The Mystery of Capital
Page 22
10. Gunnar Heinsohn and Otto Steiger, “The Property Theory of Interest and Money,” unpublished manuscript, second draft, October 1998, p. 22.
11. Ibid., p. 43.
12. Ibid., p. 38.
13. Tom Bethell, The Noblest Triumph (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), p. 9.
14. Fernand Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), p. 248.
CHAPTER 4
1. “Survey the Internet,” Economist, July 1, 1995, pp. 4–5.
2. Jeb Blount, “Latin Trade,” News Finance, January 20, 1997.
3. Tony Emerson and Michael Laris, “Migration,” Newsweek, December 4 1995.
4. Henry Boldrick, “Reaching Turkey’s Spontaneous Settlements,” World Bank Policy, April–June 1996.
5. “Solving the Squatter Problem,” Business World, May 10, 1995.
6. Newsweek, March 23, 1998.
7. Economist, June 6, 1998.
8. Manal El-Batran and Ahmed El-Kholei, Gender and Rehousing in Egypt (Cairo: Royal Netherlands Embassy, 1996), p. 24.
9. Gerard Barthelemy, “L’extension des lotissements sauvages à usage populaire en milieu urbain ou Paysans, Villes et Bidonvilles en Haiti: Aperçus et reflexions,” June 1996, Port-au-Prince, offprint, June 1996.
10. Blount, “Latin Trade.”
11. Leonard J. Rolfes, Jr., “The Struggle for Private Land Rights in Russia,” Economic Reform Today, No. 1, 1996.
12. Official journal of the National Geographic Society (Millennium in Maps), No. 4., October 1998.
13. Donald Stewart, AIPE, December 1997.
14. Matt Moffett, “The Amazon Jungle Had an Eager Buyer, but Was It for Sale?” Wall Street Journal, January 30, 1997.
15. Simon Fass, Political Economy in Haiti: The Drama of Survival (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1988), pp. xxiv–xxv.
16. Ahmed M. Soliman, “Legitimizing Informal Housing: Accommodating Low-Income Groups in Alexandria, Egypt,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 8, No. 1 (April 1996), pp. 190–191.
17. Reuters, Financial Review, May 11, 1992, p. 45.
18. Mavery Zarembo, Newsweek, July 7, 1997.
19. Economist, March 5, 1994.
20. Economist, May 6, 1995.
21. “Terrenos de Gamarra valen tres veces más que en el centro de Lima,” El Comercio, April 25, 1995.
22. Jan De Vries, Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); D. C. Coleman, Revisions in Mercantilism (London: Methuen, 1969); J. H. Clapham, The Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963); Eli Heckscher, Mercantilism, ed. E. F. Soderland (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1934).
23. Joseph Reid, Respuestas al primer cuestionario del ILD (Lima: Meca, 1985).
24. D. C. Coleman, The Economy of England, 1450–1750 (London: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 18–19.
25. Ibid., pp. 58–59.
26. Heckscher, Mercantilism, Vol. 1, p. 323.
27. Ibid., p. 241.
28. Robert B. Ekelund, Jr., and Robert Tollison, Mercantilism as a Rent-Seeking Society (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1981), Chapter 1.
29. Heckscher, Mercantilism, Vol. 1, pp. 239–244.
30. Coleman, The Economy of England, p. 74.
31. Heckscher, Mercantilism, Vol. 1, p. 244.
32. Clapham, Economic Development of France and Germany, pp. 323–325.
33. Joseph Reid responds to the second questionnaire submitted by the Institute of Liberty and Democracy. Typewritten memoranda, ILD Library, 1985; Heckscher, Mercantilism, Vol. 1, pp. 247, 251.
34. Charles Wilson, Mercantilism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963), p. 27.
35. Coleman, The Economy of England, p. 105.
CHAPTER 5
1. Francis S. Philbrick, “Changing Conceptions of Property Law,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 86, May 1938, p. 691.
2. Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction (New York, 1986), p. 5.
