The Italian Americans
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elections, U.S., of 1917, 147
Eliot House, 213
Ellis Island, N.Y., 40, 146–47, 234
abusive treatment at, 149
officer questioning at, 41–42
physical examinations at, 41, 41, 77, 147
race categorized at, 80
Emancipation Proclamation, 29
embalmed beef scandal, 146
Emilia-Romagna, 180
“Empire State of Mind,” 205
Encyclopedic Palace of the World (Auriti), 265, 267–68, 267, 268, 269
enemy aliens, 4, 190, 194
citizenship and, 185–86, 186, 189–90, 189
contraband of, 186
as disloyal, 185, 190–91
in internment camps, 185, 186, 188, 192
relocation of, 186, 186, 187–88, 189, 192–93
restricted civil liberties of, 185, 186, 188–90, 192–93
English Americans, 5, 7
Episcopalians, 146
Esposito, Susan, 177
espresso, 260, 260
Estes family, 225
Ethiopia, Italian invasion of, 166, 167
Ethnic at Large, An (Mangione), 173–74
Ettor, Joseph, 95–96, 97–98, 98, 102–3, 104, 120, 126
eugenics, 82, 130
Eugenics Research Association, 130
Europe:
American propaganda in, 23, 30, 62, 94, 177–78
Fascist aggression in, 160
evil eye (malocchio), 8, 8
ex combattenti, 187
Executive Order 9066, 187
extortion, 50–51, 52, 52, 56, 59
Fabiano, Laurie, 55
Faicco’s Pork Store, 50
Fante, John, 90–91
Farini, Luigi Carlo, 22
Fasanella, Ralph, 266, 267
fasces, 161
Fascism, Fascists, 159–70, 159, 191, 197, 201, 253
in Italy, 18, 159, 160, 161–63, 173
opposition to, 18, 26, 159, 160, 163, 167, 174, 269
propaganda of, 159, 160, 161–63, 164, 165, 167, 168, 175
Feast of San Gennaro, 107, 109
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 168, 175, 187
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 211, 212
Ferrara, Antonio, 259–60
Ferraro, Geraldine, 247, 248, 248, 249, 251, 256–57
Ferrone, Margaret, 176
fifth column, 186, 187
fig trees, 261
Fiorito, Jennie, 177
Firmani, B. G., 266–67
First Communion, 108
Fischer, Marie, 151
Fisherman’s Wharf, 4, 63, 64, 188, 190
fishing industry, 31, 61, 63–64, 64, 189–90, 189
Five Points, 50
Floating Bear, The, 219
Florida, 146
Flynn, Bina, 212
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 212
Foggia, 146
Fontana, M. J., 65–66
Fontane, Johnny (char.), 203
Fonzarelli, Arthur “Fonzie” (char.), 238
Fortunate Pilgrim, The (Puzo), 233
Fortune, 166
Forty Thieves, 50
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The, 88
France, 19, 20, 24, 117, 168, 220–21
Francis, Connie, 198
Frankfurter, Felix, 128
Free Speech Movement, 215–17, 216, 218
free speech, 163–64
Freshman, The, 236
Friends, 238
From Here to Eternity, 202
Fuller, Alvan T., 128
Fusco, Joe, 241
gabellotti, 33, 34
Gaga, Lady, 206–7, 206
Galleani, Luigi, 118, 118, 120, 121, 123, 123
Galleanisti, 121, 122, 141
Gambino, Carlo, 229
Gambino family, 236, 236
gambling, 136, 139, 141, 156, 156, 224, 225, 233
gangsters:
arrests of, 155–56
Hollywood films about, 73, 228, 233, 234–36, 242, 245
Kefauver Committee hearings and, 225–29
Prohibition and, 136–37, 138, 223
violence and, 139–40
Gardner, Ava, 202–3
Garibaldi, Anita, 25
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 19–21, 21, 22, 23, 24–25, 24, 29, 169
Garibaldi-Meucci Museum, 24, 25
garment industry, 14, 131, 133, 150–51, 150, 175
Gasoline (Corso), 211, 212
Gatsby, Jay (char.), 88
Gazzetta del Massachusetts, 163
General, The, 242
Genet, Jean, 219
Genna brothers, 138, 138
Gennaro, Saint, 107, 109
Genoa, 19, 62, 63, 65, 66
Genovese, Vito, 229
Gentile, Don, 178
Georgia, 14, 122
