The New Silk Roads
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47. Xinhua, “Full text of President Xi Jinping’s speech at opening of Belt and Road forum,” 14 May 2017.
48. Department of Transport, UK, “£20 million Leeds station entrance opens up access to city’s development,” 4 January 2016.
49. Archbishop of Canterbury, “An address to the Assembly of the Conference of European Churches,” Novi Sad, Serbia, 3 June 2018.
50. European Council, “Remarks by President Donald Tusk before the G7 summit in Ise-Shima, Japan,” 26 May 2016.
51. Theresa Fallon, “The EU, the South China Sea, and China’s successful wedge strategy,” Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 13 October 2016.
52. Prime Minister of Hungary, “Viktor Orbán’s speech at the conference ‘China-CEE Political Parties Dialogue,’ ” 8 October 2016.
53. Macedonian Information Agency, “EU failure in Balkans is a call to China and Russia, President Ivanov tells UK’s Telegraph,” 5 November 2017.
54. Mark Galeotti, “Do the Western Balkans face a coming Russian storm?,” European Council on Foreign Relations, 4 April 2018.
55. Ryan Heath and Andrew Gray, “Beware Chinese Trojan horses in the Balkans, EU warns,” Politico, 27 July 2018.
56. Lucrezia Poggetti, “One China—One Europe? German Foreign Minister’s Remarks Irk Beijing,” The Diplomat, 9 September 2017.
57. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference,” 31 August 2017.
58. Federal Foreign Office of Germany, “Speech by Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel at the Munich Security Conference,” 17 February 2018.
59. Federal Foreign Office of Germany, “Speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs, Heiko Maas at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies in Tokyo, Japan,” 25 July 2018.
60. Associated Press, “Chinese premier praises EU, says free trade must be upheld,” 7 July 2018.
61. Wang Yi, “China and Arab states draw up a blueprint for cooperation in the new era,” Gulf News, 8 July 2018.
62. Gu Liping, “China sees Saudi Arabia as important partner in Belt and Road construction: Chinese FM,” China News Service, 22 May 2018.
63. Chen Aizhu, “China’s CNPC ready to take over Iran project if Total leaves: sources,” Reuters, 11 May 2017.
64. Peter Frankopan, “How long can China stay out of Middle East politics?,” The New Arab, 27 September 2017.
65. Agence-Presse France, “China to provide $20bn in loans for Arab states’ economic development,” 10 July 2018.
66. The New Arab, “Chinese leader pledges billions of dollars for Arab ‘revival,’ ” 10 July 2018.
67. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC, “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Holds a Briefing for Chinese and Foreign Media on President Xi Jinping’s Attendance at the Opening Ceremony of the 8th CASCF Ministerial Meeting,” 6 July 2018.
68. Shibley Telhami, “Why is Trump undoing decades of US policy on Jerusalem?,” Brookings Institution, 5 December 2017.
69. US State Department, “Remarks on America’s Indo-Pacific Economic Vision,” 30 July 2018.
70. Donald Trump tweet, 1 January 2018.
71. Philip Rucker and Robert Costa, “ ‘It’s a hard problem’: Inside Trump’s decision to send troops to Afghanistan,” Washington Post, 21 August 2017.
72. Saeed Shah, “Pakistan Foreign Minister Says US Has Undermined Countries’ Ties,” Wall Street Journal, 5 January 2018.
73. Anwar Iqbal, “America suspends entire security aid to Pakistan,” Dawn, 5 January 2018.
74. Reuters, “US’s Pompeo warns against IMF bailout for Pakistan that aids China,” 30 July 2018.
75. Farhan Bokhari and Kiran Stacey, “Pakistan hits back at US resistance to IMF bailout,” Financial Times, 31 July 2018.
76. Wang Cong, “New govt to expand ties with China: officials,” Global Times, 31 July 2018.
77. Shahbaz Rana, “China agrees to give $2b loan to Pakistan,” Express Tribune, 28 July 2018.
78. Shahbaz Rana, “PM Imran Secures $6b Lifeline from Saudi Arabia,” Express Tribune, 23 October 2018.
79. Associated Press, “Pakistan to Seek IMF Bailout Despite Saudi Assistance: PM,” 24 October 2018.
80. First Post, “India’s missile deal with Russia, trade with Iran despite US sanctions may create unease in New Delhi–Washington ties,” 29 May 2018.
