The Soldier and the State
Page 65
Forrestal-class carrier, 408, 411
Foster, William C., 377
France, 21; eighteenth-century aristocratic institutions in the military, 22–28; advancement, 23, 45–46; education, 24, 49; staff organization, 25, 26, 51–52; ineptness of officer corps, 27; growth of professionalism, 33, 37; conscription in, 38; emergence of professional institutions, 42–43; professional competence and esprit, 53; the “repository of military science,” 197
Frederick the Great, of Prussia, 22, 24,
Frederick William, of Prussia, 22
Frémont, John Charles, 158 fn., 159, 160
Friedrich, Carl J., 152, 425
Fritsch, Werner von, 117, 119, 120, 121
Functional imperative, 2–3
Functions, separation of, 400–412; duplication of, 401–403
Fusionist approach, 350–354, 430, 459–460
Fusionist policy, of JCS, 397
Garfield, James A., 158, 159, 209
Garrison-state hypothesis, 346–350
General Board of the Navy, 414–415
General Councel’s office, Department of Defense, 439
General Motors Corporation, 363 fn., 364 fn.
General Staff Act of 1903, 252, 298-General Staff Corps, 252–253
Generalships, eighteenth-century theory of, 30
Geneva Conference, 456
George III, of England, 24
Germany, army in, 51; civil-military relations, 98–124 passim; high standard of professionalism, 98–101; imperial balance in civil-military relations, 99–103; naval officer corps, 101, 103; governmental authority, 101–103; military authority, 102–103; naval expansion, 103, 105; political influence of imperial officer corps, 103–105; nationalistic and aggressive ideology, 105–106; military dictatorship, 106–109; Weimar Republic, 109–112; civilianism triumphant in Third Reich, 113–114; destruction of the military, 116–122; source of ideas of professional reformers, 234–235, 251, 257; U.S. military governorship in, 355–356. See also Prussia
Gerry, Elbridge, 144
Gessler, Otto, 110, 112
Gleason, S. Everett, 331
Gneisenau, Count August von, 31
Godkin, E. L., 258
Goltz, Count August von der, 105, 235 fn.
Göring, Hermann, 118
Grant, Ulysses S., 182, 367
Gray Board, Report of, 172, 173
Great Britain, advanced education, 49–50; distribution of military powers, 164; influence on pattern of American constitution, 164, 177–178; civil-military relations, 187; military organization, 210, 433 fn.; system of conducting war compared with America’s, 328–329; Minister of Defense compared with Secretary of Defense, 451, 451 fn. See also England
Greenwich (England) naval college at, 50
Gregory, Major General Edmund B., 360 fn.
Grey, Charles, Second Earl, 47
Gröner, Wilhelm, 103, 112, 113
Gruenther, General Alfred M., 356, 447
G-2 (Military Intelligence), staff study by, 335
Guderian, Heinz, 119
Guibert, Comte Jacques de, 28, 29, 30
Haeften, Count von, 107
Hague Conferences, 264
Halder, Franz, 115–116
Hall, Captain R. A.,-68 fn.
Halleck, General H. Wager, 197, 234; Elements of Military Art and Science, 221
Halsey, Admiral William F., 362
Hamaguchi, Premier Yuko, 138
Hamilton, Alexander, 148, 178, 198, 430; abortive professionalism of, 194, 195
Hancock, General Winfield Scott, 158 fn., 159, 160, 162
Hannegan, Robert E., 376
Harbord, General James G., 298, 363 fn.
Hardy, Porter, 407
Harriman, W. Averill, 377
Harrison, W. H., 158 fn.
Hart, Liddell, 57, 64
Hartz, Louis, 458
Hay, John M., 453
Hayashi, General Senjuro, 132
Heroes, in liberal politics, 157–160;
prestige, 367–373
Hertling, Count von, 107
Heye, Colonel General Wilhelm, 112
Highland Falls (N.Y.), 464–465
Hilldring, Major General John H., 360 fn.
Himmler, Heinrich, 117–118
Hindenburg, Paul von, 106, 112
Hines, Brigadier General Frank T., 360 fn.
Hirota, Koki, 132
Hitler, Adolf, 77, 113–116, 117
Hitlerism, guilt of generals in, 353–354
Hoffman, Paul, 377, 378, 385
Holcomb, Major General Thomas, 360 fn.
