Three Scientific Revolutions: How They Transformed Our Conceptions of Reality

by Richard H. Schlagel

  superstring theory, 225

  “super-symmetry theory,” 227

  superweak force, 214

  Susuki, Mahiko, 225

  syllogistic logic, 22

  symmetry

  and spin, 210

  supersymmetry, 215, 227

  symmetry breaking, 213

  Tabula Rudophinæ[Rudolphine Tables] (Kepler), 41

  telescope, 36

  Catholic Church opinions on, 47

  Galileo’s development of, 44–46, 64

  Newton’s improvements on, 72

  Thales, 19

  Theodosius the Great, 33

  Theophilus of Antioch, 33

  thermodynamical law of Wien, 162

  Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 21

  Thomson, J. J., 152, 153–54, 156, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179

  Thomson, Thomas, 95

  Thomson, William. See Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson)

  thymine (T), 243

  tides, 57–58, 68

  Timaeus (Plato), 190

  time, 198

  amd inclined plane experiment, 12, 44, 61, 64

  length of a solar year, 20

  periodic times, 40, 68

  reversing time, 227

  space-time, 207

  absolute space and time cosmological theory of, 13, 63, 76, 77, 140, 164–65, 166, 198

  Einstein on, 140, 141, 145, 167, 168, 188, 203

  space-time interval, 168

  and speed of light, 75

  time for revolutions of planets, 54

  “twins paradox,” 169–70

  and uncertainty principle, 200

  Ting, Samuel, 211, 213

  tissue engineering, 244

  Tomonaga, Sinitiro, 208

  Traité de Chimie [Treatise on Chemistry] (Lavoisier), 121

  Traité de la lumière où sont expliquées les causes de ce qui arrive dans la réflexion et dans la réfraction. Et particulièrement dans l’étrange réfraction du cristal d’Islande [Treatise on light explaining the cause of reflection and refraction. And particularly in the strange refraction of Island crystal] (Huygens), 142

  transformation

  Lorentz and Einstein transformation equations, 168

  transmutation of radioactive substance, 157

  Trowbridge, John, 215

  Tsarnaev, Tamerlan, and Dzhokhar, 254

  Turner, Michael S., 221–22

  20/20 Brain Power, 240

  “twins paradox,” 169–70

  two-fluids system, 104–105

  Uhlenbeck, George E., 205

  “ultraviolet catastrophe,” 160, 161

  uncertainty principle, 14, 140, 197, 198, 199–200, 202–203, 207, 210

  understanding, Bohr on meaning of, 189–90, 204

  unified theory, 15

  Grand Unified Theory (GUT), 171, 214

  likelihood of finding, 228, 229

  of Newton, 144–45

  of Pauli and Heisenberg, 227

  unified field theory of Einstein, 15, 171, 225

  uniformity of nature, principle of, 52, 187

  “Unity of All Elementary-Particle Forces” (Glashow and Georgi), 214

  universal law of gravitation, 13, 40, 65, 105, 107

  universe, age of, 217

  uranium, 150–51, 156, 158, 176, 217, 223

  Urban VIII (pope), 12, 47, 56, 57, 58

  V-A, 211

  valences, 136, 182

  Van der Meer, Simon, 213

  Veneziano, Gabriele, 225

  Venus, 11, 20, 37, 45, 56

  Vesalius, Andreas, 30, 65

  Villard, Paul, 157

  Vincent, Nathaniel, 74

  Vinta, Belisario, 52

  violence, 250–54

  “virtual particles,” 207, 212

  Volta, Alessandro, 131

  vortices, theory of, 67, 68

  voyage au boulet [twins paradox], 169–70

  W+ particles, 212, 214

  Wallis, John, 88

  Warrington Academy, 93

  Washington Post (newspaper), 221, 224, 255

  Watson, James, 242–43

  “wave mechanics,” 186, 194–98

  wave-particle duality, 140, 198

  of light, 141, 184–86

  of subatomic particles, 210

  wave theory

  of electromagnetism, 70, 113, 114, 147, 159, 165, 185, 194

  of light, 13, 70, 84, 109, 111–13, 140–41, 143–44, 165

  weak force, 170, 212, 214

  “electroweak theory,” 213

  superweak force, 214

  “weakly interacting massive particles” (WIMPs), 224–25, 228

  Wedgwood, Josiah, 93

  Weinberg, Steven, 211, 213, 214, 215, 222

  Westfall, Richard S., 68–69, 70, 72–74, 76–77, 86, 88, 89

  Whewell, William, 95

  Whitehead, Alfred North, 155

  Whitrow, G. J., 168

  Whittaker, Edmund, 113–14

  Wiechert, Emil, 152, 154, 155

  Wien’s thermodynamical law, 162

  Wigner, Eugene, 211

  Wilkins, Maurice, 242–43

  Wilkinson, John, 93

  Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, 217

  William of Orange (king), 82

  Wilson, C. T. R., 154

  WIMPs, 224–25, 228

  Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 155

  Wollaston, William, 148

  World Harmony [Harmonice Mundi] (Kepler), 40

  W particles, 213

  W- and W+, 212, 214

  Wycliffe, John, 10

  X-rays, 150, 156, 157, 163–64, 174, 175, 182, 185, 242, 243

  Yang-Mills gauge theory, 213

  Young, Thomas, 109–111, 142–43

  Yukawa, Hideki, 211

  Zeitschrift für Physik [Writing on Physics] (journal), 190, 192, 193, 197, 200

  Z particles, 213, 214

  Z0 particle, 212, 214

  Zweig, George, 212