Meyer, Julius Lothar, 135, 147
Michelson, Albert A., 165, 166
Michelson-Morely experiments, 77, 145, 160, 165, 166–67
Mills, Robert. See Yang-Mills gauge theory
“minima” of Epicurus, 24, 118, 147, 212
Minkowski, Herman, 168
Mlodinow, Leonard, 216
molecular chemistry, 123–30, 132–37
molecular physics, 183
molecules, 130, 134, 136, 148, 153, 154, 163, 164, 182–83, 198
biomolecular components of the brain, 232, 239
molecular structure, 51, 76, 118, 129, 132, 133, 137, 147, 175, 188
molecular substances and compounds, 122–23, 125, 128, 130, 132, 137
DNA as molecular, 243, 247, 250. See also DNA
momentum, 111, 118, 164, 185, 186, 191, 194, 199, 200, 201, 204
angular momentum, 180, 181, 184, 186, 205
Montague, Charles, 87
Moore, G. E., 155
Moore, Gordon, 230
Moore, Keith, 66, 88
Moore’s law for computers, 230
Moravec, Hans, 240–41
Morley, Edward W., 165.
See also Michelson-Morely experiments
Morveau, Guyton de, 122
Moseley, H. G. J., 174, 175, 183
motion, 149
Einstein on, 170–71
electrodynamics of moving bodies, 164–65
Galileo’s incline plane experiments, 12, 43–44, 54, 60–61, 64
Newton on
absolute motion, 76, 77, 164
F = ma, 81, 163, 168, 223. See also motion, Newton on
laws of, 64, 66, 67–68, 77–78, 163
projectile motion, 60
Mottelay, P. Fleury, 94, 96
Mount Wilson Observatory, 14, 38, 222–23
M-theory, 227
Mubarak, Hosni, 250
Muhammad (prophet), 252
multiuniverses, cosmological theory of, 14, 216–17, 220, 224, 227
“Music of the Spheres,” 19, 183, 225
Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 101–102
Mysterium Cosmographicum [The Cosmographic Mystery] (Kepler), 20
Nagel, Thomas, 155
Napier, John, 41
NASA, 217
Nash, Leonard K., 129, 133
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), 243–44
National Institutes of Health, 244
nature
mathematics as language of, 42, 65, 75
principle of uniformity of nature, 52, 187
stability in, 187–89
Ne’eman, Yuval, 176, 177, 185–86, 192
neutrinos, 209, 226
neutrons, 13, 76, 177, 209, 210, 212, 224
New Astronomy [Astronomia Nova] (Kepler), 39
New System of Chemical Philosophy (Dalton), 14, 126, 128
Newton, Isaac, 10, 11, 13, 23, 63–90, 105, 117, 142, 147–48
absolute space and time cosmological theory of, 13, 63, 76, 77, 140, 164–65
corpuscular-mechanics worldview of, 36, 50, 52, 63–90, 117, 141, 142, 155, 204
objections to, 109–111, 112, 142–44
wave theory of light replacing, 112–13
early years, 66–67
on gravity, 13, 65, 68–69, 75, 80, 86, 105, 107, 108, 109–110, 112, 141
influence of, 93
later years, 87–89
on magnetism, 84, 86, 93, 109
and mathematics, 65, 66, 67–69, 70–71, 74–75, 76, 77, 78–79, 88–89
on motion
absolute motion, 76, 77, 164
F = ma, 81, 163, 168, 223. See also motion, Newton on
laws of, 64, 66, 67–68, 77–78, 163
projectile motion, 60
Opticks, 75, 76, 81, 83–87, 93, 96, 109, 147–48
and philosophy, 74–75, 78–79
Principia Mathematica, 65, 66, 68, 72–79, 81, 83–84, 88, 164
Preface to the First Edition, 74–76
Scholium in, 76, 77, 79–80
and religion, 71–72, 76, 87, 88, 122–23
similarities with Galileo, 79, 80
style of presentation, 60
on time and space, 198
“Newton’s rings,” 69, 110
NHGRI. See National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
Niccolini, Francesco, 59
Nicholson, John, 180
Nobel Prize, 150, 151, 158, 162, 163, 166, 177, 192, 193, 207, 208, 209, 213–14, 243, 246
nuclear physics, 140, 183, 213, 226
nucleus of the atom, 174, 176–77, 178–84
Obama, Barack, 229
observable evidence/properties, 11, 35, 55, 147, 155, 190, 194
“occult force or powers,” 40, 57, 80, 86, 93, 164
odd number law, 12, 44, 59
“Ode Dedicated to Newton” (Halley), 74
