Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
Page 97
Stalin’s holiday, 10 Aug.–22 Dec. 1951. Health: Tukov and Orlov quoted Rybin, Ryadom, pp. 91–4. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin, pp. 19–20. Visits Stalin twice a week: Mikoyan, p. 529. Lake Ritsa: author’s visit. “I’m finished”: KR I, p. 272. Ignores Voroshilov, MR, p. 225, and reads no papers, pp. 179–80. Bored with economic questions: Medvedev, p. 490. Delayed budget until last minute: Smirtukov in Vlast, 2000, no. 25, p. 46. Bulganin’s speech corrected: RGASPI 558.11.712.145, Nov. 1950. New cadres: Mgeladze, p. 125; movements: Mgeladze, p. 141. Malenkov’s studies: Shepilov, “Vospominaniya,” p. 3. Bananas: Mikoyan, pp. 529–33; Charkviani, pp. 40–1. Charkviani says this was at Coldstream, Mikoyan at New Athos: also inner leadership: Gorlizki, p. 197: Minister Menshikov sacked 4 Nov. 1951. Successors: Khrushchev, Glasnost, p. 39.
Last holiday: KR I, pp. 325–8. Vlasik, p. 41. Mgeladze: movements between houses, pp. 141–7. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 200–1, 207–9, Nadya mentioned. Svetlana OOY, p. 319, and leaves Kremlin, p. 140. Svetlana RR. Nadya’s photos: Volkogonov, pp. 154–5. Invited old friends who grumbled: MR, p. 212. Svetlana marriage: Yury Zhdanov. Svetlana in charge and whatever next?: Mgeladze, pp. 117–20. Svetlana asked father for divorce: Charkviani, pp. 59–60. Yury as “iceberg” etc., quoted in Miklos Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, p. 372. Zhdanov’s renaissance: Raanan, p. 168. Mikoyan, p. 362. Stepan M, p. 145. Beria’s secretary Ludvigov in Sudoplatov, p. 321. Grandchildren: Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 75–8. Gulia Djugashvili, p. 28. False teeth: doctors’ reports in Vasily, p. 181. Mingrelian Case: Starts with anti-bribery case against C. Baramia on 9 Nov. 1951, then PB resolution on Georgian Communist Party, 27 Mar. 1952, in PB/Sovmin, p. 349. Lesser Terror, pp. 236–7. Sergo B, pp. 241–3; tiger, pp. 120–1; wisecracks, p. 168; Stalin sleeping like a gundog, fond of Nina, fear, Svetlana’s visits, pp. 241–2; “coming for warmth,” p. 148; Beria unhappy, p. 296; Soviet State too small: p. 235; Malenkov’s role: p. 247; solidarity, p. 239. C. H. Fairbanks, “Clientism and Higher Politics in Georgia 1949–53,” Transcaucasia. Charkviani, pp. 40–58. The phone call: Gela Charkviani. Mgeladze ran holiday homes, Sudoplatov, p. 359. Mgeladze and Mingrelian Affair: bordello, pp. 142–3, 162–3; race to the house, pp. 146, 180–4, 192–200; Stalin hated Beria, pp. 178–9; last dinners at New Athos with Khrushchev and his toasts, pp. 148–9; resistance of PB to young leaders, p. 191. Nina Rukhadze. KR I, pp. 271, 309–11. Lilya Drozhdova—Martha Peshkova. Tamara Rapava’s visit—Eka Rapava; similarly when Candide Charkviani, who had been made a CC Inspector in Moscow, asked to be received by Beria, he was unable to see him—Gela Charkviani. Beria and foreign policy, reunifying Germany in 1952: Zubok in Taubman, pp. 275–7. Mutual support: Mikoyan, pp. 536, 581–3; Vlasik: Nadezhda Vlasika. GARF 7523.107.127.1–6, Vlasik’s appeal for pardon. Guards: Deriabin, pp. 74, 83–5. Stalin complains that Beria is supported by Molotov and Kaganovich, Mgeladze, p. 178.
Doctors: Kostyrchenko, pp. 262–70. Vaksberg, Stalin Against Jews, p, 242. Vinogradov’s examination: Rapoport, pp. 216–8. Post-mortem by Dr. Myasnikov confirmed serious hardening of cerebral arteries, arteriosclerosis—see Beria, pp. 172, 270. Stalin on doctors: chattering: RGASPI 74.2.38.89, Stalin to Voroshilov, n.d. “Drinking”: Stalin to Edward Kardelj in Dedijer, Tito Speaks, p. 294. “In my grave”—Harriman-Abel, pp. 349–53. Poskrebyshev’s pills etc: Natasha Poskrebysheva. Volkogonov, p. 526. Destruction of medical records: Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin, pp. 18–20. Symptoms described by bodyguards: Rybin, Ryadom, pp. 91–4. Talks to bodyguard V. Tukov on doctors: Rybin, Kto Otravil Stalina, p. 10, and to Valechka in Svetlana, Twenty Letters, p. 215. Vasily flypast: Stepan M, p. 171.
