army collapse of, 144
in Battle of Edgehill, 168–169
military power of, 161
Rupert challenged by, 165
Estates General, 61
executions, public
of Charles I, 274–277
of Charles I regicide collaborators, 287
of Essex, Robert, 13
of Holland, 284
kingship and, 258
of Laud, 200
of Peter, 287
of Strafford, 135
Fairfax, Anne, 258, 261, 265
Fairfax, Thomas, 145, 190, 197, 226–227, 272
appearance of, 222
The Case of the Army Truly Stated reaction of, 229
Charles I trial expectations of, 258
James captured by, 214–215
Leveller concerns of, 231
Levellers defeated by, 235
New Model Army led by, 203–205
Fanshawe, Ann, 179
finances
for Anglo-French war voted on by Parliament, 61–62
for Anglo-Spanish war, 44–46, 53–54
Charles I raising, for Anglo-French war, 58–59
Charles II struggles with, 269
Charles Louis troubles with, 154
of Elizabeth I, 13
for Elizabeth I from Charles I, 82–83
Henrietta Maria raising, 186
of Holland threatened by Parliament, 174
James I raising, for military, 23
James I woes with, 15
James struggles with, 268
Marie de’ Medici problems with, 130
from Parliament for wars, 104–105
Parliament tactics putting pressure on, 69–70
Finch, John, 70, 117
Fortun, Agnes, 5
France, 23
Buckingham arrival in, 29–30
Fronde in, 268–269
Henrietta Maria departing, 34
Henrietta Maria forced to give up servants from, 55–56
Henrietta Maria return to, 185–186
Holland negotiating alliance with, 32
Louis XIII signing treaty between Spain and, 53–54
Scotland affairs and involvement of, 95
taxes in, 186
See also Anglo-French war
Frederick Henry (Prince of Orange), 155
Frederick V (King), 7
coronation of, 16
death of, 82
exile of, 17
Fronde, 268–269
funerals
of Buckingham, 66
Charles I burial, 280–282
of Essex, Robin, 216
of James I, 26, 28–29
Garter feast, annual, 157
Gauden, John, 251
Germany, 7
Golden Rose, in Catholicism, 35
Gowrie, 3rd Earl of. See Ruthven, John
Graham, James. See Montrose
Grand Remonstrance, 141–143
Gregory XV (Pope), 35
Groom of the Stool, Carlisle, J., as, 81
Gunpowder Plot, 5
Habsburgs, 16–17, 82
Charles I policy against, 22–23
See also Anglo-Spanish war
halcyon days, 84
Hammond, Robert, 234
Hampden, John, 90
Hampton Court Conference, 13
Harvey, William, 170
Hay, James. See Carlisle, James
Hay, Lucy. See Carlisle, Lucy
Heads of Proposals, of New Model Army, 224–226, 231
Henrietta (Princess), 215, 290
Henrietta Maria (Queen), 19
Anne of Austria loan for, 184
Buckingham murder reaction of, 65
Carlisle, L., betrayal of, 147–148
Carlisle, L., falling out with, 79–80
Carlisle, L., relationship with, 56–57, 67
Catholicism promises of, 35
Charles I marriage quarrels with, 46–47
Charles I meeting, 37–38
Charles I punished by Catholic priests of, 54
Charles I reunion with, 177
Charles I saying goodbye to, 153
Charles I war with Parliament supported by, 163
childbirth of, 76–77, 83
children of, 87
civil war pregnancy of, 183–184
Clotworthy destroying art of, 175
coronation refused by, 49
on Cromwell death, 286–287
dance of, 38–39
death of, 290
deteriorating health of, 239
as dowager, 288–289
dowry of, 23
Elizabeth I relationship with, 155–156
England return of, 287–288
English public disapproval of, 26–27
finances raised by, 186
France departure of, 34
French return of, 185–186
French servants forced to leave, 55–56
height of, 38
Hudson, J., portraits with, 63
Irish rebellion impact on, 142–143
jewelry sold for arms by, 156
Junto attacks against, 138, 146–147
The King’s Cabinet Opened publishing letters to, 206–207
on kingship and happiness, 131
legacy of, 290
London fled by, 149–150
Marie de’ Medici final instruction for, 36
masques hosted by, 97, 106
miscarriages of, 75, 104
in mourning, 278
nobility of, 27
Parliament impeachment accusations against, 176
Protestants judging, 36, 44–45
Puritan distrust of, 92
religious freedom concerns of, 44, 49, 55
second civil war leadership of, 239–240
sexual education of, 38
Strafford defended by, 126
Van Dyck family portraits of, 87–88, 102
Warwick attacking, 173–174, 184–185
wedding of, 27–28
Henry (Duke of Gloucester), 172, 224, 258, 268
Charles I final advice to, 271
death of, 288
in mourning, 277
Henry VI (King of England), 36
Henry VII (King of England), 262n
Henry VIII (King of England), 11
mausoleum of, 281
Royal Supremacy claimed by, 9–10
Scottish rebellion against, 102–103
Herbert, Thomas, 269, 277, 282
hereditary-right kingship, 262, 262n
Hesilrige, Arthur, 125