3. Peter Charles Hoffer, Law and People in Colonial America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 1–2.
4. Ibid., p. xii.
5. David Thomas Konig, “Community Custom and the Common Law: Social Change and the Development of Land Law in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts,” in Land Law and Real Property in American History: Major Historical Interpretations, ed. Kermit Hall (New York: Garland Publishing, 1987), p. 339.
6. Ibid., pp. 319–320.
7. Ibid., p. 320.
8. Ibid., p. 323.
9. Ibid., p. 324.
10. Ibid., p. 349.
11. Hoffer, Law and People in Colonial America, p. 15.
12. Amelia C. Ford, Colonial Precedents of Our National Land System as It Existed in 1800 (Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1910), pp. 112–113.
13. Ibid., p. 114.
14. Konig, “Community Custom,” p. 325.
15. Ibid., p. 325.
16. Aaron Morton Sokolski, Land Tenure and Land Taxation in America (New York: Schalkenbach Foundation, 1957), p. 191.
17. Ibid.
18. Henry W. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment of the Actual Settler in the Primary Disposition of the Vacant Lands in the United States to 1841, Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1933, p. 23.
19. Ibid.
20. Ford, Colonial Precedents, p. 103.
21. Ibid.
22. Ford, Colonial Precedents, pp. 89–90.
23. Ibid., p. 126.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., p. 128.
26. Ibid., p. 129.
27. Ibid., p. 130.
28. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, pp. 40–41.
29. Quoted in Stanley Lebergott, “‘O’ Pioneers’: Land Speculation and the Growth of the Midwest,” in Essays on the Economy of the Old Northwest, ed. David C. Klingman and Richard K. Vedder (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987), p. 39.
30. Ford, Colonial Precedents, p. 119.
31. Sokolski, Land Tenure, p. 192.
32. Ibid., p. 193.
33. Ibid.
34. Quoted in Donald J. Pisani, Water, Land, and Law in the West: The Limits of Policy, 1850-1920 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 51.
35. Sokolski, Land Tenure, pp. 193–194.
36. Lebergott, “O’ Pioneers,” pp. 39–40.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., p. 40.
39. Act XXXIII, March 1642, The Statutes at Large, Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia from the First Session of the Legislature, ed. William Henning (New York, 1823), p. 134.
40. Richard E. Messick, “A History of Preemption Laws in the United States,” draft prepared for ILD, p. 7.
41. Ford, Colonial Precedents, p. 124.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., p. 132.
44. Ibid., p. 134.
45. An Act for Adjusting and Settling the Titles of Claimers to Unpatented Land Under the Present and Former Government, Previous to the Establishment of the Commonwealth’s Land Office, The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, ed. William Hening (Richmond, 1822), p. 40.
46. Douglas W. Allen, “Homesteading and Property Rights; or, ‘How the West Was Really Won,” Journal of Law and Economics 34 (April 1991), p. 6.
47. Richard Current et al., eds., American History: A Survey, 7th ed. (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 149.
48. Terry L. Anderson, “The First Privatization Movement,” in Essays on the Economy of the Old Northwest, ed. David C. Klingman and Richard K. Vedder (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987), p. 63.
49. Current, American History, p. 150.
50. Roy M. Robbins, “Preemption: A Frontier Triumph,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 18, December 1931, pp. 333–334.
51. Ibid.
52. Ford, Colonial Precedents, p. 117.
53. Lebergott, “O’ Pioneers,” p. 40.
54. Ibid.
&nb
sp; 55. Messick, “A History of Preemption,” p. 9.
56. Quoted in Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, pp. 91–92.
57. Messick, “A History of Preemption,” p. 10.
58. Act of May 18, 1796, Public and General Statutes Passed by the Congress of the United States of America: 1789 to 1827 Inclusive, ed. Joseph Story (Boston, 1828).
59. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, p. 118.
60. Quoted in ibid., p. 125.
61. Patricial Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York: Norton, 1987), p. 59.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 140.
64. Lebergott, “O’ Pioneers,” p. 44.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Richard E, Messick, “Rights to Land and American Economic Development,” draft prepared for the Institute of Liberty and Democracy, p. 44.
