Psyched Up
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Critics agreed. Reviewing The River: Ben Brantley, “A Reserve So Deep, You Could Drown,” New York Times, November 16, 2014.
the club had previously been owned: Charles Lee, Sally A. Linkenauger, Jonathan Z. Bakdash, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, and Dennis R. Profitt, “Putting Like a Pro: The Role of Positive Contagion in Golf Performance and Perception,” PLoS ONE 6, no. 10 (2011): e26016.
“Defend Your Research”: “You’ll Golf Better If You Think Tiger Has Used Your Clubs,” Harvard Business Review. July–August 2012.
CHAPTER THREE: DON’T JUST WIN ONE FOR THE GIPPER
“preternatural ability to fire people up”: Jennifer Reingold, “The Secret Coach,” Fortune, July 21, 2008.
baseball managers John McGraw: Ray Robinson, Rockne of Notre Dame (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 62.
Rockne stammered badly: Ibid., 145.
“The fact that Rockne never revealed”: Ibid., 91.
completed his dissertation: Keith Yellin, Battle Exhortation (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008).
twenty-three “Common topics”: Ibid., 71–72.
gave “an awesome speech”: Phil Bronstein, “The Shooter,” Esquire, March 2013.
“Nothing he said”: Mark Owen, No Easy Day (New York: Dutton, 2012), 207.
SEAL operators were so relaxed: Ibid., 210.
“He was driven by”: David Halberstam, The Education of a Coach (New York: Hyperion, 2005), 144–45.
“At that time most coaches”: Phil Jackson and Hugh Delehanty, Eleven Rings (New York: Penguin Press, 2013).
taped pregame speech to ninety soccer players: Tiffanye M. Vargas-Tonsing and John B. Bartholomew, “An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Pregame Speeches on Team Efficacy Beliefs,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36, no 4 (2006): 918–33.
surveyed 151 soccer players: Tiffanye M. Vargas-Tonsing, “An Exploratory Examination of the Effect of Coaches’ Pre-Game Speeches on Athlete’s Perceptions of Self-Efficacy and Emotion,” unpublished working paper.
found that 90 percent of players: Tiffanye M. Vargas-Tonsing, “Athletes Perceptions of the Psychological, Emotional, and Performance Effects of Coaches’ Pre-Game Speeches,” International Journal of Coaching Science 5, no. 1 (2011): 27–43.
pep talk that’s information rich: Tiffanye M. Vargas-Tonsing and Jianmin Guan, “Athletes Preferences for Informational and Emotional Pre-Game Speech Content,” International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 2, no. 2 (2007), 171–80.
tracked coaches’ speeches across a season: As this book went to press, Staw’s basketball study remains unpublished and not publicly available.
Motivating Language Theory has: J. Mayfield, M. Mayfield, and J. Kopf, “Motivating Language: Exploring Theory with Scale Development,” Journal of Business Communication 32, no. 4, (1995): 329–44.
CHAPTER FOUR: CREATING A PERFORMANCE PLAYLIST
The Patriots fumbled: Game recap for the New England Patriots versus Denver Broncos, November 24, 2013, obtained from www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013112411/2013/REG12/Broncos@Patriots#menu=gameinfo%7Ccontentld%3A0ap2000000288072&tab=recap.
single largest employer: Bruce P. Gleason, “Military Music in the United States: A Historical Examination of Performance and Training,” Music Educators Journal 101, no. 3 (March 2015): 37–46.
two-part “synthesis and review”: Costas I. Karageorghis and David-Lee Priest. “Music in the Exercise Domain: A Review and Synthesis (Parts I and II).” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5. no. 1 (March 2012): 44–84.
shown that motivational music can lead to: Costas I. Karageorghis and Peter C. Terry. Inside Sports Psychology (Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 2011), 197–205.
break a workout into different components: Ibid., 216–18.
two researchers asked pairs of runners: K.G. Hall and B. Erickson. “The Effects of Preparatory Arousal on Sixty-Meter Dash Performance.” Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual 10 (1995): 70–79.
New York magazine essay: As told to Alexa Tsoulis-Reay. “My Wife and I Are (Both) Pregnant,” New York magazine, January 10, 2016, nymag.com/thecut/2016/01/dual-pregnancy-c-v-r.html.
music in office settings: Anneli B. Haake, “Music Listening in UK Offices: Balancing Internal Needs and External Considerations” (PhD diss., University of Sheffield, 2010).
