Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist

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Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist Page 33

by Kate Raworth


  3. Grossman and Krueger (1995) ‘Economic growth and the environment’, p. 369.

  4. Yandle, B. et al. (2002) The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Primer. The Property and Environment Research Centre Research Study 02. http://www.macalester.edu/~wests/econ231/yandleetal.pdf

  5. Torras, M. and Boyce, J.K. (1998) ‘Income, inequality, and pollution: a reassessment of the environmental Kuznets curve’, Ecological Economics 25, pp. 147–160.

  6. Wiedmann, T. O. et al. (2015) ‘The material footprint of nations’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: 20, pp. 6271–6276.

  7. UNEP (2016) Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity: A Report of the International Resource Panel, available at: http://www.uneplive.org/material#.V1rkAeYrLIG

  8. Goodall, C. (2012) Sustainability. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

  9. Global Footprint Network (2016) ‘National Footprint Accounts’, available at: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_data_and_results/

  10. Heinrich Böll Foundation (2012) ‘Energy transition: environmental taxation’, available at: http://energytransition.de/2012/10/environmental-taxation/

  11. California Environmental Protection Agency (2016) ‘Cap-and-Trade Program’, available at: http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm

  12. Schwartz, D. ‘Water pricing in two thirsty cities: in one, guzzlers pay more, and use less’, New York Times 6 May 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/business/energy-environment/water-pricing-in-two-thirsty-cities.html?_r=0

  13. ‘‘Most progressive water utility in Africa’ wins 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award’, SIWI press release, available at: http://www.siwi.org/prizes/winners/2014-2.html

  14. Meadows, D. (1997) Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System. The Donella Meadows Institute, available at: http://donellameadows.org/archives/leverage-points-places-to-intervene-in-a-system/

  15. Lyle, J. T. (1994) Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development. New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 5.

  16. Hotten, R. (2015) ‘Volkswagen: the scandal explained’, BBC News, available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-34324772

  17. ‘Nedbank Fair Share 2030 starts with Targeted Lending of R6 billion’, 3 March 2014, Nedbank, available at: https://www.nedbank.co.za/content/nedbank/desktop/gt/en/news/nedbankstories/fair-share-2030/2014/nedbank-fair-share-2030-starts-with-targeted-lending-of-r6-billion.html

  18. Nestlé (2014) ‘Nestlé opens its first zero water factory expansion in Mexico’, 22 October 2014. http://www.wateronline.com/doc/nestle-zero-water-factory-expansion-mexico-0001

  19. McDonough, W. (2015) ‘Upcycle and the atomic bomb’, interview in Renewable Matter 06–07, Milan: Edizioni Ambiente, p. 12.

  20. Andersson, E. et al. (2014) ‘Reconnecting cities to the Biosphere: stewardship of green infrastructure and urban ecosystem services’, AMBIO 43: 4, pp. 445–453.

  21. Biomimicry 3.8 (2014), ‘Conversation with Janine’, http://biomimicry.net/about/biomimicry/conversation-with-janine/

  22. Webster, K. (2015) The Circular Economy: A Wealth of Flows. Isle of Wight: Ellen McArthur Foundation.

  23. Ellen McArthur Foundation (2012) Towards the Circular Economy, Isle of Wight: Ellen McArthur Foundation, available at: http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf

  24. Braungart, M. and McDonough, W. (2009) Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. London: Vintage Books.

  25. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2012) In-depth: mobile phones. http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/interactive-diagram/in-depth-mobile-phones

  26. Benyus, J. (2015) ‘The generous city’, Architectural Design 85: 4, pp. 120–121.

  27. Personal communication with Janine Benyus, 23 November 2015.

  28. Park 20|20 http://www.park2020.com/

  29. Newlight Technologies, www.newlight.com/company

  30. Sundrop Farms www.sundropfarms.com and Sundrop Farms ABC Landline Coverage, 20 April 2012 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCup_B_RHM4

  31. Arthur, C. (2010) ‘Women solar entrepreneurs transforming Bangladesh’. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2010/04/women-solar-entrepreneurs-transforming-bangladesh.html

  32. Vidal, J. (2014) ‘Regreening program to restore one-sixth of Ethiopia’s land’, Guardian, 30 October 2014, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/30/regreening-program-to-restore-land-across-one-sixth-of-ethiopia

  33. Sanergy http://saner.gy/

  34. ProComposto http://www.procomposto.com.br

  35. Margolis, J. (2012) ‘Growing food in the desert: is this the solution to the world’s food crisis?’, Guardian, 24 November 2012, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/24/growing-food-in-the-desert-crisis

  36. Lacy, P. and Rutqvist, J. (2015) Waste to Wealth: The Circular Economy Advantage. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 79–80.

