War Crimes Against Southern Civilians

by Walter Cisco

  Notes

  Chapter 1

  1. U.S. War Department, comp., War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), 943 (hereafter cited as O.R.).

  2. F. J. P. Veale, Advance to Barbarism (Appleton, Wis.: C. C. Nelson Publishing Co., 1953), 66.

  3. Ibid., 62, 76.

  4. Richard Shelly Hartigan, Lieber's Code and the Law of War (Chicago: Precedent Publishing, 1982), 4.

  5. Richard M. Weaver, "Southern Chivalry and Total War," in The Southern Essays of Richard M. Weaver, ed. George M. Curtis III and James J. Thompson (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1987), 168-69.

  6. Richard M. Weaver, The Southern Tradition at Bay: A History of Postbellum Thought, ed. George Core and M. E. Bradford (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1968), 215.

  7. Telford Taylor, Nuremberg and Vietnam: an American Tragedy (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), 155.

  8. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 619.

  9. The Lysander Spooner Reader (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes, 1992), 49.

  10. Thomas J. DiLorenzo, The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003), 258.

  11. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, 602.

  Chapter 2

  1. Louis S. Gerteis, Civil War St. Louis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 88; John McElroy, The Struggle for Missouri (Washington, D.C.: The National Tribune Co., 1909), 50; Donald L. Gilmore, Civil War on the Missouri-Kansas Border (Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Co., 2006), 109.

  2. O.R., ser. 3, vol. 1, 82-83.

  3. Christopher Phillips, Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Lyon (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990), 131, 136, 153.

  4. Ibid., 176-78.

  5. OR., ser. 1, vol. 3, 7-8.

  6. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 176.

  7. Ibid., 181-82; OR., ser. 1, vol. 3, 4.

  8. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 164, 185, 187; Gerteis, St. Louis, 104.

  9. OR., ser. 1, vol. 3, 4-5, 7.

  10. Gerteis, St. Louis, 107-9, 350.

  11. OR., ser. 1, vol. 3, 9.

  12. Phillips, Damned Yankee, 193, 209.

  13. Walter Brian Cisco, Taking a Stand: Portraits from the Southern Secession Movement (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Books, 1998), 112.

  14. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 8, 431-32, 446.

  15. Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerrilla Warfare in the West, 1861-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958), 169.

  16. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 8, 476-78, 611-12.

  17. Military Laws of the Confederate States (Richmond: J. W. Randolph, 1863), 65; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 13, 726-28, 835; John Ellis, A Short History of Guerrilla Warfare (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976), 86.

  18. OR., ser. 1, vol. 13, 506, 518; Bruce Nichols, Guerrilla Warfare in Civil War Missouri, 1862 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2004), 104.

  19. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 158-59, 164-65.

  20. OR., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1, 868-69.

  21. Nichols, Guerrilla Warfare, 189.

  22. OR., ser. 1, vol. 13, 791.

  23. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2, 42-43.

  24. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 161-62.

  25. Carolyn M. Bartels, Bitter Tears: Missouri Women and Civil War, Their Stories (Independence, Mo.: Two Trails Press, 2002), 45-47.

  26. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 160-61; Nichols, Guerrilla Warfare, 157, 173.

  27. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 176-77.

  28. Ibid., 174-75; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1, 319.

  29. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 159; Nichols, Guerrilla Warfare, 79.

  30. Gilmore, Civil War, 134-35, 139-40, 142.

  31. Nichols, Guerrilla Warfare, 7, 9, 79.

  32. Ibid., 90, 120, 125, 148, 151, 154, 156, 173, 184, 192; Preston Filbert, The Half Not Told: The Civil War in a Frontier Town (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2001), 142.

  33. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 170-71; Bartels, Bitter Tears, 39; OR., ser. 1, vol. 48, pt. 1, 644.

  34. Bartels, Bitter Tears, 67-68.

  35. Nichols, Guerrilla Warfare, 100-2.

  36. Ibid., 109, 125, 151.

  37. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 173.

  Chapter 3

  1. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 118-19; Edward E. Leslie, The Devil Knows How to Ride (New York: Random House, 1996), 194-97; "Collapse of Union Jail, Kansas City, Missouri," The Missouri Partisan Ranger Web site: http://www.rulen.com/partisan/collapse.htm (accessed 13 August 2005). There are several variant spellings of the girls' names.

