George Washington's Surprise Attack

by Phillip Thomas Tucker

12. Bellemy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 199.

  13. Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington, p. 99; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87; Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777; Lengel, GeneralGeorge Washington, pp. 87,181-182; New York Times, December 26, 1876; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 10-11, 70; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 55-56, 209, 219, 225, 391; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 14; English, General Hugh Mercer, p. 85; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 138-139; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 61; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9; Johnson, Heroes, pp. 115-116.

  14. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 163; William Hull Biography, Virtual American Biographies, internet; “The History of the Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; Washington Crossing State Park Literature, Washington Crossing State Park, New Jersey; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 205; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Derby, Connecticut, Wikipedia, internet.

  15. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 221-222, 230-231; Marble, James Monroe, p. 42; Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, (Philadelphia: American Catholic Historical Society, 1904), vol. 15, pp. 415-417; St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Philadelphia, internet; Ford, “British and American Prisoners of War, 1778,” The Magazine of Pennsylvania History and Biography, pp. 159-174; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  16. Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Gamage and Lord, The Lure of Marblehead, p. 9; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 45; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, p. 391; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 136, 358; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 4,8, 13

  17. Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777,

  18. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 140; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 246; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 222; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 156.

  19. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 81.

  20. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Lengel, General George Washington, pp. 182-183; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 176; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 247-248; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 239; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 19.

  21. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 169; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 225.

  22. Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 50; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8.

  23. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 266; Styker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 479; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 22.

  24. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 210, 225-226; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 62, 139.

  25. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 210, 234; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 46; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 246; A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 80; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 9, 15.

  26. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 207, 234; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 371; Gary Zaboly, American Colonial Rangers, The Northern Colonies 1724-64, (Oxford: Osphrey Publishing Limited, 2004), pp. 4, Plate H; Tim J. Todish and Terry S. Todish, AlamoSourcebook 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Alamo and the Texas Revolution, (Austin: Eakin Press, 1998), p. 160; Bill Mauldin, Mud & Guts, A Look at the common soldier of the American Revolution, (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1978), p. 31; Hanser, The Glorious Career of Lt. Monroe, pp. 99, 111, 136-137; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 16, 20; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 86; Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 236; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 304; Chernow, Washington, p. 269, 273-274; Ross, War on the Run, p. 98; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 100..

  27. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 141; Fleming, 1776, p. 458; Stryker, TheBattles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 140.

  28. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 141; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 99.

  29. Loammi Baldwin December 19, 1776 letter, Loammi Baldwin Papers, 1768-1872, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  30. Joseph J. Ellis, His Excellency, George Washington, (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), p. 23; Phillip Thomas Tucker, The Important Role of the Irish in the American Revolution, (Bowie: Heritage Books, 2009), pp. 12-31; Papers of George Washington, Aldeman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 292.

  31. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, pp. 19-20.

  32. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 113.

  33. Harrison Clark, All Cloudless Glory, The Life of George Washington, From Youth to Yorktown, (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1995), p. 223.

  34. Ben Z. Rose, John Stark, Maverick General, (Waverly: Treeline Press, 2007), pp. 23-40; Ross, War on the Run, pp. 137, 129, 137-138.

  35. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 360

  36. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 180.

  37. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 265.

  38. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 25; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 20; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 142, 284; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Alfred Hoyt Bill, The Campaign of Princeton 1776-1777, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 45; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8.

  39. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 208, 226; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  40. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 209.

  41. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 81; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  42. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 140; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, pp. 52, 55; Diccon Hyatt, “History Buffs have a stake in bridge battle,” HopewellSpace, internet; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 225, 227; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  43. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 284.

  44. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 46; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 227; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, 52, 55; Stryker, TheBattles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 141; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, pp. 11-12.

  45. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YU; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 227; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Johnson, Heroes, pp. 115, 123.

  46. Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 60.

  47. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Israel Angell, Diary of Colonel Israel Angell, Commanding the Second Rhode Island Continental Regiment During the American Revolution, (Providence: Preston and Rounds Company, 1899), p. 43, note.

  48. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 317.

  49. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 184.

  50. Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 15, 203, note 20; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 194; Fleming, 1776, p. 463; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 225, 227.

