4.Kathleen Kuiper, “Black Seminoles,” Encyclopædia Britannica, www.britan nica.com/topic/Black-Seminoles.
5.Joseph A. Opala, “The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone–American Connection,” glc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Black%20Seminoles%20.pdf.
6.Allison Herrera, “Part of the Tribe, but Shut Out,” KOSU (Tulsa), August 30, 2016, www.kosu.org/post/part-tribe-shut-out.
7.Lydia Edwards, Protecting Black Tribal Members: Is the Thirteenth Amendment the Linchpin to Securing Equal Rights within Indian Country, Berkeley Journal of African-American Policy 8, no. 1 (2006): 122–54.
8.Kendra Fox, “History of Seminole Nation Revealed through Song, Story,” Oklahoman, June 12, 1998, newsok.com/article/2619167/history-of-seminole-nation-revealed-through-song-story.
9.Triposo, “Wewoka, Oklahoma History,” Triposo.com, www.triposo.com/loc/Wewoka2C_Oklahoma/history/background.
10.Jennifer Dos Reis Dos Santos, “How African American Folklore Saved the Cultural Memory and History of Slaves,” The Conversation, October 8, 2018, theconversation.com/how-african-american-folklore-saved-the-cultural-memory-and-history-of-slaves-98427.
3
1.Alex Seitz-Wald, “Cherokee Nation Says Elizabeth Warren Apologizes for DNA Test Flap,” NBC News, February 1, 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-cherokee-nation-over-dna-test-flap-n965921.
2.Aviva Chomsky, “How DNA Tests Make Native Americans Strangers in Their Own Land,” Huffington Post, November 2018, www.huffpost.com/entry/making-native-americans-strangers-in-their-own-land_b_5c00601ce4b0 ee1b06c83176.
3.Neely Tucker, “A Mixed-Race Woman’s Long Quest to Prove Her Native American Ancestry,” Washington Post, January 4, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/a-mixed-race-womans-long-quest-to-prove-her-native-american-ancestry/2019/01/04/4f2ada42-0c6d-11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html.
4.Henry Louis Gates Jr., “High Cheekbones and Straight Black Hair?” Root, December 29, 2014, www.theroot.com/high-cheekbones-and-straight-black-hair-1790878167.
4
1.Sarah Hill, “All Roads Led from Rome: Facing the History of Cherokee Expulsion,” Southern Spaces, February 20, 2017, southernspaces.org/2017/all-roads-led-rome-facing-history-cherokee-expulsion.
2.Carol Ebel, “Appling County,” New Georgia Encylopedia, December 17, 2003, https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/appling-county.
3.Dru J. Murray, “The Unconquered Seminoles,” http://funandsun.com/1tocf/seminole/semhistory.html.
4.Molly Osberg, “The Long, Thorny History of the Cherokee Who Owned African Slaves,” Splinter, October 18, 2017, splinternews.com/the-long-thorny-history-of-the-cherokee-who-owned-afri-1819655748.
5.Jacob Lawrence, “African American Migration Patterns,” The Migration Series, Phillips Collection, https://lawrencemigration.phillipscollection.org/culture/migration-map.
PART IV: LOS ANGELES
1
1.Erwin Gustav Goode, California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 48, via Google Books.
2.Lawrence B. De Graaf, “The City of Black Angels: Emergence of the Los Angeles Ghetto, 1890-1930,” Pacific Historical Review 39, no. 3 (1970), https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637655.
2
1.“Gang History,” South Central History, http://www.southcentralhistory.com/gang-history.php.
3
1.Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Verso Books, 2006), 293–94.
4
1.Jacob Woocher, “Los Angeles Is Quickly Becoming a Place Exclusively for the White and Rich,” Medium, November 7, 2017, https://knock-la.com/los-angeles-is-quickly-becoming-a-place-exclusively-for-the-white-and-rich-c585953e0614.
Epilogue
1.Timothy Williams and Farah Stockman, “Dayton Shooting Live Updates: Gunman Killed 9, Including His Sister,” New York Times, August 4, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/08/04/us/dayton-ohio-shooting.html.
2.BBC News, “Texas Walmart Shooting: El Paso Attack ‘Domestic Terrorism’,” BBC News, 4 Aug. 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49226573.
3.Andrew Buncombe, “Dylan Roof: Experts Believe Charleston Shooting Suspect Was Author of Racist Manifesto and ‘Self-Radicalised’ Online,” Independent (London), https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dylan-roof-experts-believe-charleston-shooting-suspect-was-author-of-racist-manifesto-and-self-10353971.html.
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