Imperial Reckoning

by Caroline Elkins

  Home Guard tried for

  independent inquiry into, attempted

  Lennox-Boyd navigates charges of

  memories, guilt, and denial

  missionaries and

  news of, reaches London

  reports and investigations of, Fletcher and

  reports and investigations of, Meldon and

  reports and investigations of, Young and

  screenings in Tanganyika and

  Auschwitz

  Australia

  Bahati Screening Center

  Baker farm

  Baldwin, William

  Balniel, Lord

  barbed-wire villages (Emergency villages, villagization)

  confessions forced in

  deaths and deprivation in

  food in

  forced labor in

  Malaya and

  rehabilitation campaign and

  removal of people to

  special areas and

  violence and torture in

  Baring, Evelyn

  amnesty and

  attitude of, toward Mau Mau

  background of

  barbed-wire villages and

  Bewes memorandum and

  camps and

  career of, after decolonization

  Church firing and

  collective punishment and

  detainee allegations and

  dilution and

  double standard and

  due process and

  Emergency and

  exile policy and

  Four-Point Plan and

  Hola Massacre and

  human rights and

  Kenyatta and

  Koinange and

  Lennox-Boyd and

  Malaya as blueprint for

  police and

  protests stonewalled by

  screenings and

  memorandum on castration

  missionaries and

  rehabilitation and

  release quotas and

  repatriation and

  replaced by Renison

  screening and

  secret documents on misconduct and

  Swynnerton Plan and

  Vigilance Committee and

  War Council and

  women detainees and

  Young and

  Baring, Mary

  beatings

  Anvil and

  assaults on civilians and women by British forces

  barbed-wire villages and

  of hard core

  missionaries and

  revelations about

  screenings and

  of women

  works camps and

  Beauttah, James

  Becker, Alfred

  Becker Touch

  Beecher, Leonard (archbishop of Mombasa)

  Beecher, Mary

  Bevan, Aneurin

  Bewes, T. F. C.

  Bibles

  Bird, Leonard

  Bischoff, J.

  “black” detainees

  black markets

  Blair, David

  Blixen, Karen

  Blundell, Michael

  Boer War

  Borneo

  Bostock, Peter

  Bowker, Eric, murder of

  Breckenridge, James

  bribery, in camps

  British cabinet

  British Colonial Office. See also Lennox-Boyd, Alan; Lyttelton, Oliver

  Anglican Church protests and

  Bewes report and

  CPA report and

  Hola Massacre and

  human rights and

  inspection committees and

  knowledge of, revealed by Mathieson

  Lennox-Boyd replaces Lyttelton as head

  letters from detainees and

  Meldon allegations and

  missionaries and

  veil drawn by, on independence

  British Empire

  attitudes toward end of

  economic decline and

  legitimized by “civilizing mission,”

  “man on the spot” and

  two standards in

  British Foreign Office

  British Home Office

  British House of Commons

  dilution and

  Hola Massacre and

  independent inquiry and

  protests by

  British House of Lords

  British Parliament

  debate over colonial issues in

  letters from detainees to

  Brockway, Fenner

  Buchman, Frank

  “Bunny, Dr.,”

  burial sites (mass graves)

  Kamiti Camp

  Ruthigiti post

  Thigio post

  burial work

  barbed-wire villages and

  Kamiti Camp and

  Burma Market

  By Way of the Wire

  Campbell, Malcolm

  Canada

  Canterbury, archbishop of

  Caribbean colonies

  Carothers, J. C.

  Carter Land Commission

  Castle, Barbara

  letters from detainees to

  trip to Kenya to investigate

  Catholic missionaries

  Catling, Richard

  Cavendish-Bentinck, Ferdinand

  Cege, John

  Central Province. See also barbed-wire villages; Kikuyu reserves

  Baring’s tour of

  beauty of

  control of Mau Mau and

  disease in

  fighters vs. civilians

  food crisis in

  forced villages in

  Kikuyu deported to

  rehabilitation officers in

  screening centers in

  work camps in

  chiefs, African (loyalist)

  private militias of

  child prostitution

  children

  Anvil and

  born from rape of women

  deaths of, in barbed-wire villages

  deaths of, in camps

  detention of

  guerrillas and

  rehabilitation plan for

  repatriation and

  unclaimed

  women in detention camps and

  China, General

  Chinn, W. H.

  Chotara, Kariuki

  Christian Council of Kenya (CCK)

  Christianity. See also Bible; missionaries

  Church, Howard

  Churchill, Winston

  Church Missionary Society (CMS)

  Executive Committee

  Church of Scotland

  “civilizing mission,”

  Coast Province

  coffee production

  collective punishment

  Colleton, Father

  Colonial Development and Welfare Acts (British)

  Colonial Development and Welfare Fund

  Colonial Development Corporation (CDC)

  Colonial Policy Committee

  color bar

  Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA)

  communism

  Community Development and Rehabilitation

  Department

  officers

  compelling vs. punitive force

  concentrated labor lines (mini–detention camps)

  “Confess and Save Your Land” broadcast

  confession. See also screening

  Anvil and

  barbed-wire villages and

  collaboration and, in works camps

  detainees encourage resistance to

  detainees’ reasons for

  detainees who refuse

  emphasis on, in hearts-and-minds campaign

  false

  forcing, to clear Pipeline

  hard core and

  missionaries and

  as purpose of detention

  repatriation and

  women and

  confession box

  Congo
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  Congress of Berlin (1884–85)

  Congress of People Against Imperialism

  Connell, C. P.

  Conservative Party, British

  Cooke, Shirley

  Corfield, F. D.