Rubenstein and Naumov, Pogrom, pp. 55–61: Lozovsky’s deconstruction, p. 256; Kostyrchenko, pp. 126–35. Description of Lozovsky by Margaret Bourke-White in Rubenstein and Naumov, Pogrom, p. 219. Longevity: Prof. A. Bogolomov’s work: Medvedev, Neizvestyi Stalin, p. 17. Litvinov’s death: Carswell, p. 162.
RGASPI 83.1.35.35, Andreyev to Malenkov 7 Jan. 1949. Kostyrchenko, pp. 273–8, Andreyev’s cocaine, p. 284. Leg irons, Vaksberg, Stalin Against Jews, p. 242. Stalin to V. Tukov, bodyguard, in Rybin, Kto Otravil Stalina, p. 10. On war: Lozgachev quoted by Radzinsky, p. 551. We must prevent war: Sergo B, p. 357. Stalin trembled with fear about war: KR II, p. 11. Also: apologies to his guards and kindness to staff in Rybin, Ryadom, pp. 90–1. Rybin, Stalin i Zhukov, “Boss,” pp. 42–3. The latest research on the Doctors’ Plot: J. Brent and V. Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime, p. 130–35, 184.
Sergo B, pp. 148, 236–7; “Islamic fanaticism,” p. 133. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, p. 222. KR I, pp. 290–5. Thank You C. Stalin, p. 326. Stalin Prize meeting and antiSemitism: Simonov, “Glazami,” pp. 83–5. Mikoyan, pp. 569–71. Holloway, p. 289. Mekhlis , pp. 291–4: Mekhlis died on 13 Feb. 1953, three weeks before Stalin who allowed him a magnificent funeral. Chikobava/linguistics: Arnold Chikobava, “Kogda i kak eto bylo,” Ezhegodnik iberiysko-kavkazkogo yazykoznaniya, vol. 12, 1985 , pp. 9–14. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin: “Stalin and Linguistics:An Episode in the History of Soviet Science.” Alexei Kojevnikov, “Games of Stalinist Democracy, Ideological discussions in Soviet sciences 1947–1952” in Fitzpatrick (ed.), Stalinism: New Directions , pp. 162–9. Prestige of Molotov, Mikoyan: Gorlizki, p. 207.
57: BLIND KITTENS AND HIPPOPOTAMUSES
L. N. Efremov, “Memoir of Plenum” in Dosye Glasnosty, Spetsvypusk, 2001, p. 11. Simonov, “Glazami,” Znamya, pp. 97–9. Mikoyan, pp. 573–7. MR, p. 319. KR I, pp. 299–302, doctor, pp. 303–7. Sergo B, p. 342; Beria on Suslov, p. 161; none would succeed Stalin, p. 161. Beria, pp. 165–8. Resolution of Plenum of CC on composition of Presidium, Buro of Presidium and Secretariat, 16 Oct. 1952, in PB/Sovmin, p. 89. On Lenin: Service, Lenin, pp. 449–50. On final ideology: Zubok, p. 76. “Of Lenin! Of Lenin!”—“Neizvestnaya Rossiya,” 20th Century, vol. 1, 1992, p. 275, quoted in Zubok, pp. 73, 295. Stepan M, pp. 186–7. Deriabin, p. 95. Hahn, pp. 148–9. Rosenfeldt, pp. 191–2. Return of Ribbentrop protocols: Sudoplatov, p. 327. Suslov as successor: Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin (Stalin’s Secret Heir). Suslov’s meetings with Stalin 1948: IA.
