War Crimes Against Southern Civilians

by Walter Cisco

  42. Esther Alden [Elizabeth Allston], "Their Triumphant Yells and Oaths," in Jones, Sherman, 250, 255.

  43. Gibson, Days, 183-84.

  44. Adams, "Nightmare," in Jones, Sherman, 223.

  45. Julia Frances Gott, "They Whipped Mrs. R.," in Jones, Sherman, 229-30.

  46. Davis, March, 186-87; Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman 's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaign (New York: New York University Press, 1985), 73-74.

  47. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 47, pt. 2, 546, 596-97.

  48. Harwell, Fiery Trail, 153, 201.

  49. Charles W. Wills, Army Life of an Illinois Soldier, ed. Mary E. Kellogg (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 342.

  50. Jackson, Diary, 191.

  51. Letter of Union private, 28 March 1865 (Clinton H. Haskell Collection, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan).

  52. Gibson, Days, 140.

  Chapter 22

  1. Harriott H. Ravenel, "An Endless Blue Column," in Jones, Sherman, 157; O. M. Poe to Nellie, 26 December 1864 (0. M. Poe Papers, Library of Congress).

  2. Tom Elmore, "The Burning of Columbia, South Carolina, February 17, 1865," Blue & Gray Magazine 21, no. 2 (winter 2004): 14.

  3. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 278.

  4. J. F. Williams, Old and New Columbia (Columbia: Epworth Orphanage Press, 1929), 120-21.

  5. William Gilmore Simms, Sack and Destruction of the City of Columbia, S.C, ed. A. S. Salley (Atlanta: Oglethorpe University Press, 1937), 33.

  6. Elmore, "Burning of Columbia," 14.

  7. Simms, Sack and Destruction, 35-36.

  8. Elmore, "Burning of Columbia," 14, 16, 20-21.

  9. Simms, Sack and Destruction, 40, 45, 47-48.

  10. Ravenel, "Blue Column," 162.

  11. William Gilmore Simms, A City Laid Waste: The Capture, Sack, and Destruction of the City of Columbia, ed. David Aiken (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), 76; August Conrad, The Destruction of Columbia, S.C. (Columbia: The Wade Hampton Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1926), 28.

  12. Simms, Sack and Destruction, 56.

  13. John T. Trowbridge, The Desolate South 1865-1866.• A Picture of the Battlefields and of the Devastated Confederacy, ed. Gordon Carroll (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956), 303.

  14. Ibid., 302.

  15. Simms, Sack and Destruction, 39.

  16. Ibid., 48; Simms, City Laid Waste, 86.

  17. Sophie Sosnowski, "It Was a Terrible Night," in Jones, Sherman, 174.

  18. Ravenel, "Blue Column," 160.

  19. William A. Nicholson, "The Burning of Columbia," in South Carolina Division United Daughters of the Confederacy, Recollections and Reminiscences 1861-1865 through World War 1, vol. 6 (n.p.: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1990-2000), 326.

  20. Ravenel, "Blue Column," 160.

  21. Anonymous Mother, "Sherman's Tigers," in Jones, Sherman, 176.

  22. Emma Florence LeConte, "A Night of Horror," in Jones, Sherman, 181.

  23. Lily Logan, "Demons in Human Shape," in Jones, Sherman, 164.

  24. Eleanor Cohen, "The Burning of Columbia: Extract from a War Diary," in UDC, Recollections, vol. 4, 520.

  25. Mary Rowe, "Sherman's Demons," in Jones, Sherman, 166; John M. Gibson, Those 163 Days (New York: Bramhall House, 1961), 161-62.

  26. Mrs. "E.L.L.," "The Men Danced in the Streets," in Jones, Sherman, 169.

  27. Agnes Law, "The Burning of Columbia-Affidavit of Mrs. Agnes Law," Southern Historical Society Papers 12 (1884): 233-34. 28. Nell S. Graydon, Tales of Columbia (Columbia: R.L. Bryan Co., 1964), 134; Gibson, Days, 164.