Oersted, Hans Christian, 113, 114, 145–46
On a Dynamical Theory of the Electro-magnetic Field (Maxwell), 147
On Motion [De Motu] (Galileo), 43
“On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids” (Dalton), 125–26
“On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules” (Bohr), 179
“On the Heavens” (Aristotle), 23
On the Magnet [De Magnete] (Gilbert), 38, 94–96
On the Motion of Bodies in Orbit [De Motu corporum in gyrum] (Newton), 73–74
“On the Nature of the Principle which Combines with Metals during Calcination and Increases their Weight” (Lavoisier), 121
On the Nature of Things [De rerum natura] (Lucretius), 25
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres [De revolutionibus orbium coelestium] (Copernicus), 10, 36
“On the Soul” (Aristotle), 23
“On the Theory of Light and Colors” (Young), 110, 143
“Opinions and Conjectures Concerning the Properties and Effects of the Electric Matter, arising from Experiments and Observations made at Philadelphia, 1749” (Franklin), 103–104, 105–106
Opticks (Newton), 75, 76, 81, 83–87, 93, 96, 109, 147–48
compared with Principia Mathematica, 83–84
optogenetics, 234, 235–36
orbits of planets. See celestial mechanics
Oreme, Nicole, 59
Orestes (governor of Alexandria), 33
“Outlines of Experiments and Inquiries Respecting Sound and Light” (Young), 109, 142
Oxford Dictionary, 240
oxygen, 107, 118, 119, 121, 122, 128, 135, 136, 147
in water, 126, 131, 137
Pais, Abraham, 152–53, 158, 180, 181, 182–83, 194–95, 197, 206–207
“Parallel Worlds,” 220
Parkinson’s disease, 244, 254
particle physics, 85–86
particles
alpha rays, 157
having wave properties, 194
infinitely divisible, 117–18
of light (photons), 162–63, 181, 184
Newton on, 122, 155
subatomic particles, 149, 153, 204
Partington, J. R., 121
pattern recognition and robots, 233, 234
Patterson, Clair, 217
Patterson, Elizabeth C., 124–25
Pauli, Wolfgang, 178, 184, 193, 196, 209–210, 227
Paul III (pope), 36
Paul V (pope), 47
Peachell, John, 81–82
perception, 50–52, 64–65
and belief in an external world, 219, 223–24
and the human brain, 237.
See also senses
Periodic Law (Meyer), 135, 147
Periodic Table (Mendeleev), 135–37, 147, 188, 222.
See also elements
Perrin, Jean-Baptiste, 164, 174–75
Petit, Alexis, 132–33, 134, 135
Philolaus of Croton, 20, 29
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton). See Principia Mathematica (Newton)
Philosophical Magazine, 153, 175, 177
> Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society), 96, 98, 109, 142
phlogiston theory of combustion, 100, 118–20, 121–22
photons, 70, 84, 162, 163–64, 181, 184, 185–86, 206, 208, 209, 212, 224
Physicae subterraneae (Becher), 119
Physical Review (journal), 201
physical world, composition of
four elements of the physical world, 12, 20, 21, 23, 117, 190.
See also atoms and atomism
physics, 149
and the atom, 173–217
origins of modern atomism, 117–37
future of, 219–56
in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 139–72
nuclear physics, 140, 183, 213, 226
“Physics” (Aristotle), 23
Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Heisenberg), 187
Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 (Kaku), 222, 229–30
Piccolomini, Ascanio, 59
Planck, Max, 14, 65, 84, 160–64, 179–81, 184, 194, 199
Planck’s constant, 162, 179, 180–81, 184–85, 192, 200
theory of radiation, 179
Planck as a unit of length, 226
Planck telescope, 217
Plato, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 37, 39, 109, 190
“Pleiades” constellation, 11, 46
Plücker, Julius, 148
“plum pudding” model of the atom, 173, 179
Podolsky, Boris, 201, 203.
