Violencia
Page 31
Denia, taifa kingdom 130
Los desastres de la guerra (Goya) 285
desde los moros (‘since the Moors’) 50–1
Despeñaperros gorge 21
Díaz, Jimena 141
Díaz, Rodrigo (El Cid) 140–4
Dioscorides 114, 115, 166
The Disaster (El Desastre 1898) 87, 316–18
dissection of humans 110
DNA 27, 28–9, 30
Don Quixote (Cervantes) 249–53, 285–6
Doñana National Park 42
Drake, Francis (el pirata Drake) 237
Durruti, Buenaventura 358
Dutch Revolt (1568—1648) 237
E
Ebro river 22
economic crash (2008) 391–2
El Algar culture 26–7
El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz) 140–4
elections (1936) 339–40, 342
electoral system 384–5
Emir al-Mu’minin (Miramamolín) 250
‘Emperor of the two religions’ (Alfonso VI) 167
empires 199
encyclopedias 72–3
England 236, 270, 272
Enrique IV 181, 184–5
ensaladilla nacional 218
ensaladilla rusa 218
Entremeses (Cervantes) 210
Ephorus of Cyme 42
epidural anaesthetics 111
El Escorial royal monastery 241–2
Eslava Galán, Juan 386
‘España’ 51
Estoria de España 170
Estrella, Max 321
ETA 377, 379, 396n5, 397
Etymologiae (Isidore of Seville) 72–5
Eulogius 104, 106
European Protestant states 236
European religious wars 229–30
European Union 382
excommunication 59n1
executions 203–4, 367–8
F
Falangist party 339, 342, 350
falcata swords 52
Falconer, Hugh 25
‘false’ conversos 189–90
al-faris (knight) 138
FC Barcelona 395
federalism 307
Felipe VI 385, 388, 389
Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (Ferdinand and Isabella)
‘Alhambra Decree’ (1492) 190–1
heirs to single monarchy 225–7
los Reyes Católicos 198
making Spain possible 197
marriage 184–7, 197–8
Ferdinand King of León 73
Fernando III of Castile 179, 205
Fernando VII 282, 286, 290–4, 299
Ferrer, Francisco 320
Ferrer, ‘Saint’ Vicente 189
‘fifth column’ 255
First Carlist War 296, 297–8
First World War 320
Fitna civil wars (1008—1031) 118–19, 123
Fitna civil wars (1808—1874) 278–9
Five Kingdoms (los cinco reinos) 50, 180
Flint, Edmund 25
food 100, 212–19
Forbes’ Quarry 25
forced conversions 254–5
Fraga, Manuel 376n3
France 280–1, 293, 347, 351
Francisco, Duke of Cadiz (‘Doña Paquita’) 300
Francisco Franco Foundation 393
Franco, Francisco
Army of Africa 94n1, 352
‘Caudillo’ 367
craftiness as dictator 368–9
death (1975) 379
descendants’ wealth 393–4
as El Cid 373
Generalísimo 362–3
ideology 373
mausoleum 382–3, 394
meeting Hitler 369, 370–1
October Revolution (1934) 338
as an opportunist 374
rebellion (1936) 342–3, 348
scripting La Raza (film) 375
as ‘Sentinel of the West’ 372
Spanish Foreign Legion 325, 339
successor 379–80
ties with royal family 373
verifying death sentences 367–8
Francoism 373
Francoists 362
freedom of worship 288
Freemasons 374
French Revolution 280–1
futuwwa (horsemanship and chivalry) 138
G
Gabirol, Ben 247
Galicians 368
Gallaecia (Galicia) 50
Garcia, Benito 190
García Lorca, Federico 336, 341–2
Gárgoris (mythological king of Tartessos) 41, 43
garrotting 368
garum (fish sauce) 212
Generación del ‘98 317–18, 321
Generalísimo see Franco, Francisco
generals as ‘saviours of the nation’ 387
geography 19–23