Sergo B on Dr. Vinogradov, p. 243. Stalin to Ignatiev—“Beat, beat”: KR I, pp. 303–7. Ignatiev: Lesser Terror, pp. 234–5. Stalin’s alliance with Riumin and Goglidze, Golgofa, p. 28. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 75–7, and Johnreed Svanidze, p. 87; Gulia Djagashvili, p. 28. Never still, and Svetlana’s affair with Johnreed Svanidze: G. Djagashvili in Biagi, pp. 60–3. Kostyrchenko, pp. 262, 280–1. Sergo B on Vinogradov: pp. 243–4. Put them in handcuffs and beat: Ludvigov to Sudoplatov, p. 306. Downfall of Rukhadze: RGASPI 558.11.135.88, Stalin to Goglidze, Mgeladze 25 June 1952. 6th and 7th November parades: Hahn, pp. 148–9. GARF 7523.107.127.1–6, Vlasik’s appeal for pardon. Kostyrchenko, pp. 285–7. Vaksberg, Stalin Against Jews, p. 246. Vlasik’s staff shot: Parrish, “Serov,” p. 125. Vlasik and caviar/Poskrebyshev appeals to Beria, Sergo B, pp. 242, 363. “You parasites!” Stalin to Vlasik, Svetlana, Twenty Letters, p. 217. On Poskrebyshev: articles in Pravda, 13 Oct. and 30 Dec. 1952. IA, 1997: KR I, p. 34. Volkogonov, pp. 528, 569, and Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin, “Riddles of Stalin’s Death.” V. P. Malin was apparently designated his successor though it seems his deputy S. Chernukha continued to run the office. Natasha Poskrebysheva. Nadya Vlasika. Poskrebyshev often visited Beria: Martha Peshkova. Molotov on Poskrebyshev, Vlasik and women: MR, pp. 223, 235. On Poskrebyshev and missing papers: KR I, pp. 290–5.
1 Dec. PB meeting: Malyshev in Istochnik, 5, 1997, pp. 140–1. Kostyrchenko, pp. 285–7. European terror: Berman in Oni, pp. 318–22. Slansky case: Kostyrchenko, p. 279. Hippopotamuses/1937/white gloves—Ignatiev testimony: J. Brent and V. Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime, pp. 212, 218–19, 252, 269, 272.
Molotov and Mikoyan: trust: “He never gave me away”; chats in flats, Beria’s provocations, Beria wants to protect Molotov: Mikoyan, pp. 536, 581–3. Tiger: Sergo B, pp. 120–1, 237–9. Molotov: Stalin held me in great distrust, MR, p. 325. Vyacheslav Nikonov: no fear after prison. KR I
, pp. 303–7 (Koniev), 330–2, Beria attacks Stalin, p. 337; protecting Beria, p. 332. Malenkov reassures Beria re: Bomb; Beria to Malenkov July 1953. Kaganovich warns Mikoyan on Leningrad Case. Beria comforts Khrushchev, Poskrebyshev, Mikoyan. Malenkov comforts Khrushchev on recall to Moscow. Stalin notices Beria’s support from Molotov, Kaganovich etc. Molotov’s anger at Stalin over seventy: Oleg Troyanovsky. On Khrushchev and Malenkov: Julia Khrushcheva, Volya Malenkova. Beria and Khrushchev against the latest changes; Stalin senses disapproval and support for Beria: Mgeladze, p. 191. Stalin powerless against the Four: B. Ponomarenko, Sovershenno Sekretno, 3, 1990, p. 13. Birthday and after: Mikoyan, pp. 577–80. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 214–8. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin, pp. 19–20. Health: Rybin, Ryadom, pp. 91–4. Murdering Stalin: Hoxha: Artful Albanian, p. 144. Solidarity in the group: Sergo B, pp. 237–9.
Stalin reads Timashuk letter, KR I, pp. 303–7, 337. Timashuk: Pravda, 21 Jan. 1953. Kostyrchenko, pp. 285–300. Aimed at Beria: MR, p. 236. Beria’s men arrested, Deriabin, pp. 103–21. 14,000 arrested in Georgia: Lesser Terror, p. 239; Beria’s allies arrested, secret Jew, pp. 236–7. A. Malenkov in Zhurnalist 2, 1991, p. 64. Beria to Kaganovich at July 1953 Plenum: “Plenum TZK KPSS 2–7 July 1953,” Izvestiya TsK KPSS, nos. 1 and 2, 1991. “Beria, we should protect Molotov”—Mikoyan, p. 584. Jewish Case: K. M. Simonov, Literaturnaya Gazeta, 13 Jan. 1953. Pravda 13 Jan. 1953. Anti-Semitic panic: Ehrenburg, Postwar Years, p. 298. Sergo B, pp. 237–9. Mozart Piano Concerto 23: I. B Borev in Staliniade, quoted in Lesser Terror , p. 235. Fear of war with America: Stepan M: after Stalin’s death, Mikoyan said, “If we didn’t have war while Stalin was alive.” Beria’s fear of war: Candide Charkviani, Gela Charkviani. On war: Lozgachev quoted by Radzinsky, p. 551. “We must prevent war”—Sergo B, p. 357. Stalin trembled with fear about war—KR II, p. 11. Greatly changed: Sudoplatov, p. 333.