  37. Muirhead, S. and Zimmermann, L. (2015) ‘Open Source Circular Economy’, The Disruptive Innovation Festival 2015.

  38. Open Source Circular Economy: mission statement. https://oscedays.org/open-source-circular-economy-mission-statement/

  39. Personal communication with Sam Muirhead, 27 January 2016.

  40. Apertuso https://www.apertus.org/

  41. OSVehicle https://www.osvehicle.com/

  42. Sénamé Kof Agbodjinou and the W. Afate 3D printer at NetExplo 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThTRqfhMLcA and My Africa Is talks Woelab and the e-waste 3D printer. http://www.myafricais.com/woelab_3dprinting/

  43. Greene, T. (2001) ‘Ballmer: “Linux is a cancer” ’, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/06/02/ballmer_linux_is_a_cancer/, and Finley, K. (2015) ‘Whoa. Microsoft is using Linux to run its cloud’, http://www.wired.com/2015/09/microsoft-using-linux-run-cloud/

  44. Personal communication with Sam Muirhead, 27 January 2016.

  45. Asknature.org and personal communication with Janine Benyus, 31 May 2016.

  46. Friedman, M. (1970) ‘The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits’, New York Times Magazine, 13 September. http://umich.edu/~thecore/doc/Friedman.pdf

  47. Satya.com (2005) ‘A Dame of big ideas: the Satya interview with Anita Roddick’, http://www.satyamag.com/jan05/roddick.html

  48. Satya.com (2005) ‘A Dame of big ideas’.

  49. Benefit Corporation, http://benefitcorp.net/ and CIC Association, http://www.cicassociation.org.uk/about/what-is-a-cic

  50. Satya.com (2005) ‘A Dame of big ideas: the Satya interview with Anita Roddick’, http://www.satyamag.com/jan05/roddick.html

  51. John Fullerton’s speech at the launch of Regenerative Capitalism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KDv06YOjxw

  52. Fullerton, J. (2015) Regenerative Capitalism. Greenwich, CT: The Capital Institute.

  53. Capital Institute (2015) A Year in the Life of a Regenerative Bank. http://regenerativebankproject.capitalinstitute.org/

  54. Herman, G. (2011) ‘Alternative currency has great success: Rabot loves Torekes’, Nieuwsblad, 30 April 2011, http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/f839i9vt

  55. The Ex’Tax Project (et al.) (2014) New Era. New Plan. Fiscal reforms for an inclusive, circular economy. http://ex-tax.com/files/4314/1693/7138/The_Extax_Project_New_Era_New_Plan_report.pdf

  56. Crawford, K. et al. (2014) Demolition or Refurbishment of Social Housing? A review of the evidence. London: UCL Urban Lab and Engineering Exchange, available at: http://www.engineering.ucl.ac.uk/engineering-exchange/files/2014/10/Report-Refurbishment-Demolition-Social-Housing.pdf

  57. Wijkman, A. and Skanberg, K. (2015) The Circular Economy and Benefits for Society. Club of Rome, available at: http://www.clubofrome.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/The-Circular-Economy-and-Benefits-for-Society.pdf

  58. Mazzucato, M. (2015) ‘What we need to get a real green revolution’, 10 December 2015, http://marianamazzucato.com/2015/12/10/what-we-need-to-get-a-real-green-revo
lution/

  59. Mazzucato, M., Semieniuk, G. and Watson, J. (2015) What Will It Take To Get Us a Green Revolution? SPRU Policy Paper, University of Sussex. https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=what-will-it-take-to-get-us-a-green-revolution.pdf&site=264

  60. The Oberlin Project. http://www.oberlinproject.org/

  61. ‘David Orr: The Oberlin Project’, at The Garrison Institute, February 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5MNI9k0wWU

  62. Oberlin College (2016) Environmental Dashboard at environmentaldashboard.org

  63. Meadows, D. (1998) Indicators and Information Systems for Sustainable Development. Vermont: The Sustainability Group, available at: http://www.comitatoscientifico.org/temi%20SD/documents/@@Meadows%20SD%20indicators.pdf