Holt, Colonel Lucius, 296
Hooker, General Joseph, 181
Hoover, Herbert, 93 fn., 386
Hoover Commission Task Force, 451,
Hopkins, Harry, 319, 323, 330
House Armed Services Committee, 403–407, 408, 410, 416, 419, 426
House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 403 fn.
House Government Operations Committee, 403–407, 420, 422
House military appropriations subcommittees, 403, 407–412, 423,
House Naval Affairs Committee, increased power of, 404
Hughes, Charles Evans, 453
Huidekoper, Frederick Louis, The Military Unpreparedness of the United States, 280 fn.
Hull, Cordell, Secretary of State, 317, 321, 322, 326, 333, 453
Hundred Years War, 21
Huzar, Elias, The Purse and the Sword, 424 fn.
Hydrogen bomb, 383
Ickes, Harold L., 330, 380
Ideologies, and military ethic, 94–96
Ikes and Macs, 367–373
India, source of ideas of professional reformers, 235
Indians, 211
Individualism, attacks on, 258, 267
Indochina, 393, 396, 398
Industrial Mobilization Plan, 338
Industrialism, and militarism, 224–226
Infantry Journal, 268, 283, 288 fn.,
Infantry School Quarterly, 294 fn. Ingles, Major General Harry C., 366 fn.
Institutional policy, 1
Intelligence coordination and JCS, 434
Interbranch rivalry, 418–421
Internal security policy, 1
International military commands, 355, 356–357
International politics, 305–307
Interwar civil-military relations, 289–311 passim
Inukai, Premier Ki, 138
Investigations, 422
Isherwood, Benjamin, 232
Ismay, Hastings, 356
Isolationalism, 271
Item veto, 427
Jackson, Andrew, 158 fn., 208, 270, 368
Jacksonian democracy, 193
Jacksonians, attitude on military affairs, 156, 193, 203–204; hostility toward West Point, 204–205; hostility to the military, 224; attitude on war, 225
Japan, pattern of civil-military relations, 98–99; national ideology, 124–125; the Japanese military mind, 125–130; military authority in dual government, 130–134; National Mobilization Law, 134; clan support of the military, 134–135; navy, 135; popular support, 137; military’s terroristic methods, 137–138; destruction of officer corps, 138; future civil-military relations, 138–139; as a garrison state, 348; U.S. military governorship, 355–356
Jefferson Thomas, 196–198, 270, 453
Jeffersonians, views on military, 156, 224; contributions to military tradition, 193; attitude on war, 225
Jenner subcommittee on conduct of the Korean War, 390, 418 fn.
Jessup, Brigadier General T. S., 213
Jodl, Alfred, 117, 119
Johnson, Louis, as Secretary of Defense, 378, 442–444, 453–454; opposed to defense spending, 384; on impounding of Air Force funds, 426
Johnson, Lyndon, Preparedness Subcommittee, 406
Johnston, R. M., Arms and the Race, 280 fn.
Joint Army-Navy Munitions Board, 317, 318–319, 330–331, 338, 339, 435; balance of power policy, 379
Joint Chiefs of
Staff, 318–324, 336; World War II policies, 333–334; problems of administrative coordination with State Department, 351–352; political role in Truman administration, 374–387; in Korean War, 387–391; in Eisenhower administration, 391–399; congressional access of, 415–418; Chairman of, 422, 436–437; postwar function of, 429–432; legal form and political reality, 432–437; and Comptroller, 439–440, 444; and Secretary of Defense, 440–448, 449, 452–453; current attitude toward, 460
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 403 fn.
Joint Intelligence Committee of JCS, 434
Jomini, Baron Henri, 197, 255, 277
Jones, James, From Here to Eternity, 462
Jones, Colonel Roger, 213
Jones, William, 200
Joy, Admiral Turner, 390
Judaism, 458
Junker aristocracy, 103
Kato, Admiral Tomosaburo, 136
Keitel, Wilhelm, 117, 119
Kennan, George, 377; “Sources of Soviet Conduct,” 381; appreciation of power politics, 383–384, 459
Kentucky Military Institute, 219
Kilday, Paul J., 404–405
King, Admiral Ernest J., 302, 319, 336
Kipling, Rudyard, 153, 462
Kiralfy, Alexander, “Japanese Naval Strategy,” 128 fn.