  2. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 119-21; OR., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2, 460-61.

  3. Albert Castel, "Order No. 11 and the Civil War on the Border," Missouri Historical Review 57 (July 1963). Civil War St. Louis Web site: http://www.civilwarstlouis.com (accessed 13 August 2005).

  4. Leslie, Devil, 254.

  5. Carey S. Bliss, ed., "An Unpublished War Letter of General William T. Sherman," The Huntington Library Quarterly 8, no. 1 (November 1944): 108.

  6. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2, 471-72.

  7. Ibid., 473.

  8. Leslie, Devil, 258, 260-61.

  9. Castel, "Order No. 11 "; Bartels, Bitter Tears, 147, 182.

  10. Leslie, Devil, 262.

  11. Castel, "Order No. 11."

  12. Leslie, Devil, 264; Bartels, Bitter Tears, 118.

  13. Leslie, Devil, 262; Larry Sullivan, "The Lone Jack Massacre" and "The Exile of Nancy Cave," Erazo Family Web site: http://erazo.org (accessed 4 March 2005).

  14. Joanne Chiles Eakin, Tears and Triumph: Order No. 11 (Independence, Mo.: privately published, 1996), 102.

  15. Castel, "Order No. 11."

  Chapter 4

  1. Cisco, Taking a Stand, 85, 109, 111.

  2. Walter T. Durham, Nashville, the Occupied City: The First Seventeen Months-February 16, 1862, to June 30, 1863 (Nashville: The Tennessee Historical Society, 1985), 52.

  3. Ibid., 143.

  4. OR., ser. 1, vol. 7, 671.

  5. Durham, Nashville, 57.

  6. O.R., ser. 2, vol. 4, 289.

  7. Durham, Nashville, 48, 75, 152.

  8. Ibid., 71, 86, 154-55.

  9. Stephen V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860-1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 91, 101-2.

  10. Alfred Leland Crabb, Nashville: Personality of a City (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1960), 62.

  11. Durham, Nashville, 64, 76-77, 148, 168, 247-49.

  12. Ibid., 240, 244-45.

  13. Peter Maslowski, Treason Must Be Made Odious: Military Occupation and Wartime Reconstruction in Nashville, Tennessee, 1862-65 (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978), 64.

  14. Durham, Nashville, 168-69.

  15. Ibid., 27.

  16. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 23, pt. 2, 56-57.

  17. OR., ser. 1, vol. 5, 451-52.

  18. Durham, Nashville, 262-63.

  19. Michael R. Bradley, With Blood and Fire. Life Behind Union Lines in Middle Tennessee, 1863-1865 (Shippensburg, Pa.: Burd Street Press, 2003), 99-100.

  20. Durham, Nashville, 152, 164-65, 181.

  21. OR., ser. 1, vol. 20, pt. 2, 72.

  22. Durham, Nashville, 260.

  23. Ibid., 233.

  24. Ibid., 261-62.

  25. Ibid., 172.

  26. Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents of American History, vol. 1 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968), 429.

  27. Maslowski, Treason, 91-92.

  28. Bradley, Blood and Fire, 59-60.

  29. Margaret B. Paulus, comp., Papers of General Robert Huston Milroy, vol. 4 (n.p.: privately published, 1965), 91-92.

  30. Bradley, Blood and Fire, 110.

  31. Ash, Middle Tennessee, 87, 89, 153-54.

  32. Durham, Nashville, 180.

  33. Ash, Middle Tennessee, 89, 159.

/>   34. Maslowski, Treason, 133.

  35. OR., ser. 1, vol. 31, pt. 3, 262.

  36. Monroe Seals, History of White County, Tennessee (Spartanburg, S.C.: The Reprint Co., 1974), 73-74.

  37. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 1, 353.

  38. OR., ser. 1, vol. 32, pt. 2, 38; Bradley, Blood and Fire, 53.

  39. Durham, Nashville, 223-24.

  40. Bradley, Blood and Fire, 76-79.

  41. Ibid., 115-17, 120-21, 141.

  Chapter 5

  1. John T. Goolrick, Historic Fredericksburg: The Story of an Old Town (Richmond: Whittet & Shepperson, 1922), 70, 75, 91; George A. Bruce, The Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry 1861-1865 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1906), 206; Francis Augustin O'Reilly, The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 124.