See also EPR article
positivism, 154, 155
Priestley, Joseph, 92–93, 107, 119–20, 121–22
Principia Mathematica (Newton), 65, 66, 68, 72–79, 81, 83, 88, 164
compared to Opticks, 83–84
Preface to the First Edition, 74–76
Scholium in, 76, 77, 79–80
Prior Analytics, The (Aristotle), 22
probability, 161, 197
Proceedings of the Royal Society, 206
projectile motion, 60
Protestant denominations, 252
protons, 13, 76, 118, 137, 174, 176–77, 209, 210, 212, 224, 226
Proust, Joseph Louis, 122–23
“psi” particle. See J/Y particle
Ptolemaic dynasty, 27
Ptolemy, 21, 23, 29
Ptolemy I Sorter, 27
Putin, Vladimir, 250
Putnam, Hilary, 155
Pythagoras of Samos, 19–20, 225
Pythagoreans, 29, 36, 109, 190, 225
QCD. See quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
QED. See quantum electrodynamics (QED)
“Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem” (Schrödinger), 194
quantum chemistry, 182–83
quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 211–15
quantum electrodynamics (QED), 206, 208–209, 210, 213
quantum mechanics, 181, 190–91, 193, 204–206, 208, 219–20, 222–23
and Bohr, 181, 184, 187, 201–202
Bohr’s Institute’s impact on, 206
Copenhagen Interpretation, 183, 203, 220
duality of contrary properties, 185
Einstein’s aversion to, 162, 183, 215
future of, 228
and matrix mechanics, 14, 186, 191, 192, 195, 196–97
and Planck, 14, 65, 163
quantum theory and interior of the atom, 179
uncertainty principle in, 140, 171, 185, 198, 202.
See also magnetism
“Quantum Mechanics of Collision Phenomena” (Born), 197
“quantum of energy,” 184, 219
quarks, 24, 147, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 224, 226
Queries of Newton. See Opticks (Newton)
Quigg, Chris, 209
Quinn, Helen, 214
radiation, 149, 158, 173, 179–80, 243
Balmer radiational formula, 180, 182, 206
blackbody radiation, 70, 84, 158–59, 160–61, 163, 182, 184, 185–86
electromagnetic radiation, 70, 145, 180, 185
electron radiation, 182
identification of, 149–52, 156
and light, 70, 85
Planck’s theory of radiation, 160, 162–63, 179
radioactivity, 151–52, 156, 157–58, 170, 175–76, 178–79, 182, 212, 217
Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt), 166
Rayleigh-Jeans Law, 159–60
relativity, theories of, 14, 65, 81, 163, 168, 181, 206, 226
general theory of relativity, 140, 168, 171, 226
special theory of relativity, 77, 145, 163, 164, 166, 169, 203, 226
religiousness
reasons for, 248–49
in static societies, 253
Republic (Plato), 109
Review of Modern Physics (journal), 205
Reynolds, Joshua, 240
Ricci, Ostilio, 43
Richter, Burton, 211, 213
RNA, 243, 244, 250
Robinson, Elihu, 123
robotics, 15, 231–32, 233–34, 240–41
and prosthesis, 239
simulating human behavior, 234–35
Roemer, Olaf, 75, 142
Roller, Duane and Duane H. D., 96, 106–107, 108
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 150, 156
Rosen, Nathan, 201, 203.
See also EPR article
Rosenberg, Alex, 229, 246–48
Royal Institution, 113, 131, 135
Royal Society, 66, 68, 72, 74, 99, 102, 107, 113, 153
Newton as president, 83, 88, 96–97
Philosophical Transactions, 96, 98, 109, 142
Proceedings of the Royal Society, 206
Rubbia, Carlo, 213
Rudolph II, 41
Rudolphine Tables [Tabula Rudophinæ](Kepler), 41
Rufus of Ephesus, 32
Rühmkorff, Heinrich, 149
Russell, Bertrand, 155
Rutherford, Ernest, 140, 155–59, 173–77, 178–79, 183
“Rutherford Memorandum” (Bohr), 179
Rydberg’s constant, 182
Ryle, Gilbert, 155
Sagan, Carl, 18, 89–90, 115, 251–52
Sagredo, 12, 53–58
Salem, Abdus, 213
Salviati, 12, 53–58
Sarpi, Paolo, 44
Sarsi, Lothario of Siguenza. See Grassi, Orazio
Saturn, 11, 37, 45, 56
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 119
Scheiner, Christopher, 47
Scholasticism, 23, 42, 53
Schrödinger, Erwin, 178, 184, 186, 192, 193–99, 206, 207
Schwinger, Julian, 208, 211, 214
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 14
Segrè, Emilio, 156, 161, 162, 175, 198–99
senses, 11, 48, 50–52, 109, 203, 217.
