Pax Romana
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Peutinger Table, 357
Phasis, 320
Philip II, King of Macedon, 54
Philip V, King of Macedon, 32, 47–8, 138
Philippi, 302
Philo, 289
Phoenicians, 31, 92
pietas, 45
Pilate, Pontius, 225–7, 239, 255, 262, 266, 306–7, 327
pilum, 37, 314
Pindenissum, 118
piracy, 54, 56, 95, 97, 115, 144, 151–3 see also bandits (and pirates) Piso, Cnaeus Calpurnius, 293, 328
Placentia, 220
Placina, 293
Plautius, Aulus, 181, 190
Plautius Silvanus Aelinaus, Tiberius, 345, 386
Pliny the Elder, 26, 392
Pliny the Younger and Baetica prosecution, 290–1, 294–6
and Christians, 259–60, 304
governor of Bithynia and Pontus, 245–7, 249–51, 253, 255–9, 261–4, 267, 273, 277, 302, 320
and organisation of army, 326–7
ruling on exposed infants, 263, 300–1
Plutarch, 278
Polybius, 22, 26–7, 40, 45–6, 50–2, 56, 90, 122, 143
Pompeii, 220–1
Pompey the Great, 35, 70, 87, 121, 129, 150, 171, 174, 250
loan to Ariobazarnes, 127–8
as governor, 114, 116, 168, 254
and suppression of piracy, 152–3, 237–8
Pomponius, Publius, 380–1
Pontus, 136, 229, 295 see also Bithynia and Pontus province Poppaea, 289
Popular Assemblies, 28–9, 38, 70, 166
Posidonius, 56
Postumus, Emperor, 405–6
praefectus fabrum, 115
praetorian guard, 181, 295, 309, 330
praetors, 34, 38–9, 47
and governorships, 107–8, 116, 133
Prasutagus, 191
priests (haruspices), 114
Procla, 389
Proculus, Emperor, 377
prostitutes, 285, 389
provinces
and civil wars, 156–7
and disarming of populations, 144, 191–1, 208
division into assizes (conventus), 116
embassies to Rome, 140–3
and flourishing of trade, 97–8
imperial administration, 277–89
increase in Roman colonisation, 294–5
living conditions, 298–302
massacres of Roman civilians, 100–5
policing and banditry, 266–75
property and land ownership, 286–7
provincial elites, 295–7
rebellions against Rome, 187–216
resettlement, of enemies, 42
Romans settle in, 98–100
and self-defence, 144–5, 191
status of, 33–4
under Principate, 167–8, 170–1
provincial governors, 38, 53, 74, 78, 107–32, 154–5
and Christians, 259–60
council (concilium), 252
extent of corruption among, 286
and imperial succession, 292–3
instructions (mandata), 110, 247
and moral decline, 149–50
prosecution and punishment of, 289–92
and public building projects, 261–3
restraints on, 145–8
staff (cohort), 113–15
under Principate, 166, 245–7, 249–66
and wives, 254–5
Prusa, 256, 261–2, 270
Prusias II, King of Bithynia, 143, 161
Ptolema, 389
Ptolemies, 32–3, 143–4, 222, 281, 286
Ptolemy VI, 143
Ptolemy VIII, 143
Ptolemy XII, 143
Ptolemy of Alexandria, 357
publicani, 102, 122–5, 129–30, 147, 153–5, 259
Pudens, Servilius, 251
Punic Wars, 31–3, 40, 46–7, 53, 92, 98, 122
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, 31, 55, 57
Quadi, 393
quaestors, 34, 109–10, 113–14
and repetundis courts, 146
raeda carriages, 116, 121
Raetia, 357, 365, 373, 404, 406
raiding, 367–91
rape, 192, 379, 412
Red Sea ports, 281, 271, 377, 381, 387, 392
Regensburg-Harting, 378–9
Remi, 78–80, 82, 84
repetundis courts, 146–8, 289
Res Gestae divi Augusti, 170–1
Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, 51, 358–9
Rhodes, 97, 141, 161–2
Rhône, river, 65, 94
Rhoxolani, 345, 374
Roman army ab epistulis office, 329
ability to adapt, 188
allied soldiers in, 27, 30
appointments and commissions, 326–7, 329
auxilia, 314–15, 318
ban on marriage, 192, 390
capacity for savagery, 50–1
discipline, 51, 163, 318–19
and its enemies, 330–7
hiberna (winter quarters), 313, 343
inadequacy for policing role, 269–70
legionary bases, 361–5
loyalty, 327–9
military treasury, 323
numbers of legions, 51
organisation into legions, 30–1, 314