German Americans, 5, 7, 56, 107, 175, 185, 186, 187, 188
Germany, 117
Ghirardelli, Domenico, 65, 261
Giacosa, Giuseppe, 44
Giamatti, A. Bartlett, 247
Giannini, Amadeo Peter (A. P.), 4, 66, 67–74, 68, 70, 164
Giannini, Luigi, 66–67
Giannini, Virginia, 66–67
GI Bill, 180
Gigante, Vincent “the Chin,” 236
Gilbert, Elizabeth, 262
Gilded Age, 93
Gimbel Brother bombs, 121–22
Ginsberg, Allen, 211, 213, 219
Gioni, Massimiliano, 265
Giovannitti, Arturo, 4, 126
arrest and imprisonment of, 97–98, 98, 102–4, 120, 164
Lawrence millworkers’ strike and, 95, 96, 97, 103–4, 120, 164, 215
as speaker, 97, 103, 215, 218
writing of, 105, 163, 164
“Giovinezza,” 160, 170
Giuliani, Rudolph, 251–52
Godfather, The (film), 1, 203–4, 233, 234–36, 235, 236, 237, 238, 245, 250–51
Godfather, The (Puzo), 203, 233–34, 234
Godfather, The: Part II (film), 234
Golden Gate Bridge, 72
gold horn (cornetto), 8, 8
gold rush, 62, 63, 66
Goodfellas, 213, 235–36
Gotti, John, 236, 236
Gotti, John, Jr., 236
graft, 152, 156
Grand Central Station, 99, 100
Grand Opera House, 69
Grant, Ulysses, 25
Gravano, Salvatore “Sammy the Bull,” 236
Great Depression, 141, 151, 154, 173–74, 197, 264
Great San Francisco Earthquake (1906), 64, 66, 66, 69–71
Greenwich Village, N.Y., 50, 260, 260
Gruppo Autonomo, 120, 121, 123–24
Guadalcanal, 179
guido, 238
Guthrie, Woody, 129
Haitian Americans, 115
Hamill, Pete, 200
Happy Days, 238
Harvard University, 95, 213
Havana, Cuba, 202
Hawke, Ethan, 214
Haymarket Square trial, 102
Haywood, “Big” Bill, 98, 100
HBO, 241
heart disease, 7, 8–9, 12
Heart Is the Teacher, The (Covello), 86
Hell’s Kitchen, 233
Hennessy, David, 32, 32, 34, 34, 36, 37, 225
Hennessy, Mike, 34
Hennessy case, 34–37, 225
Hill, Henry (pseud.), 236
Hitler, Adolf, 178
Hobbesian philosophy, 117
Hoboken, N.J., 199
Holiday, Billie, 198
Hollywood, 2, 72–73, 88–89, 202–4, 233–45
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 121
Holy Name Society, 114
Homer, 1
Hoover, Herbert, 151
Hoover, J. Edgar, 186–87
Hope, Bob, 198
Hotel and Restaurant Workers union, 100
House of Representatives, U.S., 252, 255, 257
housing:
in Chicago, 44
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br /> in Lawrence, Mass., 93, 94
in New Orleans, 32
in New York City, 43–44, 49, 77, 148, 148, 150, 153, 155
in San Francisco, 61, 62, 65
“Howl” (Ginsberg), 219
How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 44
Hull House, 230–31
Hunter High School, 219
Iacocca, Lee A., 247
Iceman Crucified #3 (Fasanella), 266–67, 266
Il Giardino d’Italia, 181
Illinois, University of, 230
immigration laws, 53, 80
proposed “illiteracy act” and, 83
quotas and, 130, 149
immigration reform, 149
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 95, 96, 98, 117
“In Paradise” (‘N paraviso), 109–10
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 228
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 133, 160
International Longshoremen’s Association, 141
internment camps, 185, 186, 186, 187, 188, 188, 192
Irish Americans, 107, 147, 147
as bootleggers, 138
gangs of, 50, 56, 140, 223
immigrants, 56
Irish hierarchy, 107, 109, 111, 112
Italia, La, 163, 164, 167, 187, 191
Italian Americans, 18, 61, 137
African Americans and, 29, 30, 31, 167, 254
agricultural industry and, 63, 65–66
anarchism and, 117–30, 125, 131, 132
as anti-Fascist protesters, 159, 160, 163, 167
artistic achievements of, 46–47, 264–68
banking and loans for, 68–69, 70–71