  2. Goolrick, Historic Fredericksburg, 46-47.

  3. O'Reilly, Fredericksburg Campaign, 124.

  4. Josiah Marshall Favill, The Diary of a Young Officer- Serving with the Armies of the United States During the War of the Rebellion (Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, 1909), 210-11.

  5. Thomas Francis Galwey, The Valiant Hours, ed. W. S. Nye (Harrisburg, Pa.: The Stackpole Company, 1961), 58.

  6. Matthew J. Graham, The Ninth Regiment New York Volunteers (Hawkins' Zouaves): Being a History of the Regiment and Veteran Association from 1860 to 1900 (New York: E.P. Cody & Co., printers, 1900), 386.

  7. George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 177.

  8. Graham, Ninth Regiment, 385-86.

  9. Rable, Fredericksburg! 178, 182, 184.

  10. Robert Garth Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), 155.

  11. Charles H. Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade: Sixty-Ninth, Seventy-First, Seventy-Second, and One Hundred and Sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1876), 138.

  12. Graham, Ninth Regiment, 384.

  13. O'Reilly, Fredericksburg Campaign, 118-19, 123.

  14. John Michael Priest, ed., From New Bern to Fredericksburg. Captain James Wren's Diary (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1990), 97.

  15. Bruce, Twentieth, 210.

  16. "Disgrace of Our Army," The Old Guard 1, no. 9 (September 1863): 234.

  17. Rable, Fredericksburg! 181.

  18. O'Reilly, Fredericksburg Campaign, 126.

  19. Goolrick, Historic Fredericksburg, 47.

  Chapter 6

  1. Stephen Chicoine, John Basil Turchin and the Fight to Free the Slaves (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), 59.

  2. Faye Acton Axford, ed., The Journals of Thomas Hubbard Hobbs (University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1976), 228, 230-31.

  3. OR., ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, 877.

  4. S. S. Canfield, History of the 21st Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, in the War of the Rebellion (Toledo: Vrooman, Anderson & Bateman, 1893), 46.

  5. Chicoine, Turchin, 88.

  6. OR., ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, 878.

  7. Henry J. Haynie, The Nineteenth Illinois (Chicago: M. A. Donohue & Co., 1912), 166.

  8. Chicoine, Turchin, 65-67.

  9. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 1, 878.

  10. Chicoine, Turchin, 64-65.

  11. Ibid., 1-5, 12, 18.

  12. Ibid., 67; Roy Morris, Jr., "The Sack of Athens," Civil War Times Illustrated 24, no. 10 (February 1986): 28.

  13. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 16, pt. 2, 274-75.

  14. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 2, 212.

  15. Morris, "Athens," 29.

  16. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 16, pt. 2, 273-75; Chicoine, Turchin, 91-92, 99-100.

  17. Morris, "Athens," 30.

  18. Frederick D. Williams, ed., The Wild Life of the Army: Civil War Letters of James A. Garfield (n.p.: Michigan State University Press, 1964), 121.

  19. Chicoine, Turchin, 102.

  20. Morris, "Athens," 31.

  21. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 16, pt. 2, 276-77.

  22. Chicoine, Turchin, 97-98.

  23. Ibid., 99, 115.

  24. Morris, "Athens," 32.

  Chapter 7

  1. Chester G. Hearn, When the Devil Came Down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 69; James Parton, General Butler in New Orleans (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866), 346.

  2. John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963), 125-26; Dick Nolan, Benjamin Franklin Butler: The Damnedest Yankee (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1991), 2, 11; Hearn, Devil Came Down, 2.

  3. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 180.

  4. Ibid., 2-3.

  5. W. C. Corsan, Two Months in the Confederate States: An Englishman's Travels Through the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 17.

  6. Parton, General Butler, 325-26.

  7. Ibid., 327.

  8. Winters, Louisiana, 132.

  9. 0. R., ser. 1, vol. 10, pt. 2, 531.

  10. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 15, 743.

  11. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 105.

  12. C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut's Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 343.

  13. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 134, 136-37.

  14. Parton, General Butler, 352.

  15. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 86; Winters, Louisiana, 131-32, 134-36, 140.