RGASPI 558.11.157.9–14, Shepilov to Stalin and Stalin’s handwritten annotations, 10 Jan. 1953. Doctors’ Plot, Pravda, 16 Jan. 1953: “Protiv subyektivistshikh izvrashcheniy yestestvoznanii.” The Jewish letter: Mikoyan, p. 536. Kaganovich, p. 174. Lesser Terror, pp. 247–9. Nauka i Zhizn, no. 1, 1990. KR II, p. 78. Ehrenburg also refused to sign, with a clever letter to Stalin. Stalin Against Jews, pp. 257–70: according to Vaksberg, the idea for the deportation was first floated by Dmitri Chesnokov, editor-in-chief of Voprosy Filosofii, in 1952; he was named to the Presidium by Stalin in the October Plenum; Ehrenburg letter, pp. 263–4. Camps: J. Brent and V. Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime, p. 295.
Adalberto Zelmar Barbosa, El Federalismo Bloquista: Bravo o el pragmatismo politico, pp. 22–31. Also interview in Buenos Aires with Leopoldo Bravo and family; Stalin’s liking for Peron—Mikoyan, p. 549.
58: “I DID HIM IN!”
Final meetings: Mgeladze, p. 232. Menon in Georges Bortoli, Death of Stalin, p. 122. IA. Tito: Sudoplatov, p. 333. Rybin, Ryadom, pp. 83–99 inc. Vasily. KR I, pp. 338–41. Lozgachev in Radzinsky, pp. 550–8. Svetlana, Twenty Letters, pp. 13–21, and steambath, p. 215; encouraged by Beria, Volkogonov, Rise and Fall, p. 176. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin : pp. 21–44, on role of Ignatiev and Khrushchev in delay of doctors. Malenkov: Stalin squeezes hand—Smirtukov quoted in Vlast, vol. 5, 2000, p. 53. MR, pp. 236–7: Beria kissing, I did him in; Malenkov knew more. Kaganovich, Zapiski, p. 499: “he opened his eyes, looked at us.” Khrushchev’s comings and goings from home: S. Khrushchev, Superpower, pp. 31–2. Mikoyan, p. 580: I was lucky. Beria at home; Nina’s grief; Beria’s plans, succession agreed: Sergo B, pp. 248–9. Pointing at lamb and girl/Stalin’s wit/Molotov: Gromyko, Memoirs, p. 103. Government created before Stalin’s death: Istochnik, 1, pp. 106–11. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 1, 1991, pp. 149–50. Medical records: Dr. A. L. Myasnikov, Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1 Mar. 1989, p. 13. Polina’s interrogations stopped—Kostyrchenko, p. 300. Cheyne Stokes questions to doctors in prison: Rapoport, pp. 151–3; Vaksberg, Stalin Against Jews, p. 271. Beria’s hand-kissing: MR, p. 237; KR I, pp. 338–41. “Off to take power,” Mikoyan, p. 587. Last night: Khrushchev quoted by Volkogonov, pp. 570–1. E. D. Voroshilova: RGASPI 74.1.429.47, diary, 2 Mar. 1953. Death mask and hands: RGASPI 45.1.1683.1–10, in profile, face on and hands. Doctors’ report: APRF 45.1.1486.1–156, quoted in Volkogonov, Rise and Fall, pp. 173–8. Meeting of government 5 Mar. APRF 45.2.196.1–7. IA. Meetings 2/5 Mar. in Stalin’s office. Relief: Simonov, “Glazami,” p. 228. N. Barsukov, “Mart 1953. Stranitsy istorii KPSS,” Pravda, 27 Oct. 1989. Warfarin theory and stomach haemorrhage: J. Brent and V. Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime, pp. 321–2. Statistics on deaths, exiles, Gulags: A. Applebaum, GULAG, pp. 521–8. Beria on Stalin in days after his death: to M. Chiaureli: “Scoundrel and filth!” quoted in Krotkov Y. in Nekrasov, p. 257. “Avoided the war”: Beria to Sharia at Sharia’s trial in Istoricheskii Zhurnal , 10, 1991, p. 57. To Candide Charkviani: “Cult of personality” and “We won the war.” “Man of the future,” Beria, MR, p. 232. Last letters: Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin, Stalin’s Personal Archives: Hidden or Destroyed? Facts and Theories.