as bootleggers, 136–37, 138, 139, 141, 151
citizenship and, 185–86, 188, 189–90
close-knit communities of, 5–9, 13, 43, 49
culinary traditions of, 65, 259–61
culture of, 1, 4, 79, 87, 107–13, 259
dissent movements and, 215–17, 218
education and, 71–72, 78, 84–86, 85, 87, 139
as enemy aliens, 4, 185–86, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192–93, 194
English language and, 36, 42, 61, 86, 87, 186, 190
family valued by, 4, 17, 24, 84, 85
as Fascist sympathizers, 159, 159, 160, 164
first generation history of, 3, 55–56
fishing industry and, 63–64, 64, 189–90, 189
as food merchants, 31, 49–50, 49, 50, 63, 65, 175
generational divide among, 79, 85
graduation rates among, 86
harsh conditions encountered by, 39, 40–41, 43–44, 49, 77, 93–94, 120, 149
Hennessy murder and, 32, 34–35
in Hollywood, 88–89, 202–4
Hollywood depictions of, 1, 233, 234, 236–37, 238
housing conditions of, 32, 43–44, 61, 62, 65, 77, 93, 94, 148
interdependent communal behavior of, 7, 8–9, 13, 84
in internment camps, 186, 186, 188, 192
as laborers, see laborers
literacy of, 185–86, 188–89
lynching of, 29, 35–36, 36, 37
move into suburbs by, 114, 224
Mussolini as source of pride for, 159, 161, 162–63, 165
names anglicized by, 79–80, 180, 198, 200, 217, 241–42
nutrition of, 7, 78–79
as organ-grinders, 149, 149, 156
organized crime and, 136–37, 139–42, 223–24, 235, 237
patriotism of, 173, 177–78, 177
on plantations, 29, 30–31
poetry and, 211–12, 213–14, 214
in politics, 68, 145–56, 145, 191, 247–57, 247, 248, 250
as pop culture icons, 197–201, 202, 204–7, 223
population of, 49, 64–65, 77, 78, 145, 153
poverty of, 3, 32, 39, 40, 43–44, 49, 61, 65, 68, 78, 94
prejudice against, 34, 36, 37, 44, 61, 65, 71, 80, 82, 82, 130, 145, 162, 180, 224
Prohibition and, 136–37, 137, 138–39, 141, 142
Protestant social workers and, 79, 79
public displays of faith by, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 112, 117
religious devotion of, 107–14, 108, 115, 117
relocation of, 186, 187, 189, 192, 193
repatriation of, 3, 37, 39, 40, 42, 62, 83
restricted civil liberties of, 185, 186, 188–89, 192–93
saints depicted by, 108–10, 207
as seamstresses, 150, 150
second-generation assimilation of, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86–87, 87, 90
secret intelligence missions for, 178–79
self-imposed isolation of, 5–6, 17, 24, 32, 56, 185–86
stereotypes of, 1, 34, 37, 56, 82, 86, 149, 149, 156, 162, 238, 238, 250, 251
as strike leaders, 93, 94–96, 97, 98, 102–4, 131
as targets of extortion, 50–51, 52, 55
tension between Southern and Northern communities of, 62, 63
“two-ness” dilemma of, 173–75, 173, 182–83
in U.S. military, 146, 173, 174, 178–79, 179, 185, 192
wages of, 5, 31, 40, 41–42, 65, 78, 93, 119, 120
World War II war efforts by, 175, 176–78
see also Italian immigration; Italy
Italian Hour, The, 177–78
Italian immigration, 17, 31–32, 37, 61–62, 83–84
American propaganda as encouragement for, 23, 23, 30, 62, 94
journey of, 2–3, 39, 40–44, 77–78
laws and quotas on, 80, 130, 149
rates of, 23–24, 31, 49, 64
reasons for, 3, 4–5, 29, 39, 62, 78, 84, 96
Italian Jews, 146
Italian Legion, 19, 24
Italian Squad (Bomb Squad), 53, 53, 58
Italian Swiss Agricultural Association, 65
Italian unification, 17, 19, 20–21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 81
Italy, 11–12, 24–25, 39, 119
agricultural depression in, 63
Allied American voice in, 177–78
American perception of, 34
anarchism in, 117