  Corfield Report

  Corridors of Wire (Gavaghan)

  counteroathing ceremonies

  Coutts, Walter

  Cowan, John

  Cowan Plan

  Cram, A. L.

  Creed of Gikuyu and Mumbi (Wanjau)

  Criminal Investigation Department (CID)

  Cromer, Lord

  Cross, Tony

  Cumberland, W.

  Cusack, Jake

  Dagoretti Division

  barbed-wire villages and

  school for boys

  Daily Mail

  Daily Mirror

  Daily Telegraph

  Daily Worker

  Davies, Eric

  Davies, H. O.

  “D-day” Nairobi (April 24, 1954)

  deaths (murders, killings). See also massacres

  barbed-wire villages and

  Castle investigates

  children in camps and

  dilution and

  of hard core

  Hola camp, revealed

  interrogations and

  letters from detainees on

  number of, during Emergency

  of prisoners “while escaping,”

  works camps and

  decolonization

  Defeating Mau Mau (Leakey)

  Defence Ministry, Kenya

  Delamere, Lord

  Delegated Detention Orders (DDOs)

  deportation. See forced removals Des Pres, Terence

  detention. See barbed-wire villages; detention camps; detention without trial issue; exile camps; hard core; Pipeline; reception centers; screening; special detention camps; transit camps; works camps

  detention camps

  Baring and

  civilizing mission of

  cleansing of records on

  detention committees and

  Four-Point Plan and labor and

  informants influence policies in

  letters from detainees in

  in Malaya

  number and organization of

  number of people in

  permanent

  racist attitudes and

  run by loyalists chiefs and settlers

  secret leadership in

  screenings and

  survivor interviews on

  violence of screenings spills into

  women in

  detention orders, appeal of. See also

  Delegated Detention Orders; Governor’s

  Detention Orders

  detention without trial issue

  human rights and

  post-Emergency plan and

  Development Plan for

  Devlin Report

  dilution technique

  disease

  barbed-wire villages and

  letters from detainees on

  repatriation and

  transit camps and

  typhoid epidemic and

  works camps and

  district commissioners

  divide-and-rule labor policy

  due process, suspension of

  Dugdale, Thomas

  Dunn, Cyril

  East Africa Department

  East African Public Relations Department

  East African Standard

  East African Women’s League

  Economist

  Eden, Anthony

  Egypt

  Elected Members

  elections of 1961

  Electors’ Union

  electric shock

  eliminationist attitude

  Eliot, Charles

  Embakasi. See Mau Mau Investigation Center Embakasi airport

  Embakasi Prison

  Embu District

  works camps in

  Embu

  Emergency, State of arguments justifying violence during

  Baring declares

  British penal system and

  criticized as too soft, by settlers

  critics of, in Britain

  detention without trial and

  extremist mentality and

  financial problems and

  forced communal labor and

  health and sanitation problems and

  human rights and

  in Malaya vs. Kenya

  not lifted until 1960

  oathing and

  permanent detentions planned during

  police recruits during

  rehabilitation and

  screening and

  security forces deployed at start of

  seems inadequate

  special fund, and bribes

  Swynnerton and Four-Point Plan and

  torture during

  War Council formulates strategy

  Emergency assize courts

  Emergency Regulations

  arrests under, release rate vs.

  confiscations allowed by

  critics mount offensive vs.

  detainees rights under

  due process and

  enacted, in 1953

  former detainees under

  Malaya as blueprint for

  Regulation 17, licenses violence

  revised, and minor infractions

  End of Empire (TV documentary)

  Erskine, Derek

  Erskine, George “Bobbie,”

  Ethiopia

  ethnopsychiatry

  European Convention on Human Rights and its Five Protocols

  Article 15

  Evening Standard

  exile camps and policy

  Fabian Colonial Bureau

  Face to Face (BBC TV show)

  Facing Mount Kenya (Kenyatta)

  Fairn Commission

  families

  exile camps and

  rehabilitation and

  repatriated, in work camps

  reunification of, on repatriation

  separation of, during Anvil

  threats vs. to force surrender

  famine

  Fellowes, R. E.

  Fiji

  filter camps

  Fletcher, Eileen

  food collection, in special areas

  food deprivation. See also nutrition; starvation

  Forced Labor Convention of 1930

  forced removals

  forced villagization, mandated by War Council. See also barbed-wire villages

  Fort Hall camps

  Fort Hall District (later Murang’a)

  British atrocities vs. Mau Mau in

  detainees from

  Kikuyu reserves in

  loyalists vs. Mau Mau in

  settlement scheme for

  Foster, W. G. S.

  Four-Point Plan

  France

  Fraser, Hugh

  report of

  Gachau, Njuhi

  Gaikuyu village

  Gaitskell, Hugh

  Gakaara, Shifra Wairire

  Gakuru, Samuel

  Galton-Fenzi, Hugh

  Gathambo, Gacheche

  Gathigiriri Camp

  Gathirwa, Mwaura

  Gatonye, Beatrice

  Gatundu Camp

  Gatung’ang’a

  Gavaghan, Terence (Karuga Ndua, Big Troublemaker)

  Gekondi Police Station

  General Service Unit

  Geneva Conventions

  Germany. See also Nazi concentration camps

  Ghana

  Gikambura

  Gikuya, Elijah

  Gikuyu (mythical ancestor)

  Gilgil Camp

  Githigaita, David

  Githiriga, Munyinyi

  Githiriji, Kamau

  Githu, Sam (“Sam Speaker”)

  Githui, Njari

  Githuma, Muchiri

  Githunguri Camp

  Gitiri, John

 
Gorell Barnes, William

  Goro, Ndiritu

  Gosma (nickname)

  Goudie, W. H., report