organisation under Augustus, 170, 175, 192, 309–11, 313, 323, 330, 343
organisation under Principiate, 309–29
pay, 23, 330
permanent legions established, 163
record-keeping, 319–20, 329
renumbering of legions, 38
in service of Republic, 30–1, 34, 37–8, 50–2, 57
soldiers first receive pay, 23
topographic skill, 359–60
veterans’ colonies, 98, 163, 192–4, 282, 294–5
vulnerability, 204–5
Roman history, beginnings of, 21–2
Roman Principate
activity on frontiers, 344–6
attitude to rebellions, 211–12
civil wars, 181, 183, 201, 210–11, 220, 330–1, 340, 374
establishment of, 163, 166–8
late civil wars, 402–3, 405
and limits to expansion, 175, 178–80, 337–42
monarchical nature of, 179
population of empire under, 310
reduction in pace of conquest, 174–5, 178, 184–5, 187
and strategic planning, 358
Roman Republic
acquires new provinces, 31–4
civil wars, 35, 100, 104, 149, 156–7, 161–2, 167–9, 172, 206, 237–8, 254, 349, 403
enfranchisement of Italy, 31, 57, 63
grants of citizenship, 34–5
influx of slaves, 52
last decades, 149–50, 157, 166, 174
military manpower, 57
numbers of citizens, 26
political institutions, 27–8, 46
rebellion of Italian allies, 34
reliance on contractors, 122–3
reluctance to intervene in east, 133–4, 138–9
scale of casualties in wars, 49–50
Senate debates restoration, 179
social tensions, 27
and war-making, 47–57
Rome
arrival of outsiders, 23
building of temples, 45
construction of walls, 25
great fire, 260, 304
persecution of Christians, 260, 304–5
plan of the City, 357
remodelling under Augustus, 167, 172
sack of, 25, 73
vigiles, 264
Romulus and Remus, 21, 23
Russia, 394–5
Ruteni, 76
Rutilius Rufus, Publius, 101, 124, 147
Sabine women, 23
Sacrovir, Julius, 207–9, 296, 311
Saguntum, sack of, 53–5
St Paul, 267, 274, 302–6
Salamis, 126, 131
Sallust, 100
Samaria, 212, 222–3,
228–9, 235
Samaritans, 222, 226–9
Samian pottery, 397
Samnites, 23, 25, 29
Samothrace, 252
Sanhedrin, 305–6
Saône, river, 65–6
Sardinia, 32–4, 47, 221
Sarmatians, 334, 337, 345, 370, 374
Scaevola, Quintus Murcius, 111, 124
scalping, 378
Scaptius, 126–7, 129
Scipio Aemilianus, 46, 50, 55, 90
Scipio Africanus, 98
Scordisci, 134
Scotland, 174, 357, 361, 366, 397–8
Scythopolis, 234
Sebaste, 222, 224, 228, 232–3, 281
Second World War, 3–4, 6, 46
Segesta, 145
Sejanus, 306, 351
Seleucia, 332
Seleucids, 32, 40, 48, 96, 137–9, 331, 333
and revolt of Maccabees, 215, 222
Senate
debates restoration of Republic, 179
and establishment of Principate, 163, 166–70
Gauls introduced into, 295
and governors, 110–11, 113–14, 246–7, 255, 290
princeps’ respect for, 250
prohibition on meeting in darkness, 49
and provincial affairs, 138–40, 143–4, 145–6, 155
responsibility for foreign affairs, 29
and Seleucid invasion of Egypt, 138–9
Senator, Pompaius, 91
Seneca, 192
Senex, Julius, 252, 266
Senones, 81–2
Sepphoris, 241
Septimius Severus, Emperor, 174, 184, 292, 295, 309, 330, 341, 402
Sequani, 66–7, 69–72, 74, 78, 80, 83, 86, 88–9
Servius Alexander, Emperor, 402
sicarii, 235, 238
Sicily, 11, 31–2, 34, 47, 55, 92, 110, 150, 376
builds warships, 144–5
demilitarisation of, 53
and self-defence, 144–5
slave rebellions, 115, 144
Verres’ governorship, 102, 120, 124, 145, 147–8
Silanus, Decimus Junius, 145
Silius, Caius, 398
Silk Road, 392
Silures, 379
Simon ben Elezar, Rabbi, 374
Simon the Cyrenian, 302
Simplicius Genialis, Marcus, 404
Sinope, 262
Sitaes, Scerviaedus, 267
skopeloi, 271
slaves and slavery, 10, 39, 48, 52, 379, 399
freed slaves, 25, 97, 154, 175
household slaves, 153–4
Julius Caesar and, 52
Kopros, 300
public slaves, 260
Roman reliance on slave labour, 287
Roman treatment of, 153–4
runaway slaves, 267, 374