  29. Sara Aldrich, "The Burning of the Ursuline Convent," in Jones, Sherman, 186.

  30. Edwin J. Scott, Random Recollections of a Long Life, 1806 to 1876 (Columbia: Charles A. Calvo Jr., printer, 1884), 183-84; Simms, Sack and Destruction, 87-89.

  31. William Baugh to parents, 14 March and 27 March 1865 (William G. Baugh collection, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University).

  32. Scott, Random Recollections, 183-84.

  33. Rachel Sherman Thorndike, ed., The Sherman Letters: Correspondence Between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894), 266.

  34. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 287-88.

  35. Allan D. Charles, "The Burning of Columbia," Southern Partisan 1, no. 34 (spring/summer 1981): 9.

  36. John Hammond Moore, Columbia and Richland County. A South Carolina Community, 1740-1900 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993), 203, 208. Emphasis in the original.

  37. Marion Brunson Lucas, Sherman and the Burning of Columbia (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1976). 38. J. F. Carrol, "The Burning of Columbia, South Carolina Report of the Committee of Citizens Appointed to Collect Testimony," Southern Historical Society Papers 8 (1880): 212-14.

  Chapter 23

  1. Burke Davis, Sherman's March (New York: Random House, 1980), 209.

  2. Walter Brian Cisco, Taking a Stand. Portraits from the Southern Secession Movement (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Books, 1998), 109, 111.

  3. Alan C. Downs, "North Carolina," in Archie P. McDonald, ed., A Nation of Sovereign States: Secession & War in the Confederacy (Murfreesboro, Tenn.: Southern Heritage Press, 1994), 133; Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America 1861-65 (Carlisle, Pa.: John Kallmann, Publishers, 1996), 23.

  4. M. A. De Wolfe, ed., Home Letters of General Sherman (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909), 342.

  5. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, The Last Ninety Days of the War in North Carolina (New York: Watchman Publishing Company, 1866), 62, 64.

  6. John M. Gibson, Those 163 Days (New York: Bramhall House, 1961), 189-90.

  7. Esther Alden, "Nothing but Creatures and Human Beings in Agony," in Jones, Sherman, 262.

  8. Gibson, Days, 216.

  9. Davis, March, 222.

  10. Gibson, Days, 204.

  11. A Woman of Fayetteville, "Terrible Has Been the Storm," in Jones, Sherman, 285-86.

  12. Josephine Bryan Worth, "Sherman's Raid," in UDC, Recollections, vol. 4, 298.

  13. James A. Padgett, ed., "With Sherman Through Georgia and the Carolinas: Letters of a Federal Soldier," The Georgia Historical Quarterly 53, no. 1 (March 1949): 74.

  14. Alice Campbell, "The Nights Were Made Hideous with Smoke," in Jones, Sherman, 274.

  15. Sally Hawthorne, "What Did General Sherman Say," in Jones, Sherman, 284.

  16. Ibid., 280.

  17. Spencer, Last Ninety Days, 68.

  18. Georgia Hicks, "These Ruffians," in Jones, Sherman, 296-97.

  19. Clara D. Maclean, "The Horrible Comedy Ended," in Jones, Sherman 314-15.

  20. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, "For Thirty-six Hours They Poured into Goldsboro," in Jones, Sherman, 291.

  21. Oscar L. Jackson, The Colonel's Diary (Sharon, Pa.: privately published, 1922), 208.

  22. Janet Correll Ellison, ed., On to Atlanta: The Civil War Diaries of John Hill Ferguson, Illinois Tenth Regiment of Volunteers (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 122.

  Chapter 24

  1. David C. Edmonds, ed., The Conduct of Federal Troops in Louisiana During the Invasions of 1863 and 1864: Official Report Compiled from Sworn Testimony Under Direction of Governor Henry W. Allen, Shreveport, April 1865 (Lafayette, La.: Acadiana Press, 1988), 168-70.