Georgia 40
Gerard of Cremona 168–9, 170
Gerion (mythological king of Tartessos) 43
Germana de Foix 227
Germanías movement 228
Gibraltar (Calpe) 24–5, 44, 93–4
Gil-Robles, José María (el jefe) 336–7, 339
Gilson, Etienne 161
Gnosticism 59
Godoy, Manuel 281–2
Gómez de Sandoval, Francisco, Duke of Lerma 261
Gothic DNA 29
Goya, Francisco de 285–6, 321
gramatica de la lengua castellana (Antonio of Lebrija) 198–200
el Gran Memorial (1624) 262
Granada 50
conquest (1492) 125–6, 182, 186–7
independent state 183
kingdom of 180
massacre of Jews (1066) 205
as a taifa 130–1
grapes 212
Gratian, emperor 60
Great Mosque, Cordoba 115, 117, 150
Guadalquivir river 22, 53, 213
Guadix 158
Guernica 357
Guernica (Picasso) 286
guerrilla wars 284, 285, 286
guiri 297n1
Guzmán, Gaspar de, Count–Duke of Olivares 263
Gypsies 30
H
Hábis (mythological king of Tartessos) 41, 43
Habsburgs 227–8, 229, 264, 269, 270
haemophilia 109
Al-Hakam 99
Al-Hakam II 112, 117
Hallstatt peoples (Celts) 27
hand paintings 37
Hannibal 52
Hayy bin Yaqzan (Ibn Tufayl) 159–60, 246
healthcare programmes 110
Hebrew culture 130–1 see also Jews
hedonism 132
Henri of Navarre 236
Heracles/Hercules 43–4, 45, 96
Heredia, Basque Country 297
hereditary monarchy 306
heresy 58–9, 60, 61
Las heridas abiertas de la Guerra Civil (‘The Open Wounds of the Civil War’) 391
Hernando de Talavera 199
Hessel, Stéphane 392
Hisham II 117
Hisham III 119
Hispania 49–51 see also Romans
Hispania baetica (Andalusia) 50
Hispania lusitania (Portugal) 50
Hispania tarraconensis (Tarragona) 49–50
‘historical memory’ movement 390–1
Hitler 351, 359–60, 368–9
Holland 237, 270, 272
Homage to Catalonia (Orwell) 123n1, 356
hominids 33–4
Homo antecessor 34
Homo Calpicus 25
Homo heidelbergensis 34–5
Homo Neanderthalis 25
House of Hercules (Toledo) 78
House of Wisdom (Baghdad) 114
Huerta 214
I
‘Iberia’ 28
Ibn Arabi (Sheikh al-Akbar) 246–7
Ibn Hazm 140
Ibn Juljul 114
Ibn Masarra 245–6
Ibn Naghrela, Samuel 130–1
Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid Muhammad see Averroes (Ibn Rus
hd)
Ibn Saba’in of Ceuta 163
Ibn Shaprut, Hasday 114
Ibn Tufayl, Abu Bakr Muhammad (‘Abentofail’) 158–9, 246
Ibn Tumart 155
Ibn Zuhr, Abu Marwan 109–10
Al-Idrisi (geographer) 86, 194
Ikhwan al-Safa (Brethren of Sincerity) 163
illiteracy 210
ills of Spain 368
Illuminado mystics 208
independence movements 292
Indignez-vous (Hessel) 392
industrialisation 302
Infanta Cristina (Cristina de Borbón) 389
Instantius, bishop 60, 61
intellectual foundations of the West 172
International Brigades 352
Interpreter of Desires (Ibn Arabi) 246
Iran 124
‘Iraq’ 91
irrigation 213
Irving, Washington 87
Isaac (Martyr) 103–4, 106, 107
Isabel de Valois 241
Isabeline prisoners 297
Isabella I of Castile see Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (Ferdinand and Isabella)
Isabella II of Spain 293–4, 295, 299–303, 305
Isidore of Seville 72–5
Islam
assimilation of Spain 88
Christians and Jews adopting customs 105–6
integration and conversion 124–5
military expansion 89–90
naming conquests 90–2
‘island of goats’ 194
Ithacius of Ossonuba 60–1