Four minutes after: Game recap for the Boston Red Sox versus Toronto Blue Jays, April 27, 2015, obtained from scores.espn.go.com/mlb/playbyplay?gameId=350427102.
a history of the practice: Daniel Brown, “The Secrets Behind Baseball’s Walk-Up Music,” San Jose Mercury News, June 14, 2011.
CHAPTER FIVE: THE KEYS TO CONFIDENCE
Research in Athletics Laboratory: Christopher D. Green, “Psychology Strikes Out: Coleman R. Griffith and the Chicago Cubs,” History of Psychology 6, no. 3 (2003), 267–83.
the 1926 book: Coleman R. Griffith, Psychology of Coaching. New York: Scribners, 1926. 87-90.
“The clash of cultures”: Green, “Psychology Strikes Out.”
When the San Diego Chargers: Jean M. Williams and William F. Straub, “Sports Psychology: Past, Present, and Future,” in Applied Sports Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance, ed. Jean M. Williams (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2010), 5.
more sophisticated textbook: Jean M. Williams, ed., Applied Sports Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2010).
the psychologists teach techniques: The summaries in the sections that follow come from the relevant chapters in Williams’s textbook.
Kahneman describes human cognition: Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 20–21.
theories of why people choke: Sian L. Beilock and Thomas H. Carr, “On the Fragility of Skilled Performance: What Governs Choking Under Pressure?,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130, no. 4 (2001): 701–25.
“The key is”: Sian Beilock, Choke: What the Secrets of the Brain Reveal about Getting It Right When You Have To (New York: Atria, 2010), 76.
“paying too much attention”: Ibid., 78.
“the temporary activation state”: John A. Bargh and Tanya L. Chartrand, “Studying the Mind in the Middle: A Practical Guide to Priming and Automaticity Research,” in Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology, ed., Harry T. Reis and Charles M. Judd (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 316.
words that connote “elderly”: John A. Bargh, Mark Chen, and Lara Burrows, “Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71, no. 2 (1996): 230–44.
priming in an actual workplace: Amanda Shantz and Gary P. Latham, “An Exploratory Field Experiment on the Effect of Subconscious and Conscious Goals on Employee Performance,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 109 (2009): 9–17.
the results showed: Ibid.
primed with a “context-specific” photo: Gary P. Latham and Ronald F. Piccolo, “The Effect of Context-Specific Versus Nonspecific Subconscious Goals on Employee Performance,” Human Resource Management 51, no. 4 (July–August 2012), 511–523.
how well fifty teams performed: Gary P. Latham, “The Effect of Primed Goal on Team Performance,” unpublished as of December 2015; provided by the author.
“The high-power posers”: Dana R. Carney, Amy J. C. Cuddy, and Andy J. Yap, “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010), 1363–68.
researchers failed to find: Andrew Gelman and Kaiser Fung, “The Power of the ‘Power Pose.’” Slate., January 19, 2016, www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2016/01/amy_cuddy_s_power_pose_research_is_the_latest_example_of_scientific_overreach.html.
one of Cuddy’s collaborators: Je
sse Singal, “‘Power Posing’ Co-author: ‘I Do Not Believe That ‘Power Pose’ Effects Are Real,’” New York magazine, September 26, 2016.
“adopting expansive poses”: Jesse Singal and Melissa Dahl, “Here Is Amy Cuddy’s Response to Critiques of Her Power-Posing Research,” New York magazine, September 30, 2016.
asked people to write: Joris Lammers, David Dubois, Derek D. Rucker, and Adam D. Galinsky, “Power Gets the Job: Priming Power Improves Interview Outcomes,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 49, no. 4 (2013), 776–79.
CHAPTER SIX: HARNESSING ANGER AND RIVALRY
“If [Selvy] had walked”: Bob Cousy, The Killer Instinct (New York: Random House, 1975), 3–5.
how anger affects athletes: Paul A. Davis, “Angry Athletes: Psychological, Physiological and Performance Implications,” in Psychology of Anger: Symptoms, Causes, and Coping, ed., James P. Welty (Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2011).
Experimental research suggests getting angry: Ibid.
“escalating conflict, biasing perceptions”: Alison Wood Brooks, “Emotion and the Art of Negotiation,” Harvard Business Review, December 2015.