POSTSCRIPT
This is mainly based on interviews with: Vyacheslav Nikonov, Natalya Andreyeva, Joseph Minervin, Stas Namin, Martha Peshkova, Julia Khrushcheva, Sergo and Stepan Mikoyan, Nina Budyonny, Igor and Volya Malenkov, Yury Zhdanov, Leonid Redens, Vladimir Alliluyev (Redens), Kira Alliluyeva. Beria’s fall: Mikoyan’s Tak bylo, pp. 584–8 (fleas in my trousers), and the familiar account in Khrushchev Remembers. Also Amy Knight’s Beria; for Beria’s death, towel in mouth, see Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror, and for acid bath, see Vlast, vol. 22, 2000, pp. 46–7. Beria’s death and 1957 Plenum/ “Nuremberg”: W. Taubman, Khrushchev, Man and Era, pp. 256, 321–4. See also Svetlana Alliluyeva’s Only One Year and Twenty Letters; Medvedev’s All Stalin’s Men; Khrushchev, quoted as “up to elbows in blood” by Shapoval, Taubman’s Khrushchev, p. 41. Dream: quoted in Molotov Letters, p. 1.
Select Bibliography
PRIMARY
Alanbrooke, Viscount, War Diaries 1939–45, London 2001
Alexandrov, G. V., Epokha I kino, Moscow 1983
Alliluyeva, Svetlana, Twenty Letters to a Friend, London 1967
Alliluyeva, Svetlana, Only One Year, London 1971
Alliluyev, Sergei, Proidennyi put, Moscow 1946
Alliluyeva, Anna S., Vospominaniya, Moscow 1946
Alliluyev, Sergei, and Alliluyeva, Anna, The Alliluyev Memoirs (ed. David Tutaev), London 1968
Antipenko, N. A., “Tyl Fronta,” Novy Mir, no. 8, 1965
Babel, Isaac, 1920 Diary, New Haven, CT 1990
Babel, Isaac, Collected Stories, London 1994
Baibakov, N. K., Delo zhizni: zapiski neftyanika, Moscow 1984
Bazhanov, Boris, Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin, Athens, OH 1990 Berezhkov, Valentin, Kak ia stal perevodchikom Stalina, Moscow 1963
Berezhkov, Valentin, History in the Making: Memoirs of WWII Diplomacy , Moscow 1983
L. P. BERIA
Beria, L. P., “Lavrenty Beria: Pizma iz tyuemnogo bunkera,” Istochnik, no. 4, 1994
Beria, L. P., On the History of Bolshevik Organizations in Transcaucasia, Moscow 1949
Beria, Nina, “Letters to LP Beria,” Istochnik, no. 2, 1994
Beria, Nina, “Letter to Members of Presidium 7 January 1954,” Vlast, no. 34, 2001
Beria, Sergo, Beria My Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin, London 2001
The Beria A fair: The Meetings Signalling the End of Stalinism (ed. D. M. Sickle), New York 1992
Beria A fair, CC Plenum 12–7 July 1953, Izvestiya TsK KPSS, nos. 1 and 2, 1991
Bessedovsky, G., Revelations of a Soviet Diplomat, London 1931
Birse, A. H., Memoirs of an Interpreter, London 1967
Bohlen, Charles E., Witness to History, London 1973
Bolshakov, I. G., “Letter to AN Poskrebyshev on film Tarzan,” Istochnik, no. 4, 1999 Bukharin, Nikolai, How It All Began, New York 1998
Budyonny, S. M., Proidennyi put, Moscow 1968
Budyonny, S. M., Notes (ed. Nina Budyonny), u
npublished
Cadogan, Alexander, The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, London 1971
Charkviani, Candide, Memoirs on Stalin, unpublished
Chikobava, Arnold, “Kogda ix kak eto bylo,” Ezhegodnik iberiysko-kavkazskogo yazykoznaniya, vol. 12, 1985
W. S. CHURCHILL
Churchill, Winston S., Second World War, London 1951
Churchill and Stalin, documents from British Archives, FCO Historians
Dan, Lydia, “Bukharin o Staline,” Noviy Zhurnal, 75 (Mar. 1964)
Davies, Joseph E., Mission to Moscow, London 1942
Dedijer, V., Tito Speaks, London 1953.
Dekanozov, Reginald, Some Episodes of the History of Soviet–German Relations Before the War, unpublished
Deriabin, Peter, Inside Stalin’s Kremlin, Dulles, VA 1998
Djilas, Milovan, Conversations with Stalin, New York 1962
Djilas, Milovan, Wartime, London 1980
Djugashvili, Gulia, Ded, Otets, Mat i Drugie, Moscow 1993
Dmitrov, Georgi (ed. Ivo Banac), The Diary of Georgi Dmitrov 1933–49, New Haven, CT 2003
Dobrynin, Anatoly, In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents, Washington, D.C. 2001
Eden, A., Facing the Dictators, London 1962
Efimov, Boris, Mikhail Koltsov: Kakim On Byl, Moscow 1965