J
Jabal Tariq (Gibraltar) 94
Jaime I of Aragon 179
Jardí Botànic 110
Jenner, Edward 110
‘Jesús’ as a first name 218n2
Jewish ‘problem’ 192
Jews
Al-Andalus 102–3, 105
Almoravid persecutions 154, 205
Belmonte, Portugal 206n1
conversos (‘new Christians’) 189
cultural collaboration 171
DNA 30
doctors 101
El Cid borrowing from 143–4
expulsion (1492) 188, 190–2
financing Columbus’ voyages 195
financing Ferdinand and Isabella’s wedding 184
Golden Age of culture 130–1
hostility in Europe 188–9
and the Inquisition 203–4
massacre in Granada (1066) 205
migration to Spain 29
mystical school 247
pogroms 188–9, 205
Sephardim 29, 191
translators 172
Visigothic kingdom collapse 76
Visigothic persecution 67–8, 70–1, 204–5
jinete (horseman) 138n1
jizya (tax) 103
John of the Cross 247
jornaleros (day workers) 302, 332
José I (Joseph Bonaparte) 282, 286, 289
Juan Carlos el Breve 380
Juan Carlos I 380, 381–2, 385–7, 388–9, 398
Juan II of Aragon 185
Juan, Infante, Count of Barcelona 373–4, 380
Juan of Austria 255
Juan, Prince of Asturias 225
Juana of Castile (Juana la Loca) 226
Julian, governor of Ceuta 78–9
K
Kabbala movement 247
Kalila and Dimna (Panchatantra) 172
Khashkhash (sailor) 193
Al-Khwarizmi (mathematician) 170
King Solomon’s Table 94–5
Kitab al-Tasrif (al-Zahrawi) 108–9
L
La Guardia, Toledo 190
La Mancha 249
‘Ladino’ 191
lamb 217
Land without Bread (Buñuel) 332–3
landalauhts (Al-Andalus) 91
Lapidario 172
Largo Caballero, Francisco 321
Las Casas, Bartolomé de 231–3
Latin American colonies 292
Latin-based languages 50
Latin Rite 147–8
‘leftovers’(al-baqiyya) 215
Lennon, John 376n2
León 50, 180
Lerma, Duke of (Francisco Gómez de Sandoval) 261
Letitia, Queen 389
‘liberal’ 284, 288
liberals 293, 295, 301
libertarians 356
libraries 115, 118
Life is a Dream (de la Barca) 251
longevity rates 213
Los Millares city and culture 26
lower classes 207, 302–3
Lubna of Cordoba 115
Luna, Miguel de 257
luso (Portuguese) 50
Lytta vesicatoria (Spanish Fly) 227
M
Madariaga, Salvador de 67, 68
Madrid
as capital city 235, 239–43
direct rule of Catalonia 396
rebellion (1808) 284
republican 350
Spanish Civil War 357–8, 360
supplying 242
‘Al-Maghreb’ (Morocco) 90
Magnus Maximus (governor of Britain) 60–1
Maimonides (Jewish philosopher) 205
Al-Majisti (Almagest) (Ptolemy) 169
Manichaeism 59, 60
Al-Mansur (‘Almanzor’) 117, 145
Margaret of Austria 225, 226n1
María Antonia of Naples 290
María Cristina of Austria 316
Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies 299
María Josefa Amalia of Saxony 293
Martínez Campos, Arsenio 309
Maryam of Seville 115
mass aerial bombardment 357
mass graves 390
mass rapes 361
massacres 361
Al-Masudi (historian) 193
Mathematika Syntaxis (Ptolemy) 169
Mauretania 85
medicine 108–11
Medina Azahara, Cordoba 116
Medinat al-Zahira 117
Mediterranean diet 213
Melilla (African exclave) 31
‘Men from the East’
Abd al-Rahman 96–7
Bronze Age cultures 27
Carlos III 276
Dioscorides 114
House of Hercules (Toledo) 78
James the Apostle 12, 402
mythological founders 39–45
Romans 29
Ziryab 98
Menendez Pidal, Ramón 67