slave rebellions, 115, 144, 153–4
slave trade, 96–7, 151–2
value of slaves, 299–300
Social War, 97, 156
Spartacus, 153
Stanegate road, 357
stationarii, 268
Statius, 329
statues and portraits, of emperors, 280
Strabo, 58, 96, 178–9, 185, 279, 285
Straits of Gibraltar, 41
Successor kingdoms, 54–5, 136
Suebi, 74, 77, 203
Suessiones, 78
Suetonius Paulinus, Caius, 191, 193, 195, 197–8, 203, 205
Sulla, 87, 140, 149
Syrian War, 32
Tacfarinas, revolt of, 311, 347–9, 351–4, 380, 382
Tacitus, 173, 221, 245, 340
and Britain, 284, 290, 292, 412
and ‘desolation called peace’, 2, 13
and disposition of army, 310–11
and German cattle, 200, 370
and German tribes, 370, 373, 387, 395, 397
and Piso’s treachery, 293, 328
praises Agricola, 318, 359
and provincial rebellions, 190, 194, 197, 201, 203, 208–9, 212
and revival of decimation, 349
and revolt of Tacfarinas, 347–8, 354
and tribal armies, 334–6
Táin Bó Cuailnge, 367–8
Talmudic texts, 240, 242, 374, 376
Tarentum, 23, 31, 55
Tarshish, 92
Tarsus, 107, 157
Taurisci, 90
taxation, 199–200, 207, 246, 259, 278–9, 284–6, 348
Temple of Janus, 169
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 209
Temple of Mars Ultor, 170–1, 339
Temple of the Divine Claudius, 192, 194
Tencteri, 387
tent-companions (contubernales), 115
Teuta, Queen of Illyria, 95, 104
Teutones, 73, 134, 156
Thebes, sack of, 55
Thermus, Minucius, 125
Thessalonica, 151
Theudas (false prophet), 227
Thrace, rebellion in, 201
Thracian tribes, 134, 151
Tiberius, Emperor, 170, 178, 185, 224, 227, 238–9, 255, 398, 401
and army’s loyalty, 328–9
Augustus’ advice to, 173, 175
compared with Augustus, 180–1
and German revolt, 199, 201
and imperial administration, 286, 289
and limits to expansion, 180, 339
rebellions under, 207–11
retires to Capri, 180
and revolt of Tacfarinas, 351, 353–4
and Sejanus’ rebellion, 306
suppression of druidic religion, 193
Tiberius Alexander, 296
Tiro (Cicero’s secretary), 115
Titus, Emperor, 181–2
Tivoli, 351
Togidubnus, 190, 197
Togodumnus, 189
traders, 88–100
Carthaginian, 92–3
Trajan, Emperor, 174, 182–4, 214, 239, 281
annexation of Arabia, 341
attitude to Christians, 259–60, 304
bridge across the Danube, 355
and Pliny’s governorship, 245–7, 249–50, 253, 256–9, 261–5, 277
Spanish origins, 295
Tralles, 101
transport, long-distance, 288–9, 300
travellers, dangers to, 118, 170, 238, 268, 270, 272–4, 366, 377–8
Treveri, 81–2, 207–8
tribal armies, 334–7
tribuni aerarii, 146
Trinovantes, 188–90, 192, 197
triumphs, 28, 48–9, 53, 166
ornamenta triumphalia, 166
Trocmi, 283
Troy, siege of, 23
Tueta, Queen of Illyria, 95
Tyre, 234
Ulpian, 266
Vaccaei, 48, 59
Vaga, 95, 100
Vagiones, 380
Valerian, Emperor, 402
Varro, 301
Varus, Publius Quinctilius, 173, 198–206, 212
Vectis, island of, 188
Vedius, Publius, 121–2
Veii, siege of, 23
Velleius Paterculus, 185, 200, 239, 336
Veneti, 89
Ventidius, 332
Vercingetorix, 83–4, 198, 203, 206
Verica, King, 188
Verres, Caius, 102, 120, 125, 147–8, 291
Verulamium, 194, 197
Vesontio, 74, 77, 88
Vespasian, Emperor, 181–2, 188, 213, 265, 279–80, 292, 340, 345
Via Egnatia, 134, 151
Victor, Cassius, 377
Viennensis, 220
Vietnam War, 46
vigiles, 264
Vikings, 371–2, 386
villas, Roman, 298–9
Vindolanda, 362, 365
Vindolanda tablets, 342, 361, 366
Virgil, 13, 170, 172
Viriathus, 60–1
Vitellius, Emperor, 181, 209–10
viticulture, spread of, 287
Vologases I, King of Parthia, 339–41
Volsci, 23
Waldgrimes, 199
walls, towns and cities acquire, 404
Wellington, Duke of, 359
Western Empire, fall of, 406–7
wine, trade in, 65–6, 88–9, 93–4, 287, 391, 396
Wounded Knee, battle of, 43
Xanthus, 161
Zama, battle of, 32
Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, 406