  2. David C. Edmonds, Yankee Autumn in Acadiana (Lafayette, La.: Acadiana Press, 1979), 61-62, 242.

  3. Edmonds, ed., Conduct, 138-40.

  4. Ibid., 115-21, 202; Edmonds, Autumn, 139, 147.

  5. Susan Dabney Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter (Baltimore: Cushings & Bailey, 1888), 210; Journal entry 14 August 1862 (Journal of James Andrew Agnew, typescript in author's possession).

  6. William T. Sherman to John Sherman, 26 April 1863 (William T. Sherman Papers, Library of Congress); Walter T. Durham, Nashville, the Occupied City (Nashville: The Ten
nessee Historical Society, 1985), 182-83; Stephen V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860-1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 107-8, 133-34.

  7. Edmund L. Drago, "How Sherman's March Through Georgia Affected the Slaves," Georgia Historical Quarterly 57, no. 3 (fall 1973): 370-71.

  8. Mary Sharpe Jones and Mary Jones Mallard, Yankees A' Coming: One Month's Experience During the Invasion of Liberty County, Georgia, 1864-1865, ed. Haskell Monroe (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: Confederate Publishing Company, Inc., 1959), 52; Drago, "Slaves," 371.

  9. Frances Thomas Howard, In and Out of the Lines: An Accurate Account of Incidents During the Occupation of Georgia by Federal Troops in 1864-65 (Cartersville, Ga.: Etowah Valley Historical Society, 1998), 15-16. All quotations recorded in dialect have been rendered here in standard English.

  10. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 1, 313. Library of Congress Web site: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/ snhome.html.

  11. Slave Narratives, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 2, 295, 298.

  12. James I. Robertson, Jr., ed., The Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1962), 102.

  13. Allie Travis, "A Moving Mass of Blue Coats," in Jones, Sherman, 7.

  14. Nora M. Canning, "General Slocum's Headquarters Were a Short Distance from the House," in Jones, Sherman, 58-59.

  15. Mrs. Alfred Proctor Aldrich, "Barbarians in Barnwell," in Jones, Sherman, 116.

  16. Florence Maria Henerey, "Slave Loyalty," in UDC, Recollections, vol. 3, 465-6.

  17. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 2, 203, 205.

  18. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 4, 5.

  19. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 3, 167, 170.

  20. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 3, 195.

  21. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 4, 266-68.

  22. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 2, 335-36.

  23. Minnie Mulloy Rice, "One of the Faithful-A Negro Slave Nurse," in UDC, Recollections, vol. 4, 451-52.

  24. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 2, 32.

  25. Anna Hasell Thomas, "The Entire Neighborhood Was on Fire," in Jones, Sherman, 211, 216.

  26. Oscar L. Jackson, The Colonel's Diary (Sharon, Pa.: privately published, 1922), 194.

  27. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 2, 216-17.

  28. Sophie Sosnowski, "Sherman ... Showed Great Temper," in Jones, Sherman, 194.

  29. Sophie Sosnowski, "It Was a Terrible Night," in Jones, Sherman, 174-75.

  30. William Gilmore Simms, A City Laid Waste: The Capture, Sack, and Destruction of the City of Columbia ed. David Aiken (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), 90.

  31. Ibid., 108.

  32. Jackson, Diary, 193.

  33. Mary Chesnut, The Private Mary Chesnut: The Unpublished Civil War Diaries, ed. C. Vann Woodward and Elisabeth Muhlenfeld (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 242. The editor of Mary Chesnut's Civil War, C. Vann Woodward, dismisses this bayoneting incident as "an unfounded rumor" (810). Mrs. Chesnut was sufficiently convinced of its veracity to include it in both her private diary and the work she later published.

  34. John M. Gibson, Those 163 Days (New York: Bramhall House, 1961), 204-5, 253.

  35. Slave Narratives, North Carolina, vol. 11, pt. 2, 268.

  36. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, "They Took Quiet Possession of Raleigh," in Jones, Sherman, 299.

  37. Slave Narratives, North Carolina, vol. 11, pt. 1, 255-56.

  38. Slave Narratives, North Carolina, vol. 11, pt. 1, 65.

  39. Slave Narratives, North Carolina, vol. 11, pt. 1, 9, 10-12.

  40. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 3, 23, 26.

  Index