Las Meninas (Velázquez) 251–3
Mérida 51
merino wool 171
La Mesta (Royal Council) 171
metalworking 40
migrations 24, 29, 30–1
Mihrab (Great Mosque, Cordoba) 150
military coups see coups (pronunciamientos)
military ranks 137
‘military rebellions’ 367
militia groups 350–1
Miramamolín (Emir al-Mu’minin) 250
mirrors 321–2
moderate Republicans 355
molino (‘mill’) 250
‘Moorish’ (mauri) 85–6
Moorish Spain see also Al-Andalus
after 1492 254
awareness of period 86–7
crop cultivation 213
cultural make-up 85–6
DNA 30
‘Golden Age’ 112–13
non-persecuting society 104
reaction to 87–8
taifas 128–9, 148
Moors
attitudes towards Christians 135–6
conquest of Spain 95
as ‘foreign’ 88, 124
invasion (711) 76
meaning 30
sailing technology 195
Spanish Civil War 368
Moriscos
culture under attack 254–5
expelling (1609) 30, 257–9, 261
revolt (1568) 255–6
Moroccan Regulares 361
Morocco
Berbers 153
massacre at Annual (1921) 321
rebellion 1920—1927 (Rif War) 319–20, 324–5
‘Tragic Week’ (1909) 320
Morris Dancing 181n1
Moses ben Joshua of Narbonne 160
Moses of León 247
mountains 20–1
el Movimiento (‘the Movement’) 362
Mozarabic Rite 147
‘Mozarabs’ 104–5
Muhammad V 184
municipal elections (1931) 326–7, 331
murabits (Berber monasteries) 153
Al-Murabitun (warrior monks) see Almoravids
murders (sacas) 350, 354
Musa bin Nusayr 94–5
musicians 99
Muslims 29–30, 171
Mussolini 351, 359–60
Al-Mu’taman (ruler of Zaragoza) 142
Al-Mu’tamid (poet and king of Seville) 131–2, 153–4
mutilations 361
al-Muwahhidun see ‘Almohads’
‘mystic idealism’ 245
mysticism 244–9
mythological foundations 39–45
N
Napoleon Bonaparte 281–2
Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 180, 183–4, 183
national anthem 275
national flag (Rojigualda) 274
national identity 329
national story 253
‘Nationalists’ (rebels) 350, 357, 359, 361–2
see also Spanish Civil War
NATO 382
Navarre 50, 146–7, 180, 186, 296–7
Nazi Germany 336, 347–8, 370
Nazi–Soviet Pact (1936) 348
Neanderthals 24–5, 34
Neolithic period 25–6
neurosurgical methods 109
new myths 400
New World 30, 196, 231–3
nineteenth century civil wars 278–9
Normans 146n1, 149, 168
Nueva Planta (1716) 272
Numantia (Numancia) 54–7
numerical mysticism 59
O
‘Occidentalist’ theory 27
Occupy movements 392, 400
Ockley, Simon 160
October Revolution (1934) 337–8
O’Donnell, Leopoldo, Duke of Tetuán 300, 301
Olite, Navarre 69
Olivares, Count–Duke of (Gaspar de Guzmán) 262
olives 212, 216
Olózaga, Salustiano 300
Opus Dei 375
Order of Santiago 149
organised persecutions 167–8
‘Orientalists’ theory 27
Ortega y Gasset, José 209
Orwell, George 123n1, 356
Ottoman Empire 191
Out of Africa I migrations 34
Oviedo 106
P
‘pact of forgetting’ 3, 4, 57, 86–7, 390
paella 214–16
la paella valenciana 214–15
Pagés, Fidel 111
Palacios, Jesús 386
Palaeolithic cave paintings 36–7
Pavía, Manuel 308
peasants 332–3
Pedro ‘the Cruel’ 180–1, 184
Pellicer de Ossau, Juan 42
Peninsular War (War of Independence) 280, 283–7
La Pepa (Constitution of Cádiz 1812) 287–9, 291, 293
per-capita income 376
persecuting movements 204
personal hygiene 101
Philip II 234–6, 240–1
Philip III 260–1