In cricket, they call it “sledging”: Joshua Robinson, “The Vulgar Side of Cricket,” Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2013.
radio show with Gorgeous George: Muhammad Ali with Hana Ali, The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life’s Journey (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 71–72.
“I rehearsed and planned”: Muhammad Ali with Richard Durham, The Greatest: My Own Story (New York: Random House, 1975), 115–16.
“He entertained as much”: Robert Lipsyte, “Muhammad Ali Dies at 74,” New York Times, June 4, 2016.
In the resulting thesis: Oliver Ben Conmy, “Investigating a Conceptual Framework for Trash Talk: Cognitive and Affective States” (masters thesis, Florida State University, 2005).
players prefer to trash-talk: Oliver Ben Comny, “Trash Talk in a Competitive Setting: Impact on Self-Efficacy, Affect, and Performance” (PhD diss., Florida State University, 2008).
414 college athletes found: David W. Rainey and Vincent Granito, “Normative Rules for Trash Talk Among College Athletes: An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Sport Behavior 33, no. 3 (2010).
Indiana University graduate student: Stephen F. Davis, Matthew T. Huss, and Angela H. Becker, “Norman Triplett and the Dawning of Sports Psychology,” Sport Psychologist 9 (1995), 366–75.
another contestant participating simultaneously: Norman Triplett, “The Dynamogenic Factors in Pacemaking and Competition,” American Journal of Psychology 9 (July 1898), 507–33.
“Competition spurs motivation”: Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, Top Dog: The Science of Winning and Losing (New York: Twelve, 2013), 18.
the greatest teams in history: Ibid., 205.
teams play more efficient defense: Gavin J. Kilduff, Hillary Anger Elfenbein, and Barry M. Staw, “The Psychology of Rivalry: A Relationally Dependent Analysis of Competition,” Academy of Management Journal 53, no. 5 (2010), 943–69.
featuring long-distance runners: Gavin J. Kilduff, “Driven to Win: Rivalry, Motivation, and Performance,” Social Psychological and Personality Science (2014).
“Employees were beaten down,”: Information on how John Legere and T-Mobile utilized rivalry was obtained during an interview with Legere in May 2016. Legere subsequently wrote about this topic in an article entitled “T-Mobile’s CEO on Winning Market Share by Trash-Talking Rivals” in January-February 2017 issue of Harvard Business Review.
“profanity-spewing shock jock”: Danielle Sacks, “Who the @!#$&% IS This Guy? John Legere’s Strategy for Taking New Customers by Storm,” Fast Company, July–August 2015.
he lives in: Vivian Marino, “T-Mobile Chief Pays $18 Million for Central Park View,” New York Times, October 16, 2015.
9-square-inch temporary tattoo: Ethan Wolff-Mann, “T-Mobile Pays $21,800 for Sponsorship Tattoo on Olympic Runner,” Time, May 13, 2016, time.com/money/4329336/t-mobile-tattoo-nick-symmonds-olympics/.
“large, multi-billion dollar”: Neeru Paharia, Jill Avery, and Anat Keinan, “Positioning Brands Against Large Competitors to Increase Sales,” Journal of Marketing Research 51, no. 6 (2014), 647–56.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE PSYCH-UP PILL
“If I’ve managed to hit”: Scott Stossel, My Age of Anxiety (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013), 96–97.
“extending the lives”: Lawrence K. Altman, “Dr. James Black, Pharmacologist Who Discovered Beta Blockers, Dies at 85,” New York Times, March 22, 2010.
a wide variety of drugs: Lukasz Kamienski, Shooting Up: A Short History of War and Drugs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), xvii, xxiv.
first synthetic amphetamine: Elaine A. Moore, The Amphetamine Debate (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2011), 20–21.
related chemical compound MDMA: Ibid., 22.
Amphetamines work by: Ibid., 15.
used to treat thirty-nine: Ibid., 39.
Jack Kerouac wrote On the Road: Ibid., 37–38.