Kiyoura, Viscount, 132
Knox, Frank, 321, 330; as military spokesman, 442
Knox, Major General Henry, 143
Kodo (the Imperial Way), 128
Konoye, Prince Fumimaro, 132
Korean War, 383, 384; attitude of JCS under Truman, 382, 386; attitude of generals, troops, and public, 387–391
Kriegsakademie (Berlin), 48, 99
Kuter, Major General Lawrence S., 360 fn.
Kyes, Roger, 393, 444
LaFollette, Robert M., 368
Landwehr, Prussian militia, 38
Langer, William L., 331
Larned, Charles W., 227 fn.
Lasswell, Harold, 11, 391; garrison-state hypothesis, 346–350
League of Nations, 115, 118
Leahy, Admiral William D., 334; Chief of Staff to Commander in Chief, 318; old associate of Roosevelt, 319; on JCS, 429; relations with General Gruenther, 447 fn.
Leavy, Major General Edmond H., 358 fn.
Lecoq, General von, 50
Leeb, Wilhelm von, 121
Liberalism, compared with military ethic, 90–91; prevalence in U.S., 143–148; difficulties in foreign affairs and defense, 148–151; hostility to military profession, 153–155; military policy, 155–157; victory over Neo-Hamiltonianism, 271; continued dominance and tension over security problem, 345–346, 456–457; of Truman domestic policy, 376; of defense under Eisenhower, 393–397; weakening in military matters of, 456–466 passim
Lilienthal, David E., 376
Lincoln, Abraham, 185
Lincoln, Colonel G. A., 324
Lippmann, Walter, 292, 458, 460
Lloyd, Henry, on war, 28–30
Locke, John, 383
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 270
Long, John Davis, 183
Louis XV, of France, 24
Lovett, Robert A., 431 fn.; importance in Truman administration, 377, 378, 380; political distrust of, 385; on Korea, 387; on budget, 438; policy strategist role, 443, 444, 446–448; on JCS, 448–449; on staff, 451 fn.; caliber, 453, 454
Loyalty, significance of concern with, 304–305
Luce, Rear Admiral Stephen B., 230, 232, 236, 248
Ludendorff, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm, 103, 106, 108, 114, 317, 349, 372, 388; Der Totale Krieg, 108
Luftwaffe, 118
MacArthur, General Douglas, 77, 160, 285, 304, 323, 362; fusionist theory of, 353; military governorship of Japan, 356; prestige and political involvement, 367–373; firing of, 383, 385, 386; General Marshall on, 389; attitude on Korean War, 390, 391; hearings on relief of, 405, 460; on budget, 414
McCarthy, Joseph R., 460
McClellan, George B., 154, 158 fn., 159, 160, 181, 210, 367
McCloy, John J., 377, 380
McGranery, J. P., 376
McGrath, J. Howard, 376
McKay, Douglas, 392
McLaughlin, Walter H., Jr., 363
McMahon Act of 1946, 434
McNarney, General Joseph T., 300
McNarney Board, 439, 445
McNeil, Wilfred J., 377, 439–440, 444
Macs and Ikes, 367–373
Madison, James, 166, 169, 185, 453
Mahan, Admiral Alfred Thayer, 197, 212, 233, 236, 264, 278, 279; The Life of Nelson, 75 fn.; navy organization, 248; and Neo-Hamiltonianism, 270, 273, 278; The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, 270, 275; at Naval War College, 274; views and discontent with naval profession, 275–278; popular writing, 278–279
Mahan, Dennis Hart, 234, 258, 371; gospel of professionalism, 218, 219; writings, 220; contribution to American military professionalism, 220–221
Mahon, George H., on impounding of Air Force funds, 426
Mailer, Norman, The Naked and the Dead, 461–462
Manhattan District Project (Army), 434
March, General Peyton C., 282 fn.; Chief of Staff, 299
Marine Corps Bill of 1952, 420
Marine Corps controversy, 420, 421, 425, 426
Marshall, General George C., 319, 325, 363 fn.; political appointments in Truman Cabinet, 359, 360–361; in anti-MacArthur group, 368–369, 389; importance to Truman foreign and defense policies, 377–380; returns to professional military ethic, 381; on Korean War, 387; on Pershing’s loyalty, 414; military spokesman role when Secretary of Defense, 442; high caliber, 453, 454
Marxism, 92–93
Mason, George, 165, 177–178
Massenbach, Colonel Christian von, 50
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 218, 219, 232; views on naval organization, 219–220
Maxim, Hudson, 293
Mercenary system, 20–22
Mexican punitive expedition of 1916, 389
Meyer, George von L., 303
Michaelis, Georg, 107
Michels, Robert, Political Parties, 95
Miles, General Nelson A., 210
Militant Liberty, sponsored by Admiral Radford, 397
Militarism, Jeffersonian contribution toward, 193; Southern sources of, 211–213; and religious moralism, 223; and industrialism, 224, 226; and democratic government, 260–261; pragmatic usages of, 290–294. See also Professionalism Military, definition of, 433 fn.