  51. Wright, The Continental Army, pp. 102-103, 339; Trussell, The Pennsylvania Line, pp. 7,189-193; Thomas Forrest biography, Wikipedia, internet; Newland, The Pennsylvania Militia, pp. 113-114, 130-131,137-139; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 370; Griffin, Catholics and the American Revolution, vol. 2, pp. 201-202; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 227; Benjamin M. Nead, “A Sketch of General Thomas Procter, With Some Account of the First Pennsylvania Artillery in the Revolution,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 4, no. 4, (1880), pp. 454-470; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 20, 22.

  52. Trussell, The Pennsylvania Line, pp. 7, 192, 194, 200, 203; Nead, “A Sketch of General Thomas Proctor,” PMHB, pp. 454-470; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 20, 22; Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, pp. 58-59.

  5
3. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 288.

  54. Randall, George Washington, p. 318; Newland, The Pennsylvania Militia, pp. 135, 139, 141-142-143; Nead, “A Sketch of General Thomas Proctor,” PMHB, pp. 454-470.

  55. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL.

  56. Ibid; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 225, 227; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, pp. 52, 55; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 5; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 22.

  57. Thomas Fleming, Washington’s Secret War, The Hidden History of Valley Forge, (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005), p. 87.

  58. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 152, 158; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 246; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 20, 22; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 210.

  59. A Young Soldier in the American Revolution, p-. 1-4, 82; Gragg, By the Hand of Providence, pp. 84-85; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 326; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 20-21.

  60. Gragg, By the Hand of Providence, p. 84.

  61. Robert C. Baron, editor, Soul of America, Documenting Our Past, 1492-1974, (Golden: Fulcrum Inc., 1989), p. 50.

  62. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 200.

  63. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, pp. 246-247.

  64. Wright, The Continental Army, p. 203; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, pp. 35-36; Burrows, Forgotten Patriots, p. 64.

  65. Maryland Gazette, March 20, 1777; Dwyer, “The Day is Ours!,” pp. 85-86; Henry B. Dawson, Westchester-County, New York, during the American Revolution, (Morrisania, N. Y.: 1886), p. 263; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 28-29, 222, 225, 228; Jon Kukla, Mr. Jefferson’s Women, (New York: Vintage Books, 2008), p. 89; Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, pp. 54-59.

  66. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304.

  67. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 227-228; Topographical Map, Hunterdon County, New Jersey; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Chernow, Washington, p. 273.

  68. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Bill, The Campaign for Princeton, p. 46.

  69. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 213.

  70. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 200.

  71. Golway, Washington’s General, pp. 110-112; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 183; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 10-11; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 177; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 45-46; Ketchem, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 26-27, 253, 266; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 209, 228, 230; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 124, 140-141, 143; Chernow, Washington, pp. 274-275; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Charles Rappleye, Sons of Providence, The Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 175; Valentine, Lord Stirling, p. 193.

  72. Norman Gelb, Less Than Glory, A Revisionist View of the American Revolution, (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1984), p. 141.

  73. Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 8-9, 15; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 223-224, 244-245, 392; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 246; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 6, 136, 358; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 62; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, pp. 20, 55, 57; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 45; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 10-11; Stone, Letters of Brunswick and Hessian Officers During the American Revolution, p. 123; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 504-505, 708, 734.

  74. Bill, The Campaign of Trenton, pp. 45-46; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 246, 253, Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 192, 222, 225; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton pp. 140-142; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 246, 430; Chernow, Washington, pp. 274-275; Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 144.

  75. Marble, James Monroe, p. 42.

  76. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 230-231; A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 81; Marble, James Monroe, p. 42.

  77. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 81; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 208.

  78. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 140-141, 154; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 222, 230; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 246; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, pp. 145, 149; Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 205; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Chernow, Washington, p. 274.

  79. Baron, ed., Soul of America, p. 51.

  80. Harry M. Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1988), pp. ix-245; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 41, note.

  81. Harry M. Ward, Charles Scott and the “Spirit of ‘76,” (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1988), pp. ix-197; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 286; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  82. Ward, Charles Scott and the “Spirit of ‘76,” pp. 14, 41.