hierarchy, meritocracy compared to, 291–292
High Commission, Court of, 119
High Court of Justice
Charles I trial in, 257–265
establishment of, 257
House of Commons ordinance for, 256
judges in, 259
Holdenby House, 219–221
Holland, Henry (Earl), 43, 96, 154–155, 171
appearance of, 32
artwork in home of, 141
Buckingham death as opportunity for, 67
Charles I deserted by, 149
de Chevreuse relationship with, 32–33
demotion of, 106
execution of, 284
fashion and debt of, 80
fleeting influence of, 183
French alliance negotiated by, 32
Junto aligning with, 141
loyalty of, 180–181
Parliament threatening finances of, 174
peace-party grandees rejecting, 180–181
Puritans supported by, 98
second civil war efforts of, 241–243
Strafford detested by, 107–108
trial and conviction of, 283
war party grandees attacking, 179–180
Holles, Denzil, 70
Hotham, John, 158
House of Commons, 41–42, 122
chamber of, 70
Charles I refusal to accept po
wer of, 264–265
High Court of Justice ordinance of, 256
See also Parliament
House of Lords, 41–42, 122
The Agreement of the People attack on, 230
High Court of Justice ordinance rejected by, 256
See also Parliament
Hudson, Jeffrey, 63, 76, 132
imprisonment and death of, 185n
Hudson, Michael, 211, 239
Huguenots
surrender of, 66–67
Hundred Years War, 36
Hurst Castle, 252–253
impeachment
of Buckingham, 52–53
of Henrietta Maria by Parliament impeachment, 176
of Junto attempted by Charles I, 146
of Laud, 118
in Parliament, 19
Strafford trial on charges of, 122–125
Impositions, 53
Independent party
Charles I as Scottish prisoner concerns of, 212
Committee for the Revenue and, 225
Cromwell and, 196
goals of, 197
New Model Army allegiance to, 209, 222
Presbyterian party power struggle with, 197
infanta Maria of Spain, 21–22
Ireland, 25
Catholic genocide fears in, 139
ceasefire in, 182–183
Commonwealth losses of, 286
Confederation formed in, 160n
English civil war negotiations for troops from, 201
Henrietta Maria and rebellion in, 142–143
Junto response to rebels in, 139–141
New Model Army feared by, 228
Strafford impeachment trial lobbying of, 123–124
Strafford rule in, 107
Ireton, Henry, 223
The Agreement of the People fears of, 230
Isle of Wight, 234–238
James II (Duke of York), 87, 157–158, 164, 224, 279
at Battle of Edgehill, 168–170
escape to Holland, 237–238
Fairfax, T., capture of, 214–215
financial struggles of, 268
living on half rations, 211
mistresses of, 289
portrait of, 227
James I and VI (King of Britain)
Buckingham supported by, 19
Charles marriage plans of, 17
Church of England reforms of, 13
court of, 40
on episcopacy, 10
financial woes of, 15
funeral of, 26, 28–29
illness and death of, 24
kidnapping attempt on, 4
legacy of, 25
military finances raised by, 23
mistress concerns of, 14
parental affection from, 6
‘A Pattern for a King’s Inaugeration’ by, 266
ruling expectations of, 9
Jermyn, Henry, 129, 185
jewelry sold for arms, by Henrietta Maria, 156
Jones, Inigo, 88–89, 141, 208–209, 267
Jonson, Ben, 52, 89, 97
Joyce, George, 220–221
Judaism/Jews, 116, 143
Junto
Act of Parliament against Strafford by, 125–126
Carlisle, L., openly supporting, 149
Carlisle, L., warning, 147–148
Catholic persecution by, 137–138, 160–161
Charles I ‘Answer’ victory against, 159
Charles I impeachment attempt against, 146
Charles I opposed by, 120–121
Charles I pushing back against, 143–144
Church of England threatened by, 136–137
civil war prospects dividing, 174
Council of War in, 195–196
Henrietta Maria attacked by, 138, 146–147
Holland aligning with, 141
Irish rebels response of, 139–141
‘king’s two bodies’ theory used by, 160
military draft plan of, 144
military fundraising of, 159–160
Strafford impeachment plans of, 122, 124
See also Roundheads
Juxon, William, 269, 272, 275–276
King James Bible, 13
The King’s Cabinet Opened, 206–207
kingship
Charles I Church of England changes promoting, 68–69
Charles I ideals of, 48
court and, 40
divine-right, 262n
execution and, 258
Henrietta Maria on happiness and, 131
hereditary-right, 262, 262n
High Court of Justice ordinance trying, 256, 257
meritocracy compared to, 291–292
Parliament attacking, 70–71
Parliament legitimizing, 41
trial of, 257–258
‘two bodies’ theory of, 160
The Lady of Pleasure (Shirley), 85
Lambe, John, 63
Langport, Battle of, 206
Laud, William, 90–91, 98, 104, 117
death of, 199
execution of, 200
impeachment of, 118
lynch mob chasing, 111–112