  64. Economy for the Common Good https://old.ecogood.org/en B Corps www.bcorporation.net/ and the MultiCapital Scorecard http://www.multicapitalscorecard.com/

  7. Be Agnostic about Growth

  1. Mali, T. (2002) ‘Like Lily like Wilson’, in What Learning Leaves, Newtown, CT: Hanover Press.

  2. Al Bartlett, http://www.albartlett.org

  3. Rostow, W.W. (1960), The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 6.

  4. Ibid., p. 16.

  5. Smith, A. (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter 9, p. 14. http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-09.html

  6. Ricardo, D. (1817) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Chapter 4 (6.29). http://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP.html

  7. Mill, J. S. (1848) Principles of Political Economy, Book IV, Chapter VI, 6. http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlP.html#Bk.IV,Ch.VI

  8. Keynes, J.M. (1945) First Annual Report of the Arts Council (1945–46). London: Arts Council.

  9. Rogers, E. (1962) Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press.

  10. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (2013) The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  11. Marshall, A. (1890) Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan, Book IV, Chapter VII.7. http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP.html#

  12. IMF (2016) ‘World Economic Outlook Update’, January 2016, available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/update/01/

  13. World Bank (2016) GDP growth (annual %), 2011–2015. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG

  14. Jackson, T. (2009) Prosperity without Growth. London: Earthscan, pp. 56–58.

  15. United Nations (2015) World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York: UN, p. 26, available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/key_findings_wpp_2015.pdf

  16. Global Footprint Network (2015) Footprint for Nations (2011 data). http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_for_nations/

  17. Sinclair, U. (1935) I, Candidate for Governor – and How I Got Licked. Oakland: University of California Press, 1994 repr., p.109.

  18. Bonaiuti, M. (2014) The Great Transition. London: Routledge (Figure 3.1).

  19. Gordon, R. (2014) The Demise of US Economic Growth: Restatement, Rebuttals and Reflections., NBER Working Paper no. 19895, February 2014, available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w19895, and Jackson, T. and Webster, R. (2016) Limits Revisited, A Report for the All Party Parliamentary Group on Limits to Growth, available at: http://limits2growth.org.uk/revisited/

  20. OECD (2014) Policy Challenges for the Next 50 Years. OECD Economic policy paper no. 9, Paris: OECD, p. 11.

  21. Carney, M. (2016) ‘Redeeming an Unforgiving World’, speech by Mark Carney at the 8th Annual Institute of International Finance G20 Conference, Shanghai, 26 February 2016, available at: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Pages/speeches/2016/885.aspx

  22. Borio, C. (2016) ‘The movie plays on: a lens for viewing the global economy’ Bank for International Settlements presentation at the FT Debt Capital Markets Outlook, London 10 February 2016, available at: http://www.bis.org/speeches/sp160210_slides.pdf

  23. Obsfeld, M. (2016) ‘Global growth: too slow for too long’, IMFdirect, 12 April 2016, available at: https://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2016/04/12/global-growth-too-slow-for-too-long/

  24. OECD (2016) ‘Global economy stuck in low-growth trap: policymakers need to act to keep promises, OECD says in latest Economic Outlook’, 1 June 2016, available at: http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/global-economy-stuck-in-low-growth-trap-policymakers-need-to-act-to-keep-promises.htm

  25. Summers, L. (2016) ‘The age of secular stagnation’, Foreign Affairs, 15 February.

  26. Beckerman, W. (1972) In Defense of Economic Growth. London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 100–101.

  27. Friedman, B. (2006) The Moral Consequence of Economic Growth. New York: Vintage Books, p. 4.

  28. Moyo, D. (2015) ‘Economic growth has stalled. Let’s fix it’. TED Global, Geneva. https://www.ted.com/talks/dambisa_moyo_economic_growth_has_stalled_let_s_fix_it?language=en

  29. Brynjolfsson, E. and MacAfee, A. (2014) The Second Machine Age. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

  30. Carbon Brief (2016) ‘The 35 countries cutting the link between economic growth and emissions’, 5 April 2016, available at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-35-countries-cutting-the-link-between-economic-growth-and-emissions. GDP data from the World Bank are given in constant local currency and consumption-based emissions data are from the Global Carbon Project’s CDIAC database.

  31. Anderson, K. and Bows, A. (2011) ‘Beyond “dangerous” climate change: emissions scenarios for a new world’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369, pp. 20–44.