68. Richard White, It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 146.
69. Ibid.
70. Edward Farrell, Personal Communication.
71. Stephen Schwartz, From West to East (New York: Free Press, 1998), pp. 105–110.
72. Quoted in Lebergott, “O’ Pioneers,” p. 40.
73. Quoted in Anderson, “The First Privatization Movement,” p. 63.
74. Paul W. Gates, Landlords and Tenants on the Prairie Frontier (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 13.
75. Ibid., p. 16.
76. Quoted in ibid.
77. Quoted in Gates, Landlords and Tenants, p. 24.
78. Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 2nd ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), pp. 241–242.
79. Quoted in Friedman, A History of American Law, p. 242.
80. Ibid.
81. G. Edward White, The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading Judges (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 48.
82. Quoted in Ford, Colonial Precedents, p. 129 (my emphasis).
83. Gates, Landlords and Tenants, p. 27.
84. Green v. Biddle, 8 Wheaton 1 (1823).
85. Ibid., p. 33.
86. Ibid., p. 66.
87. Gates, Landlord and Tenants, p. 37.
88. Current, American History, p. 149.
89. Quoted in ibid., p. 31.
90. Quoted in ibid.
91. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, p. 265.
92. Gates, Landlord and Tenants, p. 33.
93. Bodley v. Gaither, 19 Kentucky Reports 57, 58 (1825).
94. M’Kinney v. Carrol, 21 Kentucky Reports 96, 97 (1827).
95. White, It’s Your Misfortune, p. 139.
96. Gates, Landlords and Tenants, p. 46; Congressional Record, 43 Congress, I Session, 1603 (February 18, 1874).
97. Pisani, Water, Land, and Law, p. 63.
98. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, p. 154.
99. Gates, Landlords and Tenants, p. 44.
100. Paul W. Gates, “California’s Embattled Settlers,” The California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 41, June 1962, p. 115.
101. Messick, “A History of Preemption,” p. 17.
102. Quoted in ibid.
103. Ibid., p. 19.
104. Act of May 29, 1830, Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, Vol. 4 (Boston, 1846).
105. Act of September 4, 1841, Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, Vol. 5 (Boston: Little and Brown, 1856).
106. Messick, “A History of Preemption,” p. 26.
107. Pisani, Water, Land, and Law, p. 69.
108. Allan G. Bogue, “The Iowa Claims Clubs: Symbol and Substance,” in The Public Lands: Studies in the History of the Public Domain, ed. Vernon Carstensen (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963), p. 47.
109. Pisani, Water, Land, and Law, p. 53.
110. Ibid., p. 63.
111. Bogue, “The Iowa Claim Clubs,” p. 51.
112. Ibid., p. 50.
113. Quoted in ibid., p. 52.
114. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, p. 276.
115. Bogue, “The Iowa Claim Clubs,” p. 54.
116. White, It’s Your Misfortune, p. 141.
117. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, p. 280.
118. Terry Anderson and P. J. Hill, “An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild West,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 3 (1979), p. 15.
119. Ibid.
120. Bogue, “The Iowa Claim Clubs,” p. 50.
121. Ibid., p. 51.
122. Quoted in ibid., p. 54.
123. White, It’s Your Misfortune, p. 141.
124. Bogue, “The Iowa Claim Clubs,” p. 55.
125. Tatter, The Preferential Treatment, p. 273.
126. Ibid., p. 287.
127. John Q. Lacy, “Historical Overview of the Mining Law: The Miner’s Law Becomes Law,” in The Mining Law of 1872 (Washington, D.C.: National Legal Center for the Public Interest, 1984), p. 17.
128. Robert W. Swenson, “Sources and Evolution of American Mining Law,” in The American Law of Mining, ed. Matthew Bender (New York: Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, 1960), p. 19.
129. Gates, “California’s Embattled Settlers,” p. 100.
130. Harold Krent, “Spontaneous Popular Sovereignty in the United States,” draft prepared for the Institute of Liberty and Democracy, p. 2.
131. Pisani, Water, Land, and Law, p. 52.
132. Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, p. 65; also see White, It’s Your Misfortune, p. 147.