trial of, 199–200
lawful recreations, Puritans disapproval of, 91
Leicester, Battle of, 201–203, 265
Lely, Peter, 227
Levellers
The Case of the Army Truly Stated published by, 229
Charles I assassination plot of, 231–232
Cromwell and Fairfax, T., concerns with, 231
Cromwell and Fairfax, T., defeating, 235
Parliament goals of, 227
Lindsey, Robert (Earl), 166, 170
Lisle, George, 249
Long Parliament, 115, 188–189
Lostwithiel, Battle of, 193
Louis XIII (King of France), 6, 27–28, 59
death of, 184
Franco-Spanish peace signed by, 53–54
Huguenots surrender and, 66–67
Louis XIV (King of France), 184, 269, 290
loyalty
Charles I and, 60, 227–228
Charles Louis betrayal of family, 228
of Holland, 180–181
New Model Army demands for, 230–231
Lucas, Charles, 249
Luke, Samuel, 203
Lutzen, Battle of, 82
lynch mob, Laud and Strafford chased by, 111–112
Manchester, Edward Montagu (Earl of), 187, 189–191, 195
Presbyterian party and, 196–197
Marches of Wales, Council of the, 119
Margaret of Anjou (Queen), 36, 174
Maria of Spain, infanta, 21–22
Marie de’ Medici, 28, 30, 63–65
appearance of, 100
Counter-Reformation supported by, 98
death of, 137
health and finance problems of, 130
Henrietta Maria final instruction from, 36
Rubens portraits of, 30
welcomed to England, 98–100
Marston Moor, Battle of, 187–188, 190
Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots), 14
Mary Henrietta Stuart (Princess of England, Scotland and Ireland), 87
birth of, 83
death of, 288
marriage consummation of, 131–132
marriage plan for, 118–119, 126–127
William marriage troubles with, 217–218
William wedding to, 128–132
masques, 97, 106, 211
Maurice (Prince of the Rhine), 164
meritocracy, hierarchy compared to, 291–292
‘Milady de Winter,’ 295–296
See also Carlisle, Lucy; The Three Musketeers
miscarriages, of Henrietta Maria, 75, 104
mistresses
of Charles I, 247–251, 289–290
of Charles II, 289
of James (Duke of York), 289
James I concerns with, 14
mixed monarchy, 119–121, 219
Montag
ue, Richard, 51–52
promotion of, 67
Montrose, James Graham (Marquess of), 193–194, 203
Morray, Will, 9
Morris, Mowbray, 204n
de Motteville, Mme, 240–241
Murray, William, 140
Mytens, Daniel, 43, 61
National Covenant, of Scotland, 95
New Model Army
The Agreement of the People debated by, 230
capture of Charles I, 219–221
The Case of the Army Truly Stated reaction of, 229
Charles I escaping, 232–234
Charles I negotiations with, 226–228, 250–252
in civil war, 203–205, 209
crumbling unity of, 229
declaration of, 223
Heads of Proposals of, 224–226, 231
Independent Party allegiance of, 209, 222
Irish and Scots fearing, 228
loyalty pledge demanded by, 230–231
Presbyterian party announcing disbandment of, 220
Presbyterian party driven out of, 222
Royalist women slaughtered by, 205
Scottish army defeated by, in second civil war, 249–250
second civil war uprising against, 238–241
Newbury, Battle of, 192, 195
Newcastle, William Cavendish (Marquess of), 187–188, 190–191
Nicholas, Edward, 178
North, Council of the, 119
Northumberland, Algernon Percy (Earl of), 98, 112, 171, 183, 197, 227
Oglander, John, 235
Order of the Garter, 6, 268
chivalry and values of, 8
tapestries celebrating, 89
Ormonde, James (Marquess), 240, 250–251, 262
Oxford, 177–179
surrender of, 214–215
Palatine, Prince. See Charles Louis
Parliament
Anglo-French war finances voted on by, 61–62
Anglo-Spanish war voted on by, 42
Book of Common Prayer abolished by, 200
Buckingham Remonstrance from, 62–63
Charles I challenges with, 42–43, 47, 109, 119
Charles I dissolving, 47, 53, 70–71, 110
Charles I failed arrest attempts in, 147–149
Charles I friends in, 115
Charles I questioning trial authority of, 261–262
Charles I Remonstrance from, 251
Charles I war with, 163–164
Committee for the Revenue in, 225
Committee of Both Kingdoms in, 197
Council of War in, 195–196
Eleven Years’ Tyranny of rule without, 111
finances of Holland threatened by, 174
financial pressure tactics of, 69–70
Grand Remonstrance against Charles I by, 141–143
Henrietta Maria impeachment accusations of, 176
impeachment in, 19
The King’s Cabinet Opened propaganda of, 206–207
kingship attacked by, 70–71
kingship legitimized through, 41
Levellers goals for, 227
Long, 115, 188–189
mixed monarchy rules for, 119–121, 219
political parties emerging in, 196–197
power within, 41–42
Presbyterian party gains in, 216–217
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