  32. Bowen, A. and Hepburn, C. (2012) Prosperity With Growth: Economic Growth, Climate Change and Environmental Limits, Centre for Climate Change Economic and Policy Working Paper no. 109, and Brynjolfsson, E. (2013) ‘The key to growth? Race with the machines’, TED Talk, February 2013. https://www.ted.com/talks/erik_brynjolfsson_the_key_to_growth_race_em_with_em_the_machines?language=en

  33. Bowen, A. and Hepburn, C. (2012) Prosperity with Growth: Economic Growth, Climate Change and Environmental Limits, Centre for Climate Change Economic and Policy Working Paper no. 109, p. 20.

  34. Solow, R. (1957) ‘Technical change and the aggregate production function’, Review of Economics and Statistics 39: 3, p. 320.

  35. Abramovitz, M. (1956) ‘Resource and output trends in the United States since 1870’, American Economic Review, 46: 2, p. 11.

  36. Ayres. R. and Ayres, E. (2010) Crossing the Energy Divide: Moving from Fossil Fuel Dependence to a Clean Energy Future. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, p. 14.

  37. Let the Sun Work (2015) ‘The energy in a barrel of oil’, available at: http://letthesunwork.com/energy/barrelofenergy.htm

  38. Ayres, R. and Warr, B. (2009) The Economic Growth Engine. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 297, 309.

  39. Murphy, D.J. (2014) ‘The implications of the declining energy return on investment of oil production’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 372, p. 16.

  40. Semieniuk, G. (2014) ‘The digital revolution’s energy costs’, Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis, The New School, 21 April 2014, available at: http://www.economicpolicyresearch.org/index.php/the-worldly-philosopher/1446-the-digital-revolution-s-energy-costs

  41. Swishing, http://swishing.com

  42. Rifkin, J. (2014) The Zero Marginal Cost Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 20.

  43. Easterlin, R. (1974) ‘Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence’, in David, P. and Reder, M. (eds), Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honour of Moses Abramovitz., New York: Academic Press.

  44. Stevenson, B. and Wolfers, J. (2008) Economic Growth and Subjective Well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox, National Bureau of Economic Research Paper no. 14282. http://www.nber.org/papers/w14282

  45. Wolf, M. (2007), ‘The dangers of living in a zero-sum world economy’, Financial Times, 19 December 2007, available at: https://next.ft.com
/content/0447f562-ad85-11dc-9386-0000779fd2ac

  46. Rostow, W.W. (1960) The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 6.

  47. Rogoff, K. (2012) ‘Rethinking the growth imperative’, Project Syndicate, 2 January 2012. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/rethinking-the-growth-imperative

  48. Polanyi, K. (2001) The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.

  49. Marx, K. (1867) Capital, Vol. I, Part II, Chapter IV, available at: http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Marx/mrxCpA4.html#Part II, Chapter 4

  50. Aristotle (350 BCE) Politics, Book I, Part X, available at: http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.1.one.html

  51. Fullerton, J. (2012) ‘Can financial reform fight climate change?’ Interview on the Laura Flanders Show, 8 July 2012, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyVEK6A61Z8

  52. Capital Institute (2015) Evergreen Direct Investing: Co-creating the Regenerative Economy. http://fieldguide.capitalinstitute.org/evergreen-direct-investing.html

  53. Personal communication with John Fullerton, 23 June 2014.

  54. Gessel, S. (1906) The Natural Economic Order, p. 121, available at: https://www.community-exchange.org/docs/Gesell/en/neo

  55. Keynes, J.M. (1936) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan, Chapter 23.

  56. Lietaer, B. (2001) The Future of Money. London: Century, pp. 247–248.

  57. Lakoff, G. (2014) The All New Don’t Think of an Elephant. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green.

  58. Oxfam (2013), ‘Tax on the “private” billions now stashed away in havens enough to end extreme world poverty twice over’, 22 May 2013. https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2013-05-22/tax-private-billions-now-stashed-away-havens-enough-end-extreme

  59. Tax Justice Network (2015) ‘The scale of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting’ (BEPS). http://www.taxjustice.net/scaleBEPS/

  60. Global Alliance for Tax Justice, http://www.globaltaxjustice.org

  61. Keynes, J.M. (1931) ‘Economic possibilities for our grandchildren’ in Essays in Persuasion, London: Rupert Hart-Davis, p. 5, available at: http://www.econ.yale.edu/smith/econ116a/keynes1.pdf

 

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