“Despite a rising increase”: Ibid., 26.
the drug was so commonplace: Ibid., 5.
popularity of cocaine: Ibid., 32.
amphetamine variant methylphenidate: Susan McCrossin, “Ritalin and Attention Deficit Disorder: History of Its Use, Effects, and Side Effects,” White Paper, Learning Enhancement Center, Boulder, Colo., 1995.
first written description: Klaus W. Lange et al., “The History of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders 2, no 4 (2010), 241–55.
taking it without a prescription: “Adderall Misuse Rising Among Young Adults,” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health news release, February 16, 2016, www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2016/adderall-misuse-rising-among-young-adults.html.
less than 5 percent: “Nonmedical Use and Diversion of ADHD Stimulants Among U.S. Adults Ages 18–49,” Journal of Attention Studies 19, no. 7 (July 2015), 630–40.
“This may be leading”: Margaret Talbot, “Brain Gain,” New Yorker, April 27, 2009.
“The results were miraculous”: Joshua Foer, “The Adderall Me,” Slate, May 10, 2005, www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2005/05/the_adderall_me.html.
Like amphetamines, modafinil: Moore, The Amphetamine Debate, 115–16.
tested repeatedly in military settings: Joseph V. Baranski et al., “Modafinil During 64 Hr of Sleep Deprivation: Dose-Related Effects on Fatigue, Alertness, and Cognitive Performance,” Military Psychology 10, no. 3 (1998), 173–93.
Michel Jouvet, once boasted: Terence J. Lyons and Jonathan French, “Modafinil: The Unique Properties of a New Stimulant,” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 62 (May 1991), 432–35.
popular drug among Silicon Valley: Michael Arrington, “How Many Silicon Valley Startup Executives Are Hopped Up On Provigil?,” TechCrunch, July 15, 2008, techcrunch.com/2008/07/15/how-many-of-our-startup-executives-are-hopped-up-on-provigil/.
“Wall Street’s new drug”: Robert Kolker, “The Real Limitless Drug Isn’t Just for Lifehackers Anymore,” New York magazine, March 31, 2013.
“Viagra for the Brain”: Dan Harris, Lana Zak, and Dr. Mark Abdelmalek, “Provigil: The Secret to Success?,” ABC News, July 17, 2012, abcnews.go.com/Health/provigil-secret-success/story?id=16788001.
Csikszentmihalyi describes as “flow”: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (New York: HarperPerennial, 1990), 4.
Modafinil may well deserve”: R.M. Battleday and A.K. Brem, “Modafinil for Cognitive Neuroenhancement in Healthy Non-Sleep-Deprived Subjects: A Systematic Review,” European Neuropsychopharmacology 35 (November (2015): 2101–9.
“Millions of people”: Olga Khazan, “The Rise of Work Doping,” Atlantic, August 27, 2015.
the best-selling Bulletproof Diet: Gordy Megroz, “B
uttered Coffee Could Make You Invincible. And This Man Very Rich,” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 21, 2015, www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-04-21/buttered-coffee-could-make-you-invincible-and-this-man-very-rich.
President Obama may have taken: Barbara Kantrowitz, “The White House Mystery Drug.” Daily Beast, May 10, 2010, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/03/04/the-white-house-mystery-drug.html.
The nurse opens: While I gave the nurse practitioner a general overview of this book project when I met with her, I did not tell her I planned to write about my own experiences using beta-blockers or modafinil. Therefore, I chose not to name her in the book.
she argued that pediatricians: Jessica Flanigan, “Adderall for All: A Defense of Pediatric Neuroenhancement.” HEC Forum 25 (2013) 325.
Julie Tannenbaum asks: Julie Tannenbaum, “The Promise and Peril of the Pharmacological Enhancer Modafinil,” Bioethics 28, no. 8 (2014), 436–45.
EPILOGUE
So I gave her a pep talk: The story about my pep talk to my daughter before her driving test previously appeared in an essay in the Boston Globe Magazine, “You’ve Been Doing Pep Talks All Wrong. Here’s How to Fix Them,” March 1, 2015.
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
activating superstitions, 55
Adderall, 210–11, 212–13
“Adderall for All: A Defense of Pediatric Neuroenhancement” (Flanigan), 226–27
ADHD, 210–11
adrenals/adrenaline, 19–21, 30
Adrenaline (Hoffman), 20
adversity audition, 36–41
alcohol, 206–7
Ali, Muhammad, 180–81
Alioto, Erica Galos, 79–82, 103–5, 106–7
Alles, Gordon, 208
Allred, Keith, 178
Amazon, 195–96