared to other, 12

  Carew, Thomas, 84

  Carisbrooke Castle, 267

  Carlisle, James Hay (Earl), 56, 78

  death of, 85

  as Groom of the Stool, 81

  Carlisle, Lucy Hay, Countess of

  appearance and charm of, 54

  arrest of, 284–285

  Buckingham relationship with, 55, 57

  civil war impact on, 225

  dark side of, 85–86

  death of, 288

  family of, 54–56

  Henrietta Maria betrayed by, 147–148

  Henrietta Maria falling out with, 79–80

  Henrietta Maria relationship with, 56–57, 67

  Junto open support of, 149

  Junto warned by, 147–148

  Pym relationship with, 141

  retirement of, 285

  smallpox and, 67

  Spain supported by, 77–78

  Strafford distanced from, 132

  on Strafford impeachment trial defense, 123

  Strafford support from, 108

  The Three Musketeers story and, 295–296

  as widow, 85

  The Case of the Army Truly Stated, 229

  Catholicism/Catholics

  Calvinists abhorrence for traditions of, 11

  Charles I ordering disarming of, 158

  Charles I punished by Henrietta Maria’s priests, 54

  Charles I snub of, 27

  in England, low profile of, 104

  Golden Rose in, 35

  Henrietta Maria promises to, 35

  homes searched, 115

  Irish genocide fears of, 139

  Junto persecution of, 137–138, 160–161

  popish conspiracy rumors against, 92, 109, 118, 137, 157

  Propaganda Fide and, 35

  Pym plans countering threat of, 116–117

  women as key to English, 26–27

  See also Counter-Reformation

  Cavaliers, 114, 161

  See also Royalists

  Cavendish, William. See Newcastle

  Cecil, Edward, 46–48

  Charles I (King of Britain)