Military, The, and the state, 70–78, 80–89; conservatism, 154, 257–258; participation in politics, 180–184, 367–373; business pacifist’s attitude toward, 226; professionalization of, 230–237; relations with society, 282–289; role within the government, 307–309; and civilian ethics, 309–310; and Congress, 324–325, 412–418; adjustment to wartime power and postwar plans, 326–337; rapprochement with business, 361–367; departmental structure of, 428–455 passim
Military and Naval Construction Act of 1951, 405
Military and Naval Magazine, 219
Military Appropriations process, 407–412
Military budget, congressional pluralism in, 423–427
Military chiefs, congressional access of, 415–418
Military conservatism, problem of postwar tension with liberalism, 345–346
Military dictatorship, Germany, 106–109
Military Enlightenment, 234
Military ideal, 464–466
Military integrity, 460–461
Military literature, 28–30
Military Magazine, 219
Military mind, 59–61, 254–268
Military obedience, and professional competence, 74–76
Military officer, 7, 11–18; the Framers’ concept of, 165–166; in civil governmental positions, 355–361
Military organization, executive and legislative positions on, 181–183
Military power, basis of, 317, 318
Military professionalism, developed by Prussia, 30–32; in modern Germany, 99–101; clash with Nazi approach,
114–116; and business reform hostility, 289–290; versus separation of powers, 412–418. See also Professional Military Ethic Military research and development, 434
Military Review, 294 fn., 394 fn. Military schools, 24–25. See also individual schools by name Military science, 71; recognition of, 218
Military security, postwar problem, 345–346; enhanced by Congress, 421; the requisite for, 456–457; and conservatism, 463–464
Military Service Institution, 251; Journal of the, 235 fn.
Military spokesman, Secretary of Defense as, 441–442
Military strategy, 71, 72, 181
Military strength, military view toward, 67–68; national politics respecting, 180–181; Eisenhower’s service toward reduction of, 371, 372, 373
Military thinking, preprofessional, 28–30
Militia, Framers* ideas on, 166–169; problems arising from militia clauses, 170–172
Militia Act of 1792, 170
Millis, Walter, on morale in Korean War, 391
Moltke, Count Helmuth von, 47, 51, 64, 70, 100–101, 104, 114 fn., 264
Monism, strategic, 418–427
Morgenthau, Henry, 330
Morgenthau, Hans J., 459
Morley, Viscount John, 291
Morris, Gouverneur, 166
Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 379
Müller, Chancellor Hermann, 113
Mumford, Lewis, 292
Munich, 116
Murphy, Charles J. V., 436 fn.
M.V.D., 82
Myrdal, Gunnar, 146
Napoleon Bonaparte, 70; army of, 34
Nation, 312
Nation in arms, concept of, 37
Nation State, factor in growth of professionalism, 32–33; primacy of the,
National Association of Manufacturers, 363
National Defense, Council of, 263
National Defense Act, of 1916, 176, 298, 401, 415; of 1920, 174, 176, 283, 297, 300, 415
National Defense Advisory Commission, 339
National forces, dual control over, 177–184
National Guard, 171–173, 191, 283; constitutional symbolism, 173–174; state and national representation, 174; congressional increases in, 425
National Guard Association, formation and functions, 171–173; influence with Congress, 175–176
National Guard Bureau, 174
National Guardsman, 175
National Mobilization Law (Japan), 134
National policy, and strategy, 262–263; attitude of military toward, 263–264; World War II, 329–335