See also perception
SETI. See Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)
Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory, The (Fine), 222
Sidereus Nuncius [The Starry Messenger] (Galileo), 11, 44–45, 46–47
Simplicius, 12, 53–58
Sklodowska, Marya. See Curie, Marie
SLAC. See Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC)
Sloane, Hans, 88
Socrates, 22
Soddy, Frederick, 157, 158
solar model of the atom. See atoms and atomism
solar system, 38, 168
center of solar system. See geocentrism; heliocentrism
and planetary orbits. See celestial mechanics
time for revolutions of planets, 54.
See also names of planets, i.e., Jupiter, Mars, Venus, etc.; sun
solar year, length of, 20
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 183, 187
Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum conditions, 190
space, 76, 93, 111, 114, 169–70
luminiferous ether filling space, 85
multidimensional hyperspace, 227
red shift of light waves in outer space, 141
space-distance between two events,
168
space flight, 140, 229
space-time
absolute space and time cosmological theory, 13, 63, 76, 77, 140, 164–65, 166, 198
Einstein on, 140, 141, 145, 167, 168, 188, 203
space time interval, 168
“twins paradox,” 169–70
spectral analysis, 148–49, 159, 182
spin, 204–206, 207, 209–210
stability
atomic stability, 175, 186, 188
of the elements, 132
in nature, 187–89
of the sun, 48, 49, 58
Stahl, George Ernest, 119
STAIR (robot), 233
Stalin, Joseph, 250
“Standard Theory” of Feynman and Gell-Mann, 211, 222
Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC), 211, 213
Starry Messenger, The [Sidereus Nuncius] (Galileo), 11, 44–45, 46–47
static societies, 251, 253, 254
Stefan’s law, 162
stem cell research, 245–46
Stern, Otto, 183
Stern-Gerlach experiment, 209
Stevens, J. Christopher, 250
Stoney, George, 154
Strange Beauty (Johnson), 217
“strangeness,” 212
string theory, 15, 220–21, 225–28
“heterotic string theory,” 227
superstring theory, 225
strong force, 171, 212, 213, 214
“Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, A” (Watson and Crick), 242–43
“Structure of the Atom, The” (Rutherford), 175
Strutt, John William. See Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt)
Stukeley, William, 68
“Subatomic Particle Is Breakthrough in Understanding [the] Basics of the Universe” (Washington Post), 221
subatomic particles, 149–54, 155–59, 162–64, 173–217, 204, 211–15
having wave properties, 194–98
modern atomism
study of structure and subatomic particles, 162–64
WIMPs, 224–25, 228.
See also baryons; bosons; “charm”; electrons; fermions; gluons; gravitons; hadrons; Higgs boson; J/Y particle; leptons; mesons; neutrinos; neutrons; particles, i.e., electrons, protons, bosons, leptons, etc.; photons; protons; quantum mechanics; quarks; “strangeness”
sun, 14, 38, 56, 73, 108–109, 142
as center of solar system, 11, 12, 20–21, 29, 36, 37, 38–40, 45, 48, 49, 53–58, 109. See also geocentrism; heliocentrism
distance from, 40, 68, 75
gravitational force of, 55, 64, 75, 168
length of a solar year, 20
orbits of planets around, 20–21
circular orbits, 29, 36–37, 43, 55, 78
elliptical orbits, 10–11, 38–39, 43, 53, 55, 68, 73, 78
rising and setting of, 20, 54
stability of, 48, 49, 58
sun spots, 47, 53, 58.
See also geocentrism; heliocentrism; solar system
superconducting collider, funding in US cut for, 228–29
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