civil liberties in, 162, 163–64, 167, 167
Columbus Day in, 159
craftsmanship in, 157, 261–64
cultural divide in, 17–18, 18, 21–22, 80–82
culture and values in, 13, 17, 70–71, 259, 261–64, 263
“Day of Faith” in, 166
emigration discouraged by, 23
Ethiopia invaded by, 166, 167
fascism in, 18, 159, 160, 161–63, 173
fashion style in, 265
Jews in, 146, 167
literacy rates in, 84
loss of free press in, 162
Mafia in, 33
money sent back to, 42–43
oppression in, 103
popular art in, 207
preservation of tastes from, 65, 259–60
reasons for leaving, 3, 4–5, 29, 39, 63, 78, 96
Italy (continued)
repatriation to, 3, 37, 39, 40, 42, 62, 83
secret police in, 166, 171
strikes in, 98–99, 99, 161, 162
surrender of, 179
U.S. relations with, 37, 166–67
wages in, 40
war declared on U.S. by, 169, 178
white widows in, 42
World War I and, 147
World War II and, 173, 174, 177–78, 182–83
see also Northern Italy, Northern Italians; Sicily; Southern Italy, Southern Italians
It’s a Wonderful Life, 72
“I’ve Got the World on a String,” 204
Iwo Jima, 179
James, Harry, 200
Japan, 169, 178
Japanese Americans, 175, 187
in internment camps, 186, 188
Jay-Z, 205
Jersey Shore, 238, 239, 245
Jesus Christ, 18, 19, 113, 119
Jewish immigrants, 131, 156
as bootleggers, 138
as criminals, 56
as gangsters
, 140, 141, 142, 223
prejudice against, 44
quotas and, 149
Jews, Judaism, in Italy, 146, 167
Johnson, Albert, 130
Johnson-Reed Act, 130, 149, 269
Jones, James, 202
J. P. Morgan bank, 68, 124, 162
“Judas,” 206
“Just Dance,” 206
Justice Department, U.S., 185, 187, 192
Kefauver, Estes, 224–25, 226, 228
Kefauver Committee, 224–28, 229, 233
televised hearings of, 226–27, 226, 227
Kennedy, Robert, 228
Kerouac, Jack, 211
Kerr, Clark, 216
kidnappings, 54–55
laborers, 39–40, 42, 61, 65–66, 154
children as, 84, 100–101, 102
exploitation of, 39, 44–45, 45, 61, 93–94, 100–101, 102, 104, 118, 118, 131, 133
in garment industry, 150–51
in mills, 6, 43, 93–95, 93, 96, 100–101
padrone system and, 42
on plantations, 29, 30–31
in slate quarries, 5
slaves as, 29, 30, 42
wages of, 5, 31, 40, 41–42, 65, 78, 93, 119, 120
see also strikes; unions
La Follette, Robert, 149
La Guardia, Achille, 146
La Guardia, Fiorello, 3, 145–56, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 159, 160, 168, 178, 192, 228, 256
La Guardia, Fioretta, 148, 148
La Guardia Airport, 155
Laine, Frankie, 198
Lang, Violet “Bunny,” 213
Lansky, Meyer, 142, 223
La Scala, 170
La Sorte, Michael, 262
Latinos, 3, 83
Latin Quarter, San Francisco, 63
Laughlin, Harry, 130
Lawford, Peter, 205
Lawrence, Mass., 93–96, 97–102, 162, 212
children’s exodus from, 99, 100, 101, 102
Lawrence Commons, 97
Lawrence millworkers’ strike, 93, 94–96, 96, 97–100, 101–4, 104, 162, 163, 212
League of Nations, 167
Le Donne’s, 6
Lehman, Herbert, 159
Leonardo da Vinci, 61
Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti, 129
Levi, Carlo, 17–19, 26–27, 27
“Like a Virgin,” 206
Lincoln, Abraham, 29, 157
Lindsay, John, 250
literacy, 82, 83, 84, 185–86, 188–89
Little Caesar, 227
Little Italies, 49, 56, 86, 107
loans, 68–69, 70, 70, 71
Loero, Celestina Stagnaro, 186
Lombardi, Annunciata, 255
LoPizzo, Anna, 97, 100
Los Angeles, Calif., 73, 138
Louisiana, 4, 30–32, 31
Lucania, 18, 26, 39
Lucchese, Gaetano, 229
Luce, Henry, 166
Luciano, Charlie “Lucky,” 140–41, 202, 212–13
Lucy, Saint, 109
Lupo, Ignazio, 51
Luzzatto-Coen, Irene, 146
lynching, 29, 36–37, 36, 37, 225
Mac, 243, 245
macaroni factory, 45