133. Pisani, Water, Land, and Law, p. 69.
134. Ibid.
135. Gates, “California’s Embattled Settlers,” p. 100.
136. Ibid., pp. 22–26.
137. Lacy, “Historical Overview of the Mining Law,” p. 26.
138. Quoted in Charles Howard Shinn, Mining Camps: A Study in American Frontier Government (New York: Knopf, 1948), p. 107.
139. Gore v. McBreyer, 18 Cal. 582 (1861), quoted in ibid., p. 22.
140. Ibid., p. 21.
141. Ibid., pp. 24–25.
142. Quoted in ibid., p. 24.
143. Ibid., p. 29.
144. Ibid., p. 30.
145. Ibid.
146. Krent, “Spontaneous Popular Sovereignty in the United States,” draft prepared for the Institute of Liberty and Democracy, p. 3.
147. Lacy, “Historical Overview of the Mining Law,” p. 35.
148. 14 Stat. 252 (1866).
149. Swenson, “Sources and Evolution,” p. 37.
150. Lacy, “Historical Overview of the Mining Law,” p. 36.
151. Quoted in Krent, “Spontaneous Popular Sovereignty,” p. 3.
152. Lacy, “Historical Overview of the Mining Law,” pp. 37–38; 17 Stat. 91, 30 U.S.C. §§ 22–42.
153. Jennison v. Kirk, 98 U.S. 240, 243 (1878).
154. Swenson, “Sources and Evolution,” p. 27.
155. Messick, “Rights to Land and American Development,” p. 45.
156. White, It’s Your Misfortune, p. 143.
157. Ibid., p. 145.
158. Gordon S. Wood, “Inventing American Capitalism,” New York Review of Books, June 9, 1994, p. 49.
159. White, It’s Your Misfortune, p. 270.
160. White, The American Judicial Tradition, pp. 48–49.
161. Philbrick, “Changing Conceptions of Property Law,” p. 694.
CHAPTER 6
1. C. Reinold Noyes, The Institution of Property (New York: Longman’s Green, 1936), pp. 2 and 13.
2. For a very lucid and current discussion on this subject, see William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner, “Adjudication as a Private Good,” Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 8, March 1979, pp. 235–284.
3. Noyes, The Institution of Poverty, p. 20.
4. John C. Payne, “In Search of Title,” Part 1, Alabama Law Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1961), p. 17.
5. Andrzej Rapaczynski, “The Roles of the State and the Market in Establishing Property Rights,” Jou
rnal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Spring 1996), p. 88.
6. See Robert C. Ellickson, Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991) for a most interesting discussion of how extralegal regulation governs property relationships in the United States.
7. See Richard A. Posner, “Hegel and Employment at Will: A Comment,” Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 10, March–April 1989.
8. Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 555–556.
9. Ibid., p. 557.
10. Robert Cooter and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics: An Economic Theory of Property (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997), p. 79.
11. Margaret Gruter, Law and the Mind (London: Sage, 1991), p. 62.
12. Bruce L. Benson, The Enterprise of Law (San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1990), p. 2.
13. For an account of how informal organizations try to graduate into the formal sector see Hernando de Soto, The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), especially Chapters 1–4.
14. Bruno Leoni, Freedom and the Law (Los Angeles: Nash, 1972), pp. 10–11.
15. See Robert Sugden, “Spontaneous Order,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Fall 1989), especially pages 93 and 94. Also see F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Vols. 1–3 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973).
16. Payne, “In Search of Title,” p. 20.
17. See John P. Powelson, The Story of Land, (Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1988).
18. Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), p. 112.
19. Samar K. Datta and Jeffery B. Nugent, “Adversary Activities and Per Capita Income Growth,” World Development, Vol. 14, No. 12 (1986), p. 1458.
20. S. Rowton Simpson, Land, Law, and Registration (London: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 170.
21. Peter Stein, Legal Evolution: The Story of an Idea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 53.
22. Ibid., p. 55.
23. Lynn Holstein, “Review of Bank Experience with Land Titling and Registration,” working papers, March 1993, p. 9.
24. J. D. McLaughlin and S. E. Nichols, “Resource Management: The Land Administration and Cadastral Systems Component,” Surveying and Mapping, Vol. 49, No. 2 (1989), p. 84.
CHAPTER 7