  anger and emotional instability of, 155

  appearance of, 37, 86, 250, 260, 273

  artists and, 267

  auction of goods confiscated from, 277

  birth of, 4

  body of deceased, on display, 277–278

  children reunited with, 224

  compassion of, 292

  court of, 40

  embalming of, 278

  escape attempt of, 217–218

  faithfulness of, 247–248

  imagination of, 291

  kindness of, 7

  last meal of, 273

  legacy of, 291–294

  physical strength improvements of, 8

  sentencing of, 265–266

  siblings of, 5

  wardrobe of, 86

  See also specific topics

  Charles II (Prince of Wales), 142, 153, 163, 201, 279

  at Battle of Edgehill, 169–170

  birth of, 76–77

  civil war flight of, 208

  education shortcomings of, 217

  financial struggles of, 269

  as Knight of the Garter, 87

  mistresses of, 289

  Presbyterianism and, 285

  in second civil war, 241

  Charles Louis (Prince Palatine), 131, 134, 147, 268

  Charles I deserted by, 162–163

  disloyalty of, 228

  finance troubles of, 154

  de Châteauneuf (Marquis), 79

  Cheriton, Battle of, 183–184

  de Chevreuse (Duc), 28

  de Chevreuse, Marie (Duchesse), 95

  Anne of Austria friendship with, 33

  appearance of, 32

  exhibitionism of, 97

  Henrietta Maria’s sexual education from, 38

  Holland relationship with, 32–33

  old age of, 285

  Richelieu plots of, 96–97

  as troublemaker, 185

  chivalry, Order of the Garter and, 8

  Christmas

  Charles I honoring, 254

  Presbyterians abolishing, 236

  Church of England

  Charles I final words on, 275

  Convocation of, 110

  Elizabeth I leadership and, 11

  James I reforms of, 13

  Junto posing dangers to, 136–137

  kingship promotion and Charles I changes to, 68–69

  ‘middle way’ stance of, 10

  Protestant divisions over, 10–11

  Scottish prayer book revolt against, 93–95, 101

  civil war, English

  Basing House siege in, 208–209

  Battle of Cheriton in, 183–184

  Battle of Cornwall in, 193

  Battle of Cropredy Bridge in, 193

  Battle of Edgehill and, 167–171, 174

  Battle of Langport in, 206

  Battle of Leicester in, 201–203, 265

  Battle of Lostwithiel in, 193

  Battle of Marston Moor in, 187–188, 190

  Battle of Newbury in, 192, 195

  Battle of Philiphaugh in, 208

  Carlisle, L., impact of, 225

  Charles I peace hopes dashed in, 200–201

  Charles II fleeing, 208

  Council of War in, 195–196

  death count and impact of, 213

  end of, 213

  Henrietta Maria pregnancy during, 183–184

  Irish troop negotiations to join, 201

  Junto divided over prospects of, 174

  New Model Army in, 203–205, 209

  peace-party grandees and, 175, 179–181

  Roundheads aims in, 195

  Rupert arguing for peace in, 208

  Scotland entering, 182–183, 192, 192n

  war-party grandees and, 175, 179–180

  See also Roundheads; Royalists

  civil war, English, second

  Charles II entering, 241

  end of, 250

  Henrietta Maria leadership in, 239–240

  Holland in, 241–243

  Royalist uprising beginning, 238–241

  Scottish army in, 249–250

  tax demands in, 239

  treaty pressure in, 248–249

  Clotworthy, John, 175, 200n

  colonies

  Peter return of, 160

  Puritan hopes in, 92

  comedians, 209

  Committee for the Revenue, 225

  Committee of Both Kingdoms, 197

  common law, 119, 125

  Commonwealth, 286–287

  Constant Warwick, 247

  Convocation, Church of England, 110

  Cooke, John, 261, 264

  Cornwall, Battle of, 193

  coronation

  of Charles I, 49–50

  of Frederick V, 16

  Henrietta Maria refusing, 49

  of Stuart, E., 16

  Council of the Marches of Wales, 119

  Council of the North, 119

  Council of War, 195–196

  Counter-Reformation

  Marie de’ Medici support for, 98

  victory of, 67

  court, kingship and, 40

  Court of High Commission, 119

  Covenant, Charles I pressured to sign, 213–214

  Covenanters (Scotland), 140

  Charles I struggling to suppress, 105–106

  General Assembly backing, 101

  Protestantism and, 103–104

  taxes raised by, 103

  victories of, 105

  Warwick assisting, 103

  Cromwell, Oliver, 195, 226–227, 249–250

  appearance of, 189

  Basing House victory of, 208–209

  in Battle of Marston Moor, 190


  The Case of the Army Truly Stated reaction of, 229

  Charles I first meetings with, 222–224

  Charles I trial argued for by, 257–258

  death of, 286–287

  family and history of, 188

  Independent party associated with, 196

  as ‘Ironside,’ 192

  Leveller concerns of, 231

  Levellers defeated by, 235

  retirement of, 220

  Cropredy Bridge, Battle of, 193

  customs duties, Charles I raising, 89–90

  da Vinci, Leonardo, 289

  Dalzell, Frances, 204n

  Devereux, Penelope, 32

  Devereux, Robert. See Essex, Robert

  Devereux, Robin. See Essex, Robin

  disabilities, Charles I and, 5–6

  divine-right kingship, 262n

  Dugdale, William, 162n

  Dumas, Alexandre, 33, 57, 295–296

  Edgehill, Battle of, 167–171, 174

  Edinburgh, 4, 93–94, 136

  education

  of Charles I, 7

  Charles II shortcomings in, 217

  of Elizabeth, 224

  Henrietta Maria sexual, 38

  Edward IV (King of England), 281

  Edward VI (King of England), 11

  Eikon Basilike (Royal Portrait) (Charles I), 255, 259, 266, 278

  Eleven Years’ Tyranny, 111

  Elizabeth (Princess), 87, 153

  Charles I final visit with, 270–271

  death of, 288

  education of, 224

  in mourning, 277

  Elizabeth I (Queen), 4, 18

  Charles I financial support of, 82–83

  Church of England leadership of, 11

  financial debt of, 13

  Henrietta Maria relationship with, 155–156

  embalming, of Charles I, 278

  Engagement, Scotland and secret, 235–236

  England, 24–25

  Catholics keeping low profile in, 104

  civil war death count and impact on, 213

  Commonwealth and, 286–287

  Henrietta Maria public disapproval in, 26–27

  Henrietta Maria return to, 287–288

  Marie de’ Medici welcomed to, 98–100

  political parties emerging in, 196–197

  Protestantism origins in, 11

  Scotland armistice with, 114

  witchcraft in, 192, 192n, 205–206

  women as key to Catholicism in, 26–27

  See also Anglo-French war; Anglo-Spanish war; civil war, English; Parliament

  English civil war. See civil war, English

  episcopacy

  Charles I refusing abolishment of, 215–216, 250–252

  James I on, 10

  petitions in support of, 159

  Essex, Robert (2nd Earl), 12, 179

  Battle of Lostwithiel defeat of, 193

  death of, 216

  execution of, 13

  funeral of, 216

  shrinking army of, 181

  Essex, Robin (3rd Earl), 43, 132, 157

 

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