  16. OR., ser. 2, vol. 4, 883-84.

  17. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 169-70; Corsan, Two Months, 24-25; OR., ser. 2, vol. 4, 881.

  18. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 173-74.

  19. Robert Werlich, "Beast" Butler (Washington, D.C.: Quaker Press, 1962), 58-59.

  20. Winters, Louisiana, 137-38, 140; Hearn, Devil Came Down, 181-82, 185-86, 196, 223.

  21. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 3, 217.

  22. Werlich, "Beast" Butler, 78-79.

  23. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 105, 138, 221.

  24. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 15, 906.

  Chapter 8

  1. John W. Gordon, South Carolina and the American Revolution: A Battlefield History (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003), 97.

  2. Mark V. Kwasny, Washington's Partisan War, 1775-1783 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1996), xii, 339.

  3. OR., ser. 1, vol. 17, pt. 1, 144-45.

  4. OR., ser. 1, vol. 13, 742-43.

  5. OR., ser. 1, vol. 17, pt. 2, 288-89.

  6. Harry S. Stout, "Discrimination: The Civilians' Civil War," from Beecher Lectures 2005. Yale University Web site: www.yale.edu/divinity (accessed 1 February 2006).

  7. OR., ser. 2, vol. 4, 568, 573.

  8. Ibid., 702, 724.

  9. Charles W. Wills, Army Life of an Illinois Soldier, comp. Mary E. Kellogg (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 136, 145.

  Chapter 9

  1. Cisco, Taking a Stand, 111.

  2. "Virginia County Vote on the Secession Ordinance, May 23, 1861." New River Notes Web site: http://www.newrivernotes.com/va/vasecesh.htm (accessed 26 December 2005).

  3. "West Virginia Statehood." West Virginia Division of Culture and History Web site: http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehoo.html (accessed 26 December 2005).

  4. "Virginia County Vote."

  5. Ibid.

  6. Jonathan A. Noyalas, "My will is absolute law': General Robert H. Milroy and Winchester, Virginia," (master's thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2003), 4, 6-7.

  7. Margaret B. Paulus, comp., Papers of General Robert Huston Milroy, vol 4 (n.p.: privately published, 1965), 83, 85-86, 88.

  8. O.R., ser. 3, vol. 2, 944.

  9. O.R., ser. 2, vol. 5, 808-10.

  10. O.R., ser. 3, vol. 2, 943-44.

  11. Ibid., 944.

  12. Ibid., 943-44; O.R., ser. 3, vol. 3, 15.

  13. OR., ser. 3, vol. 3, 8.

  14. Ibid., 8-10.

  15. "Virginia County Vote.
"

  16. OR., ser. 2, vol. 5, 811.

  17. Paulus, Papers, 58; OR., ser. 3, vol. 3, 10-12, 15-16.

  18. OR., ser. 1, vol. 21, 1102.

  Chapter 10

  1. Noyalas, "Milroy," 1.

  2. "Virginia County Vote."

  3. Noyalas, "Milroy," 19, 21, 32.

  4. Cornelia Peake McDonald, A Woman's Civil War. A Diary, with Reminiscences of the War, from March 1862, ed. Minrose C. Gwin (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 153.

  5. Ibid., 120,123,132,139; Michael G. Mahon, ed., Winchester Divided. The Civil War Diaries of Julia Chase and Laura Lee (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2002), 79.

  6. Noyalas, "Milroy," 39, 42.

  7. McDonald, Diary, 120, 138.

  8. Noyalas, "Milroy," 36, 39.

  9. McDonald, Diary, 117.

  10. Noyalas, "Milroy," 27-28.

  11. Ibid., 26, 34-35.

  12. Roger U. Delauter, Jr., ed., Winchester in the Civil War (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1992), 50; Mahon, Winchester Divided, 89-90.

  13. Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 326.

  14. Noyalas, "Milroy," 53-54.

  Chapter 11

  1. E. Milby Burton, The Siege of Charleston 1861-1865 (Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 1970), 251- 59.

  2. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-19.38, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 3, 216. Library of Congress Web site: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/ snhome.html (accessed 9 March 2005).

  3. W. Chris Phelps, The Bombardment of Charleston, 18631865 (Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Co., 2002), 34, 64-65, 107.

  4. Burton, Siege, 259.

  5. Columbia Daily South Carolinian, 20 January 1864.