  83. William Armstrong Crozier, William Dickinson Buckner, and Howard Randolph Bayne, The Buckners of Virginia and the allied families of Strother and Ashby, (New York: The Genealogical Association, 1907), pp. 157-159; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 287; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  84. Donald N. Moran, Caleb Gibbs, Commander of the Commander-in-Chief Guards, Sons of Liberty Chapter, Sons of the American Revolution, internet archives; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 5, 20; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; James Haltigan, The Irish in the American Revolution and their Early Influence in the Colonies, (Washington, D.C.: Patrick J. Haltigan, 1908), pp. 400-401; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 228, 230, 390, 393; Stryker, The Battles ofTrenton and Princeton, pp. 142, 362; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 246; Griffin, Catholics and the American Revolution, vol. 2, p. 217; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 601; Robert Lawson, Wikapedia Encyclopedia, internet; David Hackett Fischer, Liberty and Freedom, A Visual History of America’s Founding Ideas (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 135-136, 158; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 62; Chernow, Washington, pp. 274-275

  85. Tench Tilghman, Memoir of Lieutenant Colonel Tench Tilghman, Secretary and Aid to Washington, (Albany: J. Munsell, 1876), pp. 5- Fleming, Washington’s Secret War, pp. 107-108; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 84, 366; Tench Tilghman Biographical Sketch, Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania; Tench Tilghman Biographical Sketch, Wikipedia; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 1108-1109; Douglas Cubbison, “Forgotten Hero of the Continental Army, Tench Tilghman carried the news of Yorktown,” September 27, 2011, Stone Fort Consulting, internet.

  86. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 371.

  87. Baron, ed., Soul of America, p. 50.

  88. James McCarty, editor and compiler, Ireland, From the Flight of the Earls to Grattan’s Parliament, (Dublin: C. J. Fallon Limited, 1957), pp. 64-66; Tucker, The Important Role of the Irish in the American Revolution, pp. 12-31, 65-87; Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, p. 238; Fleming, Washington’s Secret War, pp. 140-142, 285; Owen B. Hunt, The Irish and the American Revolution, Three Essays, (Philadelphia: Owen B. Hunt, 1976), pp. 24-26; David Noel Doyle, Ireland, Irishmen and Revolutionary America, 1760-1820, (Cork: The Mercier Press, 1981), 109-151; James Webb, Born Fighting, How the Scots-Irish Shaped America, (New York: Broadway Books, 2004), pp. 9-165; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  89. Fleming, Washington’s Secret War, p. 140-142, 285; Doyle, Ireland, Irishmen and Revolutionary America, pp. 118, 149-150; Hunt, The Irish and the American Revolution, pp. 24-26; Goolrick, The Life of General Hugh Mercer, pp. 28-29, 31, 37.

  90. Theodore Roosevelt, New York, (Delray Beach: Levenger Press, 2004), p. 107, note 4.

  91. Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor,
p. 238.

  92. Michael Fry, How the Scots Made America, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003), pp. 1-67; Arthur Herman, How the Scots Invented the Modern World, The Story of How Western Europe’s Poorest Nation Created Our World and Everything in It, (New York: Broadway Books, 2002), pp. 108-160; Valentine, Lord Stirling, pp. 3-56; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 116, 367; James Mackay, William Wallace, Brave Heart, (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 1995), pp. 9-268; Clark, AllCloudless Glory, p. 307; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 183-184; Cathleen Crown and Carol Rogers, Images of America, Trenton, (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 10; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 41, note; A. F. Murison, Scottish Histories, Sir William Wallace, (New Lanark: Geddes and Grosset, 2008), pp. 43-125; Literature, “Meet William Trent,” William Trent House Museum, Trenton, New Jersey; Lord Stirling Biographical Information, William Alexander Collection, 1778-1813, Princeton University Library Manuscript Division, Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey.

  93. Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 64.

  94. Dwyer, “The Day is Ours!,” pp. 37, 119; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 5; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1179; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Michael Cecere, They Behaved Like Soldiers, Captain John Chilton and the Third Virginia Regiment 1775-1778, (Bowie: Heritage Books, 2004), pp. 13-29; Wright, The Continental Army, p, 285; Dorothy Twohig, ed., George Washington’s Diaries, An Abridgement (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 1999), pp. 124-125, 145, 177, 106; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 197; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 57-59; Goolrick, The Life of General Hugh Mercer, pp. 79, 83, 196; English, General Hugh Mercer, p. 51.

  95. Harry Ammon, James Monroe, The Quest for National Identity, (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1990), pp. 7-8; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 618-619; Cecere, They Behaved Like Soldiers, pp. 3-29; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 42, 53-55, 60, 73-76, 97.

  96. Cecere, They Behaved Like Soldiers, pp. 13-15, 19, 21.