81. Samuel Ramani, “Russia and Pakistan: a durable anti-American alliance in South Asia,” The Diplomat, 21 April 2018; Zafar Bhutta, “Pakistan, Russia set to sign $10b offshore pipeline deal next week,” Express Tribune, 3 June 2018.
82. Marie Solis, “Children will be separate from parents at border if crossing illegally, Jeff Sessions says in immigration crackdown,” Newsweek, 7 May 2018; Franco Ordoñez, “Exclusive: Trump looking to erect tent cities to house unaccompanied children,” McClatchy Bureau DC, 12 June 2018.
83. Katy Vine, “What’s Really Happening When Asylum-Seeking Families Are Separated?,” Texas Monthly, 15 June 2018.
84. Sonia Moghe, Nick Valencia and Holly Yan, “DNA tests are in the works for separated migrant children and parents,” CNN Politics, 5 July 2018; Matt Smith and Aura Bogado, “Immigrant children forcibly injected with drugs, lawsuit claims,” Reveal, 20 June 2018.
85. Heather Timmons, “Chart: Trump’s new tariffs punish America’s closest allies,” Quartz, 31 May 2018.
86. Leigh Thomas and Pascale Denis, “France says Europe united against US tariffs as Germany eyes negotiation,” 8 July 2018.
87. National Security Strategy of the United States of America (2017).
88. US Treasury statement, “Treasury Designates Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide Malign Activity,” 6 April 2018.
89. Dan Merica, “Trump declares ‘nobody has been tougher on Russia’ in meeting with Baltic leaders,” CNN Politics, 3 April 2018.
90. Nicholas Trickett, “Russia’s Unhappy Energy Marriage with China,” The Diplomat, 28 March 2018.
91. Galina Starinskaya, “Россия увеличит экспорт нефти в Китай,” Vedemosti, 12 January 2018.
92. Ravi Prasad, “Can the Belt and Road Initiative offer New Hope for China’s rust belt?,” The Diplomat, 28 June 2018.
93. Reuters, “China says Syrian strikes violate international law, urges dialogue,” 14 April 2018.
94. Associated Press, “China’s defense chief calls his Moscow trip a signal to the US,” 3 April 2018.
95. Xinhua, “Chinese president says relations with Russia at ‘best time in history,’ ” 3 July 2017.
96. Bill Gertz, “Chinese military joining Russians, for nuclear war games, Washington Free Beacon, 24 August 2018.
97. Asawin Suebsaeng, Andrew Desiderio, Sam Stein and Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, “Henry Kissinger Pushed Trump to Work With Russia to Box in China,” Daily Beast, 25 July 2018.
98. Robert Sutter, China-Russia Relations. Strategic Implications and US Policy Options, National Bureau of Asian Research, September 2018.
99. US State Department, “Remarks on America’s Indo-Pacific Economic Vision,” 30 July 2018.
100. Amy Brittin, Ashley Parker and Anu Narayanswamy, “Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump made at least $82 million in outside income last year while serving in the White House, filings show,” Washington Post, 11 June 2018.
101. Kinling Lo, Lee Jeong-ho, Bhahvan Jaipragas, “Xi Jinping, Mike Pence Trade Barbs over Trade at APEC Summit While Selling Visions for Regional Cooperation,” South China Morning Post, 17 November 2018.
102. Bhavan Jaipragas, “Mike Pence to Unveil Rival to ‘Dangerous’ Belt and Road Initiative at APEC Summit,” 15 November 2018.
103. Philippine Star, “Duterte Statements on China-He
ld Features Could Disadvantage Philippines,” 15 November 2018.
104. Christina Mendez, Paolo Romero, “Philippines, China Sign MoU on Joint Gas, Oil Development,” Philippine Star, 21 November 2018.
105. US Congress, Build Act of 2018, text at https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/2463/text.
106. BBC News, “US-Africa: Bolton unveils plans to counter Russia and China influence,” 13 December 2018.
107. Ty McCormick, “Trump’s America First Budget Puts Africa Last,” Foreign Policy, 22 March 2017.
108. Hugh Tomlinson and Aoun Sahi, “US offers to withdraw troops from Afghanistan,” The Times (London), 19 December 2018.
109. Operation Inherent Resolve, “Coalition forces, remain committed to enduring defeat of ISIS,” 15 December 2018.
110. US Department of State, “Department Press Briefing,” 11 December 2018.
111. Donald Trump tweet, 19 December 2018.
112. David Chater and Michael Evans, “Phone call to Erdogan triggered Trump’s decision,” The Times (London), 22 December 2018.
113. “Выступление и ответы на вопросы СМИ Министра иностранных дел России С.В.Лаврова,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 21 September 2018.
114. Al-Monitor, “Putin grants Erdogan last chance to end Idlib quagmire on Turkey’s terms,” 23 September 2018.
115. Tasnim News, در نشست تهران| روحانی: حکومت دمشق باید بر کل سرزمین سوریه مستقر 16 سران, September 2018.
116. See, for example, David Halbfinger, “Syria Pullout by US Tilts Mideast Toward Iran and Russia, Isolating Israel,” New York Times, 20 December 2018; Ishaan Tharoor, “The biggest winner of Trump’s Syria withdrawal? Turkey,” Washington Post, 20 December 2018.
117. Joe Gould and Tara Copp, “US troops staying in Syria until Iran leaves,” Defense News, 24 September 2018.
118. Qingdao Declaration, 10 June 2018.
119. Catherine Putz, “Sauytbay Trial in Kazakhstan Puts Astana in a Bind with China,” The Diplomat, 27 July 2018.
120. Oleg Yegorov, “Russian intelligence saved Erdoğan from overthrow—media reports,” Russia Beyond the Headlines, 21 July 2016.
121. International Crisis Group, “Russia and Turkey in the Black Sea and South Caucasus,” Report No. 250, 28 June 2018.
122. Sam Jones and Kathrin Hille, “Russia’s military ambitions make waves in the Black Sea,” Financial Times, 13 May 2016.
123. Kira Latukhina, “Путин рассказал про “вежливых людей” в Крыму,” Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 15 March 2015.
124. Radio Free Europe, “Erdogan pledges support for Ukraine’s territorial integrity during Kyiv visit,” 10 October 2017.
125. Order of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, “Об утверждении Военной доктрины Республики Казахстан,” Zakon.kz, 29 September 2017.
126. US Department of State, “The United States and Kazakhstan—An Economic Partnership for the 21st century,” 16 January 2018.
127. Kommersant, “Москва выговорилась в адрес союзников,” 11 June 2018.
128. RIA Novosti, “Кайрат Абдрахманов: речь не идет о размещении военных баз США на Каспии,” 11 August 2018.
129. Tatiana Ivanshchenko, “Сибиряки считают, что теряют Байкал,” Regum, 27 February 2018.
130. Charles Clover and Archie Zhang, “China land grab on Lake Baikal raises Russian ire,” Financial Times, 4 January 2018.
131. Catherine Putz, “Protests in Kazakhstan Over Land Code Changes,” The Diplomat, 27 April 2016.
132. Saeed Kamali Dehghan, “Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz over US oil sanctions,” The Guardian, 5 July 2018.
133. Allan Jacob, “US says it’s ready to protect shipping in the Gulf after Iran threat,” military.com, 1 September 2018.
134. US Central Command, “Theater Counter Mine and Maritime Security Exercise,” 10 September 2018.
135. “Experts: Iran Advancing Nuclear Program with Help of North Korea,” The Tower, 1 March 2017; “Pentagon Looks at New Evidence of Military Cooperation beween Iran and North Korea,” The Tower, 5 May 2017.
136. Jon Gambrell, “US aircraft carrier enters Persian Gulf after long absence,” Associated Press, 21 December 2018.
137. ISNA, “Iran will not allow USS John C. Stennis to come near territorial waters,” 24 December 2018.
138. For the amount of oil and liquids passing through the Strait of Hormuz, see US Energy Information Administration, “World Oil Transit Chokepoints,” 25 July 2017. For UK dependence on oil and gas imports from this region, see Office for National Statistics, “UK energy: how much, what type and where from?,” 15 August 2016.
139. Rick Roack, “The oil route that could be behind the escalating Trump-Iran threats, explained,” Washington Post, 24 July 2018.
140. Jonathan Fulton, “China’s power in the Middle East is rising,” Washington Post, 9 August 2018.
141. Reuters, “China chides Iran over threat to block oil exports through Strait of Hormuz,” 6 July 2018.
142. Vesti, “МИД Китая призвал “Роснефть” уважать суверенитет КНР,” 17 May 2018.
143. Tass, “Сухопутные войска РФ получили бригадный комплект комплекса ‘Искандер-М,’ ” 8 June 2017.
144. Guy Plopsky, “Why is Russia Aiming Missiles at China?,” The Diplomat, 12 July 2017.
145. Laura He, “HNA sells property and logistics assets to Chinese tycoon Sun Hongbin for US$305 million,” South China Morning Post, 12 March 2018; Don Weiland, “Default reignites questions over China groups’ state backing,” Financial Times, 7 June 2018; Elvira Pollina, “Elliott launches action to take control of AC Milan—source,” Reuters, 9 July 2018.
146. Zhou Xiaochuan, “守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线,” http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/3410388/index.html.
147. Stefania Palma, “Malaysia suspends $22bn China-backed projects,” Financial Times, 5 July 2018; Kuunghee Park, “Malaysia finally scraps $3 billion China-backed pipeline plans,” Bloomberg, 10 September 2018.
148. Abdul Rashin Thomas, “Sierra Leone’s vanity international airport construction project is dead,” Sierra Leone Telegraph, 9 October 2018; David Mwere, “China may take Mombasa port over Sh227bn SGR debt: Ouko,” Daily Nation, 20 December 2018.
149. Iain Marlow and Dandan Li, “How Asia Fell Out of Love with China’s Belt and Road Initiative,” Bloomberg, 10 December 2018.
150. Jeremy Page and Saeed Shah, “China’s Global Building Spree Runs Into Trouble in Pakistan,” Wall Street Journal, 22 July 2018.
151. Jamil Anderlini, Henny Sender and Farhan Bokhari, “Pakistan rethinks its role in Xi’s Belt and Road plan,” Financial Times, 9 September 2018.
152. Stephen Dziedzic, “Tonga urges Pacific nations to press China to forgive debts as Beijing defends its approach,” ABC, 16 August 2018.
153. Jon Emont and Myo Myo, “Chinese-funded port gives Myanmar a sinking feeling,” Wall Street Journal, 15 August 2018.
154. James Kynge, “China’s Belt and Road difficulties are proliferating across the world,” Financial Times, 9 July 2018.
155. Sarah Zheng, “China embarks on belt and road publicity blitz after Malaysia says no to debt-heavy infrastructure projects,” South China Morning Post, 26 August 2018.
156. Xinhua, “Xi pledges to bring benefits to people through Belt and Road Initiative,” 27 August 2018.
157. Xinhua, “Full
text of Chinese President Xi Jinping’s speech at opening ceremony of 2018 FOCAC Beijing summit,” 4 September 2018.
158. Yonas Abiye, “Chinese government to restructure Ethiopia’s debt,” The Reporter, 8 September 2018.
159. Christian Shepherd, Ben Blanchard, “China’s Xi offers another $60bn to Africa, but says no to ‘vanity’ projects,” Reuters, 3 September 2018.
160. Bank of England, “From the Middle Kingdom to the United Kingdom: spillovers from China,” Quarterly Bulletin Q2 (2018), op. cit.
161. David Lawder and Elias Glenn, “Trump says US tariffs could be applied to Chinese goods worth $500 billion,” Reuters, 5 July 2018.
162. Bank of England, “From the Middle Kingdom to the United Kingdom,” op. cit.
163. BBC News, “Boris Johnson’s resignation letter and May’s reply in full,” 9 July 2018.
164. Tasnim News Agency, “Iran, Kazakhstan plan trade in own currencies,” 12 August 2018.
165. Heiko Maas, “Wir lassen nicht zu, dass die USA über unsere Köpfe hinweg handeln,” Handelsblatt, 21 August 2018.
166. Christina Larsen, “China’s massive investment in artificial intelligence has an insidious downside,” Science, 8 February 2018.
167. Xinhua, “Beijing to build technology park for developing artificial intelligence,” 3 January 2018; The Economist, “China talks of building a ‘digital silk road,’ ” 31 May 2018.
168. CB Insights, Top AI Trends To Watch in 2018 (2018).
169. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, “Xi Jinping Urges Breaking New Ground in Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics,” 23 June 2018.
170. Stephen Chen, “Artificial Intelligene, immune to fear or favour, is helping to make China’s foreign policy,” South China Morning Post, 30 July 2018.
171. Jamie Fullerton, “China’s new CH-5 Rainbow drone leaves US Reaper ‘in the dust,’ ” The Times (London), 18 July 2017.
172. Jeremy Page and Paul Sonne, “Unable to Buy US Military Drones, Allies Place Orders With China,” Wall